This document provides information about nuclear proliferation in three main sections:
1. It describes the technology behind nuclear weapons, including how fission and fusion weapons work and how they can be delivered via ballistic missiles.
2. It outlines the history of nuclear control efforts since 1945, including nonproliferation treaties and initiatives by international organizations to restrict nuclear development and trade.
3. It discusses motivations for both pursuing and not pursuing nuclear weapons, such as strategic deterrence, prestige, and external political pressures. Countries' nuclear status is also reviewed.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - NPTAbdul Basit Adeel
What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
How Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons works?
What are the outcomes of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
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The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - NPTAbdul Basit Adeel
What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
How Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons works?
What are the outcomes of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilizing the foreign relations of a country
Multiple constants & variables determine the foreign policy of a country; This presentation attempts to explain those determinants
Its word version is available on my website mentioned above. You will find many other articles and presentations there
oBJECTIVE
to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology
to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
The Postulates on Russia’s Foreign Policy developed with the participation of the Russian International Affairs Council’s members and experts discuss Russia’s position in the international arena, the role of global challenges in shaping the foreign policy agenda and outline foreign policy priorities for the period from 2012 to 2018. The main purpose of the Postulates is to encourage a public discourse about new contours and orientation of Russia’s foreign policy and to devise the solutions to be protected against traditional and emerging security challenges.
This was one of my most recent powerpoint presentation. I worked in a small group with 2 other partners. The presentation lasted 1 hour followed by a group discussion.
My presentation from the 2011's Junge Piraten Security Conference. It covers the historical overview until current time (of 2011) of nuclear doctrines of the world.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
oBJECTIVE
to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology
to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy
to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.
The Postulates on Russia’s Foreign Policy developed with the participation of the Russian International Affairs Council’s members and experts discuss Russia’s position in the international arena, the role of global challenges in shaping the foreign policy agenda and outline foreign policy priorities for the period from 2012 to 2018. The main purpose of the Postulates is to encourage a public discourse about new contours and orientation of Russia’s foreign policy and to devise the solutions to be protected against traditional and emerging security challenges.
This was one of my most recent powerpoint presentation. I worked in a small group with 2 other partners. The presentation lasted 1 hour followed by a group discussion.
My presentation from the 2011's Junge Piraten Security Conference. It covers the historical overview until current time (of 2011) of nuclear doctrines of the world.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
“From Collective Responsibility to Collective Solution: The Shared History Korean Peninsula Crises,” presented by Dr. Mark E. Caprio at ICAS on February 21, 2019.
Scientific discovery, Steps in scientific discovery process, Difference between science & technology, Impact of technology on national and organizational progress
The Challenger Disaster A Case-study in Engineering Ethics.docxmamanda2
The Challenger Disaster
A Case-study in Engineering Ethics
• Shuttle Components
– Orbiter
– Liquid Rocket
Booster
– Solid Rocket
Booster
Shuttle Components
Chronology of the Related Events
• 1974
– NASA contracts Morton Thiokol
• 1976
– NASA accepts the design based on the Titan
missiles
– The joints are sealed by
• Two synthetic rubber O-rings,
• 177 clevis pins,
• Heat shield putty
The Cause of the Disaster
Early Problems
• 1977
– Tests at Thiokol show O-ring leakage
– Joint is made stronger by changing sizes
• 1981
– Post-launch investigation showed O-ring
erosion due to hot gages.
Early Problems
• January of 1985 launch
– First cold-weather launch
– Post-launch investigation showed joint failure
– Tests showed O-rings inability to fill the gap
due to joint rotation at lower temperatures
Early Problems
• July 1985
– Thiokol redesigns the joints w/o O-rings – The
design was not ready for Challenger launch
Political Climate
• Congress is unhappy with NASA
• Competition with Russians to be the first to
observe Halley’s comet.
• Pressure to launch before President
Reagan’s State of the Union Address
Days before Launch
• First launch attempt postponed
• The next launch date was set and was to be
attended by Vice President Bush.
• The temperature at launch: 29 degrees F.
Days Before Launch
• NASA starts an investigation of the effect
of low temperatures on the O-ring seals
• Organization involved
– NASA
– Marshall Space Flight Center
– Morton Thiokol
Engineering Investigation Before
Launch
• Players at NASA
– Larry Mulloy: SRB Project Manager at Marshall
• Players at Thiokol
– Roger Boisjoly: A SRB engineer
– Arnie Johnson: A SRB engineer
– Joe Kilminster: SRB engineering manager
– Alan McDonald: SRB engineering director
– Bob Lund: Vice president for engineering
– Jerald Mason: General manager
Engineering Investigation Before
Launch
• Boisjoly and Johnson recommend the
launch to be postponed.
• Bob Lund, the VP for engineering agrees
and makes a similar recommendation.
Investigation Before Launch
• Larry Mulloy, the NASA manager of SRB
asks Joe Kilminister, the SRB manager at
Thiokol, for his opinion.
• Kilminister agrees with other Thiokol
engineers and recommends a launch delay.
Investigation Before Launch
• After discussion with Mason
• Lund reverses his decision regarding
launch!
• Thiokol recommend the launch to proceed
The Launch in January 1986
• The overnight temperatures drop to 8 F
• The temperature of SRB at launch is 28 F
• There is an immediate blow-by of hot gas at
launch. The seal fails quickly over an arc of
70 degrees.
The Launch in January 1986
• The by-products of combustion forms a
glassy oxide that reseals the joint.
• The brittle oxide is shattered
• Hot gases quickly burn through.
4. Nuclear Weapons Technology
• Development is a complex process, likely state led
• Very different to nuclear reactors
– Reactors aim for a steady, regulated output
• Heat is removed from the nuclear chain, to generate power
– Weapons aim for uncontrolled, rapid explosion
• Fission Weapons: Atoms split rapidly, causing a chain
reaction and an explosion
• Fusion Weapons: Fission provides the primary ignition, then
compressing/heating hydrogen atoms for volatility
5. Nuclear Weapons Technology
• Can be acquired ‘off-the-shelf’ by purchase or
theft of a device.
• Nuclear technology is more likely to be acquired
by a range of infrastructural development: –
–
–
–
–
Radiological technologies
Nuclear technologies
Conventional technologies
Computational technologies
Electronic technologies
6. Nuclear Weapons Technology
• Often ‘delivered’ via ballistic missiles: offers the ability
strike from range. This technology is now
commonplace
• Nuclear weapons do damage in distinctive forms. What
are they?
Blast Damage
Heat/Thermal Radiation
Nuclear Radiation
• These weapons all cause ‘EMP’ disruption. What is
this?
7. Nuclear Weaponry
• United Nations Commission for Conventional
Armaments created a new classification in
1948 – the ‘WMD’ or ‘Weapon of Mass
Destruction’
• Conceptual focus recently shifted to CBRN –
chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
to differentiate between these weapon types.
8. So Who Has Nuclear Weaponary?
There are five states acknowledged as nuclear
states by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons. Who are they?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
China (since 1964)
France (since 1960)
Russia/Soviet Union (since 1949)
United Kingdom (since 1952)
USA (since 1945)
9. So Who Has Nuclear Weaponary?
There are, however, states which have
developed the necessary technology but are not
on the list. Howlett (p.384) list two examples: 1. India
2. Pakistan
They demonstrated this technology by
conducting nuclear tests and ballistic missiles
launches in May 2008
10. So Who Doesn’t Want Them?
Whilst areas such as South Asia have shown a clear desire
for nuclear capabilities, other regions aim to become a
‘NWFZ’. What is an ‘NWFZ’?
A Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
Which world regions has this encompassed?
Latin America
South Pacific
South East Asia
Central Asia
Africa
11. Motivations: Why Have Them?
• Strategic: Shift from the perspective that nuclear
weapons are for war-fighting, towards notions of
deterrence. Brodie (1946) argued that these
weapons are only useful in their non-use, as a
deterrent, as cultural norms prohibit their use
• Prestige: Development to raise the strategic
profile of a nation or its leaders – ownership of
‘nukes’ gives a greater influence, preventing
undue outside influence
• Determinism: Once the technology is
developed, why not develop the weapons
12. Motivations: Why Not Have Them?
• Strategic: alliance with other non-nuclear states.
• Technological difficulties
• Perceived risk : a belief that the weapons would
increase vulnerability – terrorists may attack
nuclear facilities. Events such as 9/11 showed a
willingness to go to such extremes.
• External political pressures
It is sometimes unclear who has and who hasn’t
got these weapons! Iraq and Iran are examples of
this.
13. Nuclear Control: 1945-1970
• Effort to constraint acquisition began in 1945
• 1946: UN Atomic Energy Commission established
Aimed to eliminate weapons; safeguarding energy production
Recommendations ignored due to tensions between the US
and Soviet Russia
• 1953: Atoms for Peace Speech (Eisenhower)
Benefits of atomic power for international community
• 1957: International Atomic Energy Agency established
• 1958-1961: Attempt to negotiation ban on testing
between Soviet Union, UK and USA – no agreement on
testing/disarmament, as there was no means to detect
cheating
14. Nuclear Control: 1945-1970
• 1963: Partial test ban agreed, prohibiting testing
in the atmosphere, outer space or underwater.
• 1961: UN General Assembly adopts Irish
Resolution – limitations on acquisition/transfer
of weapons
• 1965: Resolution 2028 passed, a forerunner for
NNPT in 1970
• 1967: NWFZ treaty opened for Latin America
• 1970: Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty enters
force.
15. Anti-Proliferation Since 1970
• 1971: Initial guidelines established for nuclear trade
by the IAEA.
• 1978: Atomic states gave assurances about weapons
use at UN special session: only China said that they
would not be the first to use them
• 1987: Guidelines established for the sale of nuclear
capable ballistic weapons/cruise missiles: known as
Missile Technology Control Regime and aimed to
limit the risks of nuclear proliferation by controlling
transfers of technology p.392 (since expanded to
many other forms of missile systems)
16. Anti-Proliferation Since 1970
• 1995: Resolution on the Middle East highlighted
problems with universal adherrance/trust
• 1996: Comprehensive test ban opened for
signatures, but is yet to be ratified by the
necessary 44 states.
• 2002: Hague Code of Conduct developed
mandate behaviour in the transfer of missiles
and missile parts.
• 2010: Nuclear Security Summit convened to
tighten security of radiological/nuclear material
21. The Exam
Nine Topics in the Module: 1. Anarchy
2. Realism
3. Liberalism
4. Human Security
5. International Political Economy
6. Middle East
7. Asia-Pacific
8. Terrorism
22. The Exam
There are only eight questions on the exam:
1. Realism
2. Liberalism
3. Human Security
4. International Political Economy
5. Asia-Pacific
6. Middle East
7. Terrorism
8. Nuclear Proliferation
You will answer two questions, not one on the same
topic as your essay paper!
23. Approaching the Material
• You only have to answer two questions: that
does not mean you should only revise two of
the subject areas.
• By all means discount some, but prepare more
than two areas in case the questions aren’t
favourable
• Know specifics: What do the theorists say?
What case-study examples are there?
• Summarise the key points: what you know you
will need to know… Fit it all on one page!
25. Time
• Don’t leave it until the last
minute: most people don’t
benefit from ‘cramming’
• Know when you are able to
revise. Organise your
studies ahead of time work around the
distractions of hobbies, paid
employment or university
commitments.
• Do you work best in the
morning, or in the evening?
26. Space
• Have you room for your
textbooks and notes?
• Have you got enough
light? Natural light is
preferable!
• Is your chair comfortable?
• Are any distractions out
of sight? Difficult to revise
around computer games
or the television!
• Do you need order, or
clutter?
27. Noise
• Can you work in
silence?
• If not, find light
background music that
is unobtrusive – you can
find many playlists on
YouTube
28. Visual Aids
• Charts and diagrams
can be helpful in
organising your work
• Try to condense your
notes in single pages
29. Friends and Family
• Revise in groups: you
will be able to keep
each other focussed
• Explain the topics to
housemates, parent, sib
lings or the family cat!
30. Take a Break!
• Know when to stop! You
can’t revise all day
every day. Optimise
your time and don’t feel
guilty about taking a
break!
31. Misc.
• Eat well
– Don’t just eat junk food
– Fish, Nuts, Seeds, Yoghurts and Blueberries are all
proven to aid concentration
• Be well prepared on the day
– Get things ready the night before
– Know how long you need to get to the venue
– Drink lots of water