This document discusses non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and fuels. It begins by defining non-proliferation and describing horizontal and vertical proliferation. It then provides data on nuclear arsenals and testing dates of different countries. The document discusses India's nuclear program and international non-proliferation efforts like the NPT. It describes types of nuclear fuels and India's three-stage nuclear power program. It concludes by discussing challenges and strategies for India's nuclear power sector.
In a recent development, Indiaâs defence minister suggested that the âcountry may redesign itâs âNo First Useâ policy of nuclear weaponsâ, raising stakes at a time of high tension due to abrogation of Article 370 with its ânuclear-armedâ neighbour Pakistan.
In a recent development, Indiaâs defence minister suggested that the âcountry may redesign itâs âNo First Useâ policy of nuclear weaponsâ, raising stakes at a time of high tension due to abrogation of Article 370 with its ânuclear-armedâ neighbour Pakistan.
Kudankulam nuclear power plant - A critical analysis ( one of the world's s...Raj B Saha
Â
Prior to the recent truce between India & Russia , there seems to be a sweet diplomacy between these two countries. There has been a sound under implementation of the MAKE IN INDIA initiative , thereby Russian State Owned Firms investing to set up manufacturing plants in India to carry out further set up of many more Nuclear Plants In India.
A Strong & Aggressive Outlook!
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflictImran Sajol
Â
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflict
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant & Iran Nuclear Issue
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Imran
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Proposal was made in 1961 & approved in 1963
Total area needed- 253.90 acres
Will be made and funded by Russia
Estimated cost 12.6 Billion $
Two VVER-1200 reactor power Plant
Output 2.4GWe
Completed within 2025
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Stable and Powerful Source
Continuously supply energy for long term
natural uranium can provide about 10000 times more energy than crude oil
Make a few amount of wastes compare to others
Transportation cost of raw material is also low for nuclear plant
Historical evidence of nuclear power plant accidents
afif
Accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
INES level 7 (worst nuclear accident ever)
Happened due to technical problem
releasing radiation into the atmosphere and cutting off the flow of coolant into the reactor
Thirty-one deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers
50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome
nine children who have died of thyroid cancer and 116,000 needed to be evacuated.
Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Plant
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors
INES Level 5
Four reactors were written off due to damage in the accident
No Death or sickness causes of radiation but 1000 died for the evacuation process
Over 100000 peopled needed to be evacuated
Conflict regarding Financial Issue
1 Rooppur Power Plant = 2 Coal Plant + 3 Padma Bridge
Maintenance and Operation cost will be 200 Million dollar per year for the next 40 years.
90% of the cost is loaned from Russian govt. and Uranium will be brought from Russia also.
It is actually a âcost plusâ contract
All the repair and maintenance cost have to be provided by Bangladesh Government
Conflict regarding planning
Technology- âPressurized water reactorâ is outdated and unsafe according to specialist
Established near âFarakka Barrageâ- get less water in summer season for cooling purpose
Cant tolerate a high level of earthquake
Lack of safe zone surrounding the area (50 Miles)
Difficulties should be faced to evacuate surrounding place in case of any accident
Threat of Terrorist and hacking
Conflict in operation level
Lack of expert and technical manpower
Lack of an institutional and regulatory framework
Unsettled price of fuel
Poor Management of spent fuel
Conflict regarding environmental Impact of Nuclear Power Plant
Impact on Land
Impact on Water
Impact on Human Health & Animal
Impact on forests
Environmental Effects
Waste Disposal
Radioactive waste
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Nuclear Power in India The Indian Atomic Energy Commission's Role.pdfthenationaltv
Â
The Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) plays a pivotal role in driving India's pursuit of nuclear power and research since its establishment in 1948. As an organization under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), the AEC has been instrumental in the development and deployment of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
Â
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
In this chapter we will have introduction about Nuclear Power Station
The generation of electricity through nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy generated from fossil fuels (coal and oil). Less use of fossil fuels means lowering greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and others).
RĂŠflexions sur le secteur nuclĂŠaire amĂŠricainGuillaume Vaast
Â
Michel Debes, ancien PrĂŠsident de la SFANS, a partagĂŠ avec la SFEN LR/VR ses rĂŠflexions sur le secteur nuclĂŠaire aux Etats-Unis, le 17 dĂŠcembre 2013 chez EDF Tricastin
Kudankulam nuclear power plant - A critical analysis ( one of the world's s...Raj B Saha
Â
Prior to the recent truce between India & Russia , there seems to be a sweet diplomacy between these two countries. There has been a sound under implementation of the MAKE IN INDIA initiative , thereby Russian State Owned Firms investing to set up manufacturing plants in India to carry out further set up of many more Nuclear Plants In India.
A Strong & Aggressive Outlook!
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflictImran Sajol
Â
Roopur power plant and iran nuclear conflict
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant & Iran Nuclear Issue
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Imran
Rooppur Nuclear Power plant
Proposal was made in 1961 & approved in 1963
Total area needed- 253.90 acres
Will be made and funded by Russia
Estimated cost 12.6 Billion $
Two VVER-1200 reactor power Plant
Output 2.4GWe
Completed within 2025
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Why Rooppur Power Plant is needed (Cont.)
Stable and Powerful Source
Continuously supply energy for long term
natural uranium can provide about 10000 times more energy than crude oil
Make a few amount of wastes compare to others
Transportation cost of raw material is also low for nuclear plant
Historical evidence of nuclear power plant accidents
afif
Accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Plant
INES level 7 (worst nuclear accident ever)
Happened due to technical problem
releasing radiation into the atmosphere and cutting off the flow of coolant into the reactor
Thirty-one deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among the reactor staff and emergency workers
50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome
nine children who have died of thyroid cancer and 116,000 needed to be evacuated.
Accident at Fukushima Nuclear Plant
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors
INES Level 5
Four reactors were written off due to damage in the accident
No Death or sickness causes of radiation but 1000 died for the evacuation process
Over 100000 peopled needed to be evacuated
Conflict regarding Financial Issue
1 Rooppur Power Plant = 2 Coal Plant + 3 Padma Bridge
Maintenance and Operation cost will be 200 Million dollar per year for the next 40 years.
90% of the cost is loaned from Russian govt. and Uranium will be brought from Russia also.
It is actually a âcost plusâ contract
All the repair and maintenance cost have to be provided by Bangladesh Government
Conflict regarding planning
Technology- âPressurized water reactorâ is outdated and unsafe according to specialist
Established near âFarakka Barrageâ- get less water in summer season for cooling purpose
Cant tolerate a high level of earthquake
Lack of safe zone surrounding the area (50 Miles)
Difficulties should be faced to evacuate surrounding place in case of any accident
Threat of Terrorist and hacking
Conflict in operation level
Lack of expert and technical manpower
Lack of an institutional and regulatory framework
Unsettled price of fuel
Poor Management of spent fuel
Conflict regarding environmental Impact of Nuclear Power Plant
Impact on Land
Impact on Water
Impact on Human Health & Animal
Impact on forests
Environmental Effects
Waste Disposal
Radioactive waste
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Nuclear Power in India The Indian Atomic Energy Commission's Role.pdfthenationaltv
Â
The Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) plays a pivotal role in driving India's pursuit of nuclear power and research since its establishment in 1948. As an organization under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), the AEC has been instrumental in the development and deployment of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
Â
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
In this chapter we will have introduction about Nuclear Power Station
The generation of electricity through nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy generated from fossil fuels (coal and oil). Less use of fossil fuels means lowering greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and others).
RĂŠflexions sur le secteur nuclĂŠaire amĂŠricainGuillaume Vaast
Â
Michel Debes, ancien PrĂŠsident de la SFANS, a partagĂŠ avec la SFEN LR/VR ses rĂŠflexions sur le secteur nuclĂŠaire aux Etats-Unis, le 17 dĂŠcembre 2013 chez EDF Tricastin
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Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator
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Non-proliferation and Growth of Nuclear Fuels
1. Non-proliferation and Growth of Nuclear
Fuels
By :
Mr Manas Orpe
Mr Kapil Sathe
(TE Chemical Engineering)
Under the supervision of:
Prof A V Mohod
Department of Chemical Engineering,
AISSMS College of Engineering, Pune-1
2. Introduction
⢠What is Non-Proliferation (NP) ?
â˘Proliferation of Weapons or Fuels?
⢠Why there is need to focus on NP?
3. Types of Proliferation
Horizontal proliferation Vertical proliferation
⢠Nation-states or non-state
entities that do not have, but
are acquiring, nuclear
weapons or developing the
capability and materials for
producing them.
⢠Nation-states that do
possess nuclear weapons
and are increasing their
stockpiles of these weapons,
improving the technical
sophistication or reliability of
their weapons, or developing
new weapons.
4. Nuclear Activities in Countries
Countries No. of Warheads (Active/Total) Year of First Test
United States 2150/7700 1945 ("Trinity")
Russia 1740/8500 1949 ("RDS-1")
United Kingdom 160/225 1952 ("Hurricane")
France 290/300 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue")
China NA/240 1964 ("596")
India NA/80-100 1974 ("Smiling Buddha")
Pakistan NA/90-110 1998 ("Chagai-I")
North Korea NA/<10 2006
Israel NA/80-200 Unknown (possibly 1979)
Ref. FAS, 2010.
8. ⢠This treaty includes the five Nuclear Weapons States (NWS):
1. the People's Republic of China
2. France
3. Russian Federation
4. UK
5. United States.
⢠Notable non-signatories to the NPT are Israel, Pakistan, and India.
9. ⢠India and Pakistan have acknowledged their nuclear capabilities
and have tested weapons.
⢠Israel has not acknowledged.
⢠North Korea was once a signatory but withdrew in January 2003.
10. International Cooperation
1. Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty
â˘It obligates the 5 original NWS not to transfer
nuclear weapons, other nuclear explosive
devices, or their technology to any nonânuclear-
weapons state.
11. 2. Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems Treaty
⢠In 1972, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic
Missile Systems (ABM Treaty) between the United States
and Soviet Union was signed in Moscow.
⢠The United States withdrew from the treaty in 2002 in
order to permit work on a national missile defence
system, work that had been prohibited by the treaty.
12. 3. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
â˘To control the testing of nuclear weapons.
â˘To prohibit nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere, in
space, or underseas.
â˘Still tests conducted underground or by simulation.
13. Nuclear Fuels
⢠Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'burned' by nuclear fission or
fusion to derive nuclear energy.
⢠Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable
of nuclear fission.
⢠The most common fissile nuclear fuels are uranium-235 (235
U) and
plutonium-239 (239
Pu).
16. India
⢠Current contribution of nuclear power : 2.9%
⢠Plans to increase contribution to 9% in next 25 years.
⢠As of 2009, India stands at 9th
in the world in terms of
no. of operational nuclear power reactors.
⢠By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation
capacity will increase to 20,000 MW.
17. ⢠U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement
⢠When the agreement goes through, India is expected
to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear
power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear
power generation to 45,000 MW.
18.
19. Indian Nuclear
Power Program:
Current Status
Established Comprehensive
Indigenous Capabilities
For PHWRs
Development,
construction
Commissioning,
of & 540MWe
PHWRs
Developed Ageing
Mgmnt. , R & M, Safety
upgrades
Fast Breeder Test
Reactor already
generating electricity
Construction of
500 MWe Prototype
Fast Breeder Reactor
In progress
FIRST STAGE
SECOND STAGE
THIRD STAGE
Experimental reactor
using U233 fuel
in operation
Set up LWRâs with
Imported technology
IMPORTED ROUTE
Design of 700 MWe PHWR
completed
Potential 10,000 MWe Potential 53,000 MWeVery large Potential
20. India's Nuclear Power Programme
⢠First Stage :
Uranium (Natural, Imported Enriched)(PHWRs & LWRs)
⢠Second Stage :
Plutonium (Reprocessed Spent Fuel)(FBRs)
⢠Third Stage :
Uranium 233 (Converted from Th-232)(AHWR)
21. Future Plans
⢠DAE/NPCIL vision : 20,000 MWe by the year
2020.
⢠8 indigenously designed 700 MWe PHWRs and
10 Light water Reactors of about 1000 MWe
each, based on imports.
⢠In addition, preproject activities for setting up
of 4 FBRs and an Advanced Heavy Water
Reactor (AHWR).
22. Future Forecast
Integrated Energy Policy
projections for next 25
years.
To meet 7-9 % GDP
growth
To raise per capita
consumption to 1000 KWh
Total installed capacity 0f
700 GWe by 2032
Ref. âA Strategy for Growth of
Electrical Energy in India,
document 10, August 2010, DAE
23. â˘In energy terms, the Integrated Energy Policy of
India estimates share of nuclear power between
4.0 to 8.6% in the year 2031-32.
â˘Estimates the nuclear share to be about 8.6%
by the year 2032 and 16.6% by the year 2052.
25. State, District Mine Operating From tU per year
Jharkhand Jadugudu 1968 200 total
Bhatin 1967
Narwapahar 1995
Bagjata 1908
Jharkhand, East
Singhbum dist.
Turamdih 2008 190 total
Banduhurang 2007
Mohuldih 2012*
Andhra Pradesh,
Kadapa dist.
Tummalapalle 2012 220
Andhra Pradesh,
Nalgonda dist.
Lambapur-Peddagattu 2016
(under construction)
130
Karnataka, Gulbarga
dist.
Gogi 2014
(under construction)
130
Meghalaya Kylleng-Pyndeng-
Sohiong-
Mawthabah
(KPM), (Domiasiat), Wa
2017
(under construction)
340
Ref. WNA, 2012
26. Uranium Purification Plant
⢠The final product of this plant is Yellow cake.
⢠According to Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) ,
the ore from this mine is of 0.065 grade.
⢠1,000 kg of ore to extract 65 grams of usable
uranium.
⢠The plant processes 2,190 tonnes uranium ore per
day.
27. Smuggling of uranium
On February 18, 2008 :
â˘Police of Supaul district in Bihar seized 4 kg of
low-quality uranium.
â˘Arrested one Indian and five Nepali smugglers.
â˘The market value of the seized uranium was
estimated at Rs.5,00,00,000 (US$910,000) on
the international market
28. Asiaâs Nuclear Energy Growth
⢠In East and South Asia there are :
1.117 operable nuclear power reactors
2.44 under construction and firm plans to build
a further 92
3.Many more are proposed.
⢠The greatest growth in nuclear generation is
expected in China, South Korea and India.
29. Country
Power Reactors
operable or in
Operation
Power Reactors
Under
Construction
Power Reactors
Planned Research Reactors
Australia 1
Bangla 2 1
China 15 26 51 13
India 20 7 18 5
Indonesia 2 3
Japan 50 3 10 18
S. Korea 23 4 5 2
N. Korea 1
Malaysia 1
Pakistan 3 2 0 1
Ref. WNA, 2012
30. Country Power Reactors
operable or in
Operation
Power Reactors
Under
Construction
Power Reactors
Planned
Research
Reactors
Philippines 1
Thailand 2
Vietnam 4 1
117 44 92 56
Ref. WNA, 2012
31. Worldwide scenario
⢠France : 63258MWe
⢠Pakistan : 2782MWe
⢠Poland : 1640MWe
⢠Russia : 31639MWe
⢠Spain : 7519MWe
⢠Sweden : 9328MWe
⢠United Kingdom : 13193MWe
⢠United States of America : 806TW
32. Role of Chemical Engineer in
Nuclear Industry
⢠Chemical engineers routinely work with
nuclear engineers to design, develop, monitor,
and operate nuclear power plants in the
safest, most efficient manner possible.
⢠These scientists are also involved with the
production, handling, use, and safe disposal of
nuclear fuels.
33. Challenges And Strategies
⢠Cannot afford to plan on the basis of large scale
import.
⢠Domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us.
⢠Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of
the total electric power required 50 years from now.
34. ⢠The nuclear power has come of age with
comprehensive capabilities.
⢠Pursue the three-stage program, develop and
commercially deploy technologies.
⢠The fruition of international cooperation will open up
opportunities.
⢠The Indian nuclear power sector and industry needs
to evolve faster to meet the associated challenges.
35. Conclusions
⢠More focus on increasing nuclear power
generators.
⢠Substitute for non-renewable energy sources.
⢠Disarmament of Nuclear weapons.
⢠Safe and peaceful environment.
36. References
⢠Verma N., "Westinghouse, Areva eye India nuclear
plants-paperâ, Reuters, (2009).
⢠Srivastava S., "India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concernsâ,
Asia Sentinel, (2011).
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