Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Laura Amato - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
This document provides guidelines for the assessment and management of dyslipidemia from several major organizations. It discusses risk assessment tools for cardiovascular disease from ATP III, ADA, ACC/AHA, and QRISK2. It also compares statin intensity categories between NICE and ACC/AHA guidelines. The document recommends lifestyle modification as first-line treatment and the use of high-intensity statins for primary and secondary prevention of CVD according to the guidelines of NICE, ADA, and ACC/AHA.
This document discusses diabetes, obesity, and body mass index (BMI). It defines the different types of diabetes and risk factors for diabetes testing. Guidelines are provided for diagnosing diabetes using A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests. Prediabetes criteria and monitoring are outlined. Treatment targets and medication adjustments are reviewed. Obesity definitions based on BMI and waist circumference are presented along with disease risk levels associated with overweight and obesity.
Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to type 2 diabetes management for this CME activity titled "The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: CV, Metabolic, and Renal Considerations." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2l4h3Ss. CME credit will be available until June 27, 2019.
Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose, either because insulin production is not enough, or because the body's cells do not react properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become more and more thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).
There are mainly 3 types of Diabetes.
1. Type 1 Diabetes.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
3. Gestational Diabetes
Ueda2016 diabetes & peripheral arterial diseases -mamdouh el nahasueda2015
This document discusses peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with diabetes. It covers the prevalence of PAD in diabetic patients, risk factors like smoking and dyslipidemia, diagnosis methods including ankle-brachial index testing, and management approaches focusing on risk factor modification, exercise, pharmacotherapy, foot care, and specialist referral for severe cases. The key messages are that PAD is common in diabetes and screening is recommended, smoking cessation is critical to prevention and treatment, and a multifactorial strategy including medical, lifestyle and surgical interventions is needed to reduce cardiovascular risk.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Riskrdaragnez
This document discusses the metabolic syndrome and its relationship to cardiovascular risk. It begins with an overview of type 2 diabetes as a progressive disease driven by insulin resistance and declining beta cell function. It then discusses how insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and other factors associated with the metabolic syndrome contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in those with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. The document reviews various criteria and definitions for diagnosing the metabolic syndrome, and discusses the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States. It also summarizes several studies examining the predictive value of the metabolic syndrome for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This document provides guidelines for the assessment and management of dyslipidemia from several major organizations. It discusses risk assessment tools for cardiovascular disease from ATP III, ADA, ACC/AHA, and QRISK2. It also compares statin intensity categories between NICE and ACC/AHA guidelines. The document recommends lifestyle modification as first-line treatment and the use of high-intensity statins for primary and secondary prevention of CVD according to the guidelines of NICE, ADA, and ACC/AHA.
This document discusses diabetes, obesity, and body mass index (BMI). It defines the different types of diabetes and risk factors for diabetes testing. Guidelines are provided for diagnosing diabetes using A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests. Prediabetes criteria and monitoring are outlined. Treatment targets and medication adjustments are reviewed. Obesity definitions based on BMI and waist circumference are presented along with disease risk levels associated with overweight and obesity.
Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to type 2 diabetes management for this CME activity titled "The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: CV, Metabolic, and Renal Considerations." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2l4h3Ss. CME credit will be available until June 27, 2019.
Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose, either because insulin production is not enough, or because the body's cells do not react properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become more and more thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).
There are mainly 3 types of Diabetes.
1. Type 1 Diabetes.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
3. Gestational Diabetes
Ueda2016 diabetes & peripheral arterial diseases -mamdouh el nahasueda2015
This document discusses peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with diabetes. It covers the prevalence of PAD in diabetic patients, risk factors like smoking and dyslipidemia, diagnosis methods including ankle-brachial index testing, and management approaches focusing on risk factor modification, exercise, pharmacotherapy, foot care, and specialist referral for severe cases. The key messages are that PAD is common in diabetes and screening is recommended, smoking cessation is critical to prevention and treatment, and a multifactorial strategy including medical, lifestyle and surgical interventions is needed to reduce cardiovascular risk.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Riskrdaragnez
This document discusses the metabolic syndrome and its relationship to cardiovascular risk. It begins with an overview of type 2 diabetes as a progressive disease driven by insulin resistance and declining beta cell function. It then discusses how insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and other factors associated with the metabolic syndrome contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in those with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. The document reviews various criteria and definitions for diagnosing the metabolic syndrome, and discusses the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States. It also summarizes several studies examining the predictive value of the metabolic syndrome for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
O documento discute exercícios físicos para diabéticos, destacando cuidados específicos para diabéticos do tipo I e II. Para diabéticos do tipo I, recomenda-se não praticar exercícios em jejum e estar atento a picos de glicose. Exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos são benéficos, mas requerem monitoramento da glicose. Diabéticos do tipo II devem ter cuidados com obesidade e sedentarismo. A atividade física traz benef
Lição 8 - Maria, A Bem-aventurada - 2º quadrimestre 2012 - EBD - Religiões e ...Sergio Silva
Este documento discute a lição bíblica sobre Maria. Resume que: (1) Maria era uma humilde mulher de Nazaré noiva de José; (2) Deus a usou para cumprir Sua promessa de enviar o Salvador ao mundo; (3) A Bíblia a reconhece como abençoada por sua fé e obediência, mas não menciona doutrinas como sua virgindade perpétua ou assunção.
Recent studies have highlighted the growing global burden of type 2 diabetes, with over 600 million people projected to have the disease by 2045. In particular, Egypt will face explosive growth in cases. While control of blood sugar levels is important for reducing complications, most patients do not achieve treatment goals. Intensifying treatment in a timely manner when blood sugar is poorly controlled can reduce cardiovascular risks. Inertia on the part of both physicians and healthcare systems often limits timely treatment changes needed to improve outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document is a collection of random symbols and characters without any discernible meaning or structure. It does not contain any words, sentences, or identifiable information that could be summarized.
This document discusses the challenges of managing diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It notes that diabetes is a leading cause of CKD progression and that CKD increases mortality risk in diabetes patients. Managing glucose levels in CKD patients is difficult due to risks of hypoglycemia from insulin clearance issues and need to adjust oral medications for kidney function. The CARMELINA trial demonstrated the renal safety of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin in high cardio-renal risk patients, showing no increase in sustained decrease in eGFR or other renal outcomes compared to placebo over 2 years.
El simposio presentará tres charlas sobre temas relacionados con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La primera charla discutirá el uso de la terapia con inhibidores de SGLT2 para tratar el riesgo cardiovascular-renal-metabólico en pacientes con DM2. La segunda charla analizará los beneficios de los inhibidores de SGLT2 más allá del control glucémico. La tercera charla explorará el enfoque del cardiólogo para tratar a pacientes con DM2.
This document summarizes several studies on the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in treating heart failure and reducing cardiovascular risk. The HOPE trial showed that the ACE inhibitor ramipril reduced cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The CHARM trial found that the ARB candesartan reduced cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients, both alone and in combination with ACE inhibitors. The ONTARGET trial aimed to compare the ARB telmisartan to ramipril, and their combination, to determine if telmisartan was non-inferior to ramipril and if their combination provided additional benefit.
O documento discute hipertensão arterial, definindo-a como o aumento da pressão arterial e seus fatores de risco. Apresenta dados sobre a prevalência da doença no Brasil e grupos mais vulneráveis. Também aborda diagnóstico, consequências, tratamento e o papel do nutricionista no combate à hipertensão.
BARIÁTRICA: IMPORTÂNCIA DA NUTRIÇÃO NO PRÉ E PÓS OPERATÓRIOAdélia Chaves
1. A nutrição hospitalar bariátrica discute a importância da nutrição no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgias bariátricas.
2. A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial que deve ser tratada por equipe multidisciplinar.
3. O número de cirurgias bariátricas no Brasil aumentou 46,7% entre 2012 e 2017.
It's challenging to treat patients with gout who also have chronic kidney disease. Here's a review of literature on how to proceed. This happens to be my second PRA convention presentation.
O documento discute diretrizes da OMS de 1998 sobre hipoglicemiantes e LDL. Aborda introdução sobre diretrizes médicas da OMS e foca em medicamentos para controle de glicose e colesterol LDL.
Slides apresentados em uma aula ministrada para alunos do bacharelado em Educação Física na disciplina Estágio em Saúde - Laboratório do Movimento/UFMG
A metformina é um medicamento biguanida usado no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Ela funciona diminuindo a resistência à insulina nos músculos, fígado e tecidos adiposos, reduzindo assim os níveis de glicose no sangue. Os principais efeitos esperados da metformina são a redução da glicemia de jejum, da hemoglobina glicada e do peso corporal, sem causar hipoglicemia. Ela também melhora o perfil lipídico e reduz a pressão arterial. Contraindicações incluem ins
The Role of SGLT 2 Inhibitors and GLP 1 Receptor Agonists and DPP 4 InhibitorsPHAM HUU THAI
This document discusses the role of SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors in managing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the pathophysiology and progression of type 2 diabetes and limitations of older drug classes. It then describes the mechanisms and roles of the newer drug classes like SGLT-2 inhibitors in promoting urinary glucose excretion and GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in augmenting the body's own incretin response. It also discusses ongoing cardiovascular outcome trials and FDA approvals of these newer agents.
Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist being studied in clinical trials for type 2 diabetes. This document summarizes results from the SURPASS-1 trial comparing tirzepatide to placebo in drug-naive patients. Tirzepatide led to greater reductions in HbA1c and body weight and was well tolerated compared to placebo. Upcoming trials will evaluate tirzepatide versus other diabetes medications in different patient populations.
The document summarizes the DELIVER trial which studied the effects of dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction. The trial found that dapagliflozin reduced the composite of worsening heart failure events, cardiovascular death, and total worsening heart failure events compared to placebo in over 6,000 patients. The benefits were consistent across subgroups including those with and without diabetes, prior reduced ejection fraction, and recent hospitalization for heart failure.
This document discusses the clinical profile and efficacy of the combination drug GLYXAMBI, which contains empagliflozin and linagliptin. It summarizes clinical trial results showing that GLYXAMBI provides significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight compared to the individual components alone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Guidelines from major diabetes organizations have been updated to recommend SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin and GLP-1 receptor agonists to reduce cardiovascular risk based on positive cardiovascular outcomes trial results.
LDL Cholesterol Target :“ Lower the Better ”Arindam Pande
Lowering LDL cholesterol provides significant cardiovascular benefits and reduces risk, even in those with low baseline LDL levels or who achieve very low LDL levels with treatment. While residual risk remains even with intensive statin therapy to lower LDL well below current target levels, risk continues to decrease as LDL is further lowered. The lower the achieved LDL level, the lower the long-term risk of major cardiovascular events and atherosclerotic progression.
This document contains a chart of guitar chords listed with their names and finger positions. The chart includes variations of A chords such as A7sus4, A9, A9sus, Aadd9, and Aaug/D. It also includes inversions and duplicates of chords like Ab, Ab+, and Ab/F. Finally, it lists alternate chord formations including Adim/Ab, Adim/E, Adim/F, and Adim7.
La chirurgia bariatrica come chirurgia metabolica: l'arma più imporatnte di cui disponiamo oggi per il trattamento, molto spesso definitivo, del diabete di tipo II
O documento discute exercícios físicos para diabéticos, destacando cuidados específicos para diabéticos do tipo I e II. Para diabéticos do tipo I, recomenda-se não praticar exercícios em jejum e estar atento a picos de glicose. Exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos são benéficos, mas requerem monitoramento da glicose. Diabéticos do tipo II devem ter cuidados com obesidade e sedentarismo. A atividade física traz benef
Lição 8 - Maria, A Bem-aventurada - 2º quadrimestre 2012 - EBD - Religiões e ...Sergio Silva
Este documento discute a lição bíblica sobre Maria. Resume que: (1) Maria era uma humilde mulher de Nazaré noiva de José; (2) Deus a usou para cumprir Sua promessa de enviar o Salvador ao mundo; (3) A Bíblia a reconhece como abençoada por sua fé e obediência, mas não menciona doutrinas como sua virgindade perpétua ou assunção.
Recent studies have highlighted the growing global burden of type 2 diabetes, with over 600 million people projected to have the disease by 2045. In particular, Egypt will face explosive growth in cases. While control of blood sugar levels is important for reducing complications, most patients do not achieve treatment goals. Intensifying treatment in a timely manner when blood sugar is poorly controlled can reduce cardiovascular risks. Inertia on the part of both physicians and healthcare systems often limits timely treatment changes needed to improve outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document is a collection of random symbols and characters without any discernible meaning or structure. It does not contain any words, sentences, or identifiable information that could be summarized.
This document discusses the challenges of managing diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It notes that diabetes is a leading cause of CKD progression and that CKD increases mortality risk in diabetes patients. Managing glucose levels in CKD patients is difficult due to risks of hypoglycemia from insulin clearance issues and need to adjust oral medications for kidney function. The CARMELINA trial demonstrated the renal safety of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin in high cardio-renal risk patients, showing no increase in sustained decrease in eGFR or other renal outcomes compared to placebo over 2 years.
El simposio presentará tres charlas sobre temas relacionados con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La primera charla discutirá el uso de la terapia con inhibidores de SGLT2 para tratar el riesgo cardiovascular-renal-metabólico en pacientes con DM2. La segunda charla analizará los beneficios de los inhibidores de SGLT2 más allá del control glucémico. La tercera charla explorará el enfoque del cardiólogo para tratar a pacientes con DM2.
This document summarizes several studies on the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in treating heart failure and reducing cardiovascular risk. The HOPE trial showed that the ACE inhibitor ramipril reduced cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The CHARM trial found that the ARB candesartan reduced cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients, both alone and in combination with ACE inhibitors. The ONTARGET trial aimed to compare the ARB telmisartan to ramipril, and their combination, to determine if telmisartan was non-inferior to ramipril and if their combination provided additional benefit.
O documento discute hipertensão arterial, definindo-a como o aumento da pressão arterial e seus fatores de risco. Apresenta dados sobre a prevalência da doença no Brasil e grupos mais vulneráveis. Também aborda diagnóstico, consequências, tratamento e o papel do nutricionista no combate à hipertensão.
BARIÁTRICA: IMPORTÂNCIA DA NUTRIÇÃO NO PRÉ E PÓS OPERATÓRIOAdélia Chaves
1. A nutrição hospitalar bariátrica discute a importância da nutrição no pré e pós-operatório de cirurgias bariátricas.
2. A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial que deve ser tratada por equipe multidisciplinar.
3. O número de cirurgias bariátricas no Brasil aumentou 46,7% entre 2012 e 2017.
It's challenging to treat patients with gout who also have chronic kidney disease. Here's a review of literature on how to proceed. This happens to be my second PRA convention presentation.
O documento discute diretrizes da OMS de 1998 sobre hipoglicemiantes e LDL. Aborda introdução sobre diretrizes médicas da OMS e foca em medicamentos para controle de glicose e colesterol LDL.
Slides apresentados em uma aula ministrada para alunos do bacharelado em Educação Física na disciplina Estágio em Saúde - Laboratório do Movimento/UFMG
A metformina é um medicamento biguanida usado no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Ela funciona diminuindo a resistência à insulina nos músculos, fígado e tecidos adiposos, reduzindo assim os níveis de glicose no sangue. Os principais efeitos esperados da metformina são a redução da glicemia de jejum, da hemoglobina glicada e do peso corporal, sem causar hipoglicemia. Ela também melhora o perfil lipídico e reduz a pressão arterial. Contraindicações incluem ins
The Role of SGLT 2 Inhibitors and GLP 1 Receptor Agonists and DPP 4 InhibitorsPHAM HUU THAI
This document discusses the role of SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors in managing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the pathophysiology and progression of type 2 diabetes and limitations of older drug classes. It then describes the mechanisms and roles of the newer drug classes like SGLT-2 inhibitors in promoting urinary glucose excretion and GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in augmenting the body's own incretin response. It also discusses ongoing cardiovascular outcome trials and FDA approvals of these newer agents.
Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist being studied in clinical trials for type 2 diabetes. This document summarizes results from the SURPASS-1 trial comparing tirzepatide to placebo in drug-naive patients. Tirzepatide led to greater reductions in HbA1c and body weight and was well tolerated compared to placebo. Upcoming trials will evaluate tirzepatide versus other diabetes medications in different patient populations.
The document summarizes the DELIVER trial which studied the effects of dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction. The trial found that dapagliflozin reduced the composite of worsening heart failure events, cardiovascular death, and total worsening heart failure events compared to placebo in over 6,000 patients. The benefits were consistent across subgroups including those with and without diabetes, prior reduced ejection fraction, and recent hospitalization for heart failure.
This document discusses the clinical profile and efficacy of the combination drug GLYXAMBI, which contains empagliflozin and linagliptin. It summarizes clinical trial results showing that GLYXAMBI provides significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight compared to the individual components alone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Guidelines from major diabetes organizations have been updated to recommend SGLT2 inhibitors like empagliflozin and GLP-1 receptor agonists to reduce cardiovascular risk based on positive cardiovascular outcomes trial results.
LDL Cholesterol Target :“ Lower the Better ”Arindam Pande
Lowering LDL cholesterol provides significant cardiovascular benefits and reduces risk, even in those with low baseline LDL levels or who achieve very low LDL levels with treatment. While residual risk remains even with intensive statin therapy to lower LDL well below current target levels, risk continues to decrease as LDL is further lowered. The lower the achieved LDL level, the lower the long-term risk of major cardiovascular events and atherosclerotic progression.
This document contains a chart of guitar chords listed with their names and finger positions. The chart includes variations of A chords such as A7sus4, A9, A9sus, Aadd9, and Aaug/D. It also includes inversions and duplicates of chords like Ab, Ab+, and Ab/F. Finally, it lists alternate chord formations including Adim/Ab, Adim/E, Adim/F, and Adim7.
La chirurgia bariatrica come chirurgia metabolica: l'arma più imporatnte di cui disponiamo oggi per il trattamento, molto spesso definitivo, del diabete di tipo II
Caramiello M.S. Applicazione Linee Guida Trattamento Dietetico del Paziente c...Gianfranco Tammaro
DOTT.SSA M.STELLA CARAMIELLO - Convegno "Corso per Dietista e Biologo - Appropriatezza e Adeguatezza in Dietetica Ospedaliera - 23/04/2016 - Sala Rita Levi Montalcini - Ospedale S.Eugenio - ROMA
Sito ASMaD: http://www.asmad.net
Evidenze sul possibile uso delle piante officinali nella terapia ipoglicemizz...Grace Cosentino
In che modo la natura può esserci d'ausilio nell'approccio al Diabete? Una malattia che secondo dati e statistiche è in forte aumento e diffusa negli adulti e giovani. In questa presentazione vengono esposti alcuni dei risultati di ricerca più interessanti e incoraggianti dell'ultimo decennio dal punto di vista fitoterapico.
Presa in carico del paziente con LMC e gestione della terapia a medio e lungo...ASMaD
This document discusses cardiovascular risk management from the perspective of a vascular surgeon. It summarizes the author's experience treating patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who developed vascular complications. The main points are:
1) Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia often have multi-level vascular disease involving the carotid, renal, mesenteric, and lower extremity arteries.
2) Endovascular interventions had high restenosis and failure rates, while open surgeries resulted in better mid-term patency but higher amputation rates.
3) An aggressive surgical approach along with intensive medical management and follow-up is needed for these high-risk patients due to their underlying disease and risk factors. A multidisciplinary team approach
I meccanismi del danno gastrico e la patologia H. Pylori correlataASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Vincenzo De Francesco - "Malattia da reflussogastroesofageo e infezione da Helicobacter Pylori: old topics?" - Roma 11/05/2019
Ph impedenziometria nella MRGE: quando, come e perchèASMaD
Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Francesca Galeazzi - "Malattia da reflussogastroesofageo e infezione da Helicobacter Pylori: old topics?" - Roma 11/05/2019
This document discusses the classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and challenges in classifying patients. It notes that while some patients with typical GERD symptoms respond to treatment, they remain unclassified and may not actually have GERD. A single classification system based on symptoms and endoscopy does not capture all clinical conditions related to GERD. Patients who do not respond to PPIs should be referred to a gastroenterologist. Some GERD patients have significant esophageal motility issues. Those who do not respond to PPIs may require an esophageal biopsy. Some PPI responders actually have eosinophilic esophagitis. Some GERD patients have multiple gastrointestinal comor
Cambiamenti di popolazione e flussi migratori: cambiano anche le malattie met...ASMaD
Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Migneco Maria Giuseppina - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Tiroide: chi decide quale intervento e per chi?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Bellotti Carlo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Tiroide: Integrazione tra elementi nutriacetici e farmacologia: utile o inutile?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Roberto Cesareo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
L'ecografia tiroidea: strumento cruciale nella gestione clinica?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Guglielmi Rinaldo - "Incontri endocrinologici AME LAzio - L'endocrinologia nel SSN: prospettive e nuove problematiche" - Roma 17/12/2018
Il chirurgo e la tiroide oggi un rapporto in crisi?ASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Luca Piantoni e del Dottor Francesco Pedicini - "TIROIDE 2018 Nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici" - Roma 24/11/2018
Presentazione a cura della Dottoressa Rosella Pasqualoni e del dottor Gregorio Reda - "TIROIDE 2018 Nuovi approcci diagnostici e terapeutici" - Roma 24/11/2018
9. Canada 7.36–8.7%11
Latin America 7.6%1
US 7.2%7
China 9.5%11
India 8.7–9.6%9,11
Japan 7.05–9.6%11
Korea 7.9–8.7%4
Russia 9.6%11
Spain 9.2%8
Sweden 8.7%3
Turkey 10.6%3
UK 8.510–9.8%2
Germany 8.42–9.2%8
Greece 8.911–9.7%3,8
Italy 8.4%11
Poland 9.0%11
Portugal 9.7%3
Romania 9.9%3
1. Lopez Stewart et al. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2007;22:12–20; 2. Kostev & Rathmann Primary Care Diabetes 2013;7:229–33; 3. Oguz et al. Curr Med Res Opin
2013;29:911–20; 4. Ko et al. Diabet Med 2007;24:55–62; 5. Arai et al. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 2009;83:397–401; 6. Harris et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;70:90–7; 7.
Hoerger et.al. Diabetes Care 2008;31:81–6; 8. Liebl et al. Diabetes Ther 2012;3:e1–10; 9. Shah et al. Adv Ther 2009;26:325–35; 10. Blak et al. Diabet Med 2012;29:e13–20;
11. Valensi et al. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1809–19
Poor glycemic control:
A worldwide problem
Reported mean HbA1c in T2D patients exceeds local targets in nearly all countries
10. Negli 8 anni presi in considerazione si è registrato un incremento della quota di soggetti con valori
di HbA1c a target: dal 39% al 44%, con un incremento percentuale relativo pari a circa il 12%.
Il target è comunque raggiunto in meno della metà dei pazienti
COMPENSO METABOLICO
11. Aumento di oltre il 60% della quota di pazienti trattati con insulina
Riduzione del 25% di soggetti trattati con insulina
nonostante valori di HbA1c superiori a 9%
Inerzia terapeutica
12. • Il diabetico anziano ha maggiore
probabilità di avere necessità di
insulina
• maggiore probabilità di eventi cv
se non si controlla la glicemia post
prandiale
15. Per parecchi pazienti anziani
la somministrazione di insulina
in orari stabiliti è difficoltosa
1. Peyrot et al. Diabetic Medicine 2012;29:682–9; 2. Peyrot et al. Diabetes Care 2010;33:240–5
Molti anziani vedono il passaggio
all’insulina come una fase
terminale della malattia
La paura dell’ipoglicemia
16. Paura dell’ipoglicemia
Many patients decrease their insulin dose
following a hypoglycemic event
74%
79%
43%
58%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Non-severe episodes Severe episodes
Patientsmodifyinginsulindose
T1D
T2D
Total patient sample, n=335 (T1D, n=202; T2D, n=133)
Leiter et al. Can J Diabetes 2005;29:186–92
17.
18.
19. La maggior parte degli trials su terapie
farmacologiche per il diabete esclude i
pazienti anziani molto più di quanto
avviene per altre condizioni morbose.
Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft, J. Am. Geriatr Soc, 61:734-738,2013
28. GLP-1
Data from Flint A, et al. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:515-520; Data from Larsson H, et al. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997;160:413-422
Data from Nauck MA, et al. Diabetologia. 1996;39:1546-1553; Data from Drucker DJ. Diabetes. 1998;47:159-169
Stomach:
Helps regulate gastric
emptying
Promotes satiety and
reduces appetite
Liver:
Glucagon reduces hepatic
glucose outputBeta cells:
Enhances glucose-dependent
insulin secretion
Alpha cells:
Postprandial
glucagon secretion
GLP-1: Secreted upon
the ingestion of food
Incretins broken
down by DPP-IV
29. Insulin(mU/L)
Effetto incretinico
Time (min)
Healthy Subjects
Insulin(mU/L)
Time (min)
Type 2 Diabetes
N = 22; Mean (SE); *P0.05
Data from Nauck M, et al. Diabetologia 1986;29:46-52.
0
20
40
60
80
0 60 120 180
0
20
40
60
80
0 60 120 180
Intravenous (IV) Glucose
Oral Glucose
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
L’effetto incretinico è responsabile del 70% della risposta
insulinica all’introito di cibo ed è fisiologicamente ridotto nel
paziente anziano
normale Nel diabetico
30. GLP1 IN COMMERCIO
Nome
Commerciale
Principio Dosaggio
Settimanali
Trulicity® dulaglutide 0.75 mg settimanali; puo’ essere aumentato a 1.5 mg
Bydureon® exenatide LAR 2 mg 1 volta la settimana
Tanzeum® albiglutide 30 mg 1 volta la settimana inizialmente; puo’ essere
aumentato a 50 mg settimanali
Quotidiani
Victoza® liraglutide 0.6 mg al giorno per 1 settimana poi 1.2 mg al giorno;
puo’ essere aumentato a 1.8 mg al giorno
Adlyxin® lixisenatide 10 mcg al giorno per 2 settimane poi 20 mcg al giorno
Bis in die
Byetta® exenatide 5 mcg due volte al giorno entro 60 min prima del pasto ;
puo’ essere aumentato a 10 mcg al giorno dopo 1 mese
di terapia
Lexi-Drugs. Lexicomp. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Riverwoods, IL. Available at: http://online.lexi.com. Accessed 11/27/2016.
Adlyxin® [package insert]. Bridgewater, NJ. Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC; 2016
31. Scelta dell’agonista del glp1 short vs long
Fineman MS et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:675-88
FPG PPG FPG PPG
SHORT ACTING
liraglutide OD, Exenatide BD
LONG ACTING
Albiglutide, Exenatide/Dulaglutide QW
L’emivita dell’agonista del GLP1i nfluenza I suoi effetti sulla glicemia
post-prandiale e a digiuno
43. EMPA-REG Trial
Patient Population: 7,020 type 2 diabetics at high cardiovascular risk
Intervention: empagliflozin 10 mg, empagliflozin 25 mg, or placebo once
daily
Key Outcomes:
• Primary: CV mortality, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke
– Pooled empagliflozin (10.5%) vs. placebo (12.1%)
(superiority P=0.04; NNT 63)
• Significantly lower rates of hospitalization for HF & death from any cause in
empagliflozin group
• Increased rate of genital infection in empagliflozin group but no increase in
other AEs
Zinman B, et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-28.
Take Away Point
Empagliflozin decreased CV and all-cause
mortality in T2DM patients w/a high CV risk
46. Sept 2015
• Warning: Canagliflozin may
increase fracture risk
• Canagliflozin associated with
reduced total hip BMD,
increased fracture rate
• Recent meta-analysis 38 RCTs
(38K pts) reported no
increased fracture rate
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101(1):157 and 44.
Diabetes Obes Metab 2016;PMID 27407013.
47. SGLT-2 effetti collaterali
• Deplezione di volume
• Disidratazione
• Aumento della creatinina e del potassio
• Aumento delle infezioni urinarie
BMC Medicine 11: 43f
54. Differenze con Lantus
PD, pharmacodynamics; PK, pharmacokinetic
Dailey G, Lavemia F. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015 Jul 3. doi: 10.1111/dom. 12531. [Epub ahead of print]; Steinstraesser A et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:873-6; Becker RH et al.
Diabetes Care. 2015; 38:637-43 54
Toujeo®Lantus®
Riduzione di 2/3 del volume iniettato
Volume iniettato minore
Minore accumulo nel sottocute
Assorbimento più graduale
Diverso PK/PD
Stesse unità
Superfice minore
Toujeo®Lantus®
55. Becker RH et al. Diabetes Care 2015;38:637–643
LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; PD, pharmacodynamics; PK, pharmacokinetic; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
Nelle24 ore profilofarmacodinamico e farmacocinetico più stabile e prolungatocon
Toujeo®
vs Lantus®
31
Time (hours)
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Glucoseinfusionrate
(mg/kg/min)
Toujeo®
0.4 U/kg, n=16 Lantus®
0.4 U/kg, n=17
LLOQ
Insulinconcentration
(µU/Ml)
20
10
0
25
15
5
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
3
2
1
0
56. Minore variabilità glicemica
con Toujeo®
vs Lantus®
Favors
Toujeo®
Absolute values;
mean (SE) (mg/dL)
SDT
Total standard
deviation variability
SDw
Within-day
variability
SDdm
Variability between
daily means
SDb
Variability between
days
(the same of day)
Lantus®
76.1 (2.7) 61.4 (1.8) 41.4 (2.5) 71.3 (2.9)
Toujeo®
70.5 (2.4) 58.1 (2.1) 35.5 (1.7) 66.2 (2.3)
P-value 0.1259 0.2286 0.052 0.1568
56
Adapted from Bergenstal RM et al. Oral presentation at ATTD 2015. Diabetes Tech Ther. 2015; 17 (Suppl 1) A16-17 (abstract no. 39);
CGM population; “Combined last 2 weeks of treatment in each period (weeks 7-8 and weeks 15-16), morning and evening injection groups combined
CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus
SDT, total standard deviation variability; SDw, within-day variability; SDdm, variability between daily means; SDb, variability between days (for the same time of day)
%differencein
variabilitymetric -1
-7.4
-3
-5
-7
-9
-11
-13
-15
-5.4
-14.3
-7.2
SDT SDW SDdm SDb
43
59. Tresiba® (degludec)
• Insulina ultra lunga con durata d’azione fino a 42 ore
• In commercio formulazioni da 100 U/ml o 200 U/ml
• Versus Levemir® o Lantus®:
– Simile riduzione A1C
– ↓ variabilità giornaliera e intrasubject
– ↓ ipoglicemia
Segal AR, et al. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2016;45:845-874
Woo VC,. Clinical Therapeutics 2017; ePub ahead of print.
Stailey M, et al. Consult Pharm 2017;32:42-46.
Heller, et al. Diabet. Med. 2016;33:478-487.
10.1177/1932296816680830.
Lexi-Drugs. Lexicomp. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Riverwoods, IL.
Available at: http://online.lexi.com. Accessed 11/27/2016.
60. Degludec:
Multi-hexamer formation key
to protraction mechanism
Degludec molecules form
hexamers
The side chain (linker) forms an accurate
fit between Degludec hexamers to form
multi-hexamers
62. Tresiba® (insulin degludec)
Deglutec può essere somministrata a qualsiasi ora del giorno purchè siano
passate almeno 8 ore dalla dose precedente e non più di 40 ore dall’ultima
dose somministrata
Meneghini L, et al. Diabetes Care 2013;36:858-864.
Degludec è flessibile
63.
64. L’emivita di degludec è almeno il doppio della
glargine
1
10
100
0 24 48 72 96 120
Insulinconcentration
(%ofmaximum)
Time since injection (hours)
*
IDeg 0.8 U/kg
IGlar 0.8 U/kg
*Insulin glargine was undectable after 48 hours
Results from 66 patients with T1D
IDeg, insulin degludec; IGlar, insulin glargine
Heise et al. Diabetes 2011;60(Suppl. 1):LB11; Heise et al. Diabetologia 2011;54(Suppl. 1):S425
IDeg IGlar
0.4 U/kg 0.6 U/kg 0.8 U/kg 0.4 U/kg 0.6 U/kg 0.8 U/kg
Half-life (hours) 25.9 27.0 23.6 11.5 12.9 11.9
Mean half-life 25.4 12.1
65. Variabilità quotidiana di tresiba allo steady state
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220 IDeg
IGlar
Area under the GIR curve (time interval, hours)
Day-to-dayvariability
(coefficientofvariation%)
Endpoint
IDeg CV
(%)
IGlar CV
(%)
p value
AUCGIR,0-24h 20 82 p<0.0001
54 patients with T1D
CV, coefficient of variation
Heise et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:859-64
66. Pk in popolazioni specialiAge
Hepatic function
Renal function
Geriatric (≥65)
Younger adults (18–35)
La farmacocinetica non è
influenzata da eta’
insufficienza renale o epatica
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
IDegconcentration
(pmol/L)
Time since injection (hours)
Normal
Mild
Moderate
Severe
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
IDegconcentration
(pmol/L)
Time since injection (hours)
Normal
Child-Pugh A
Child-Pugh B
Child-Pugh C
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time since injection (hours)
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
IDegconcentration(pmol/L)
0
PK, pharmacokinetic
Kupčová et al. Clin Drug Investig 2014;34:127–33; Kiss et al. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014;53:175–83; Korsatko et al. Drugs Aging 2014;31:47–53
67. 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 13 26 39 52
Nocturnalconfirmedhypoglycaemia
(cumulativeeventsperpatient)
IDeg OD (n=766)
IGlar OD (n=257)
36% lower rate
with IDeg,
p=0.038
Core
Time (weeks)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
52 65 78 91 104
Nocturnalconfirmedhypoglycaemia
(cumulativeeventsperpatient)
43% lower rate
with IDeg,
p=0.002
Extension
SAS; *Both treatment arms switch to NPH for 1 week then resume IDeg or IGlar to allow for antibody measurement
Comparisons: estimates adjusted for multiple covariates
Zinman et al. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2464–71; Rodbard et al. Diabet Med 2013;30:1298–304
*
Ipoglicemie notturne
68.
69.
70. • Forma diesameri stabili e non interagisce con gli esameri di insulina aspart
• Allo steady state ha uno stabile effetto ipoglicemizzante piatto e stabile
• Formulati a ph neutro simile a quello degli analoghi rapidi
Deglutec può essere co-formulata
71. Ryzodeg
®
: the first combination of an ultra-long acting
basal insulin and a mealtime insulin in one pen
For type 2 diabetes, Ryzodeg®
provides:
•Simple regimen with fewer injections
than basal and bolus
•Successful reductions in HbA1c
•Lower risk of nocturnal and overall
hypoglycaemia versus BIAsp30
... delivered twice daily at main meals
Ryzodeg®
is delivered in FlexTouch
®
71
Novo Nordisk - Corporate
Presentation
72. Xultophy
®
: the first-ever basal insulin and GLP-1
analogue in one pen
Once-daily Xultophy®
•1.9% HbA1c reduction
•Weigh loss of 2.7 kg
•Low rate of hypoglycaemia comparable
to insulin degludec
demonstrated in type 2 diabetes patients
uncontrolled on basal insulin
Xultophy®
is delivered in the pre-filled
Xultophy
®
pen
72
Novo Nordisk - Corporate
Presentation
73. Rassicurare il paziente sui benefici della terapia
insulinica e sui suoi effetti collaterali
Auspichiamo trials sugli anziani e che l’età non sia piu’
essa stessa motivo di esclusione dagli studi
Che gli anziani siano la popolazione target per la ricerca
di un farmaco ottimale
74. Se pure ti ripetono che puoi
fermarti a mezza via o in alto mare
Non c’è sosta per noi
Ma strada, ancora strada
E che il cammino è sempre da
ricominciare
E. Montale