The document discusses nuclear weapons and Pakistan's nuclear program. It provides background on what nuclear weapons are and their effects. It then discusses international efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation through treaties like the NPT. However, these efforts are seen as discriminatory as they allow nuclear weapons states to retain arsenals while pressuring non-nuclear states. The document argues that Western countries apply double standards in their treatment of India and Pakistan's nuclear programs, mainstreaming India while isolating Pakistan. It also examines Western demands for Pakistan to be normalized as a nuclear state and Pakistan's options in dealing with these demands.

1. WHAT IS NUCLEAR
MAINSTREAMING? DOES PAKISTAN
NEED IT?
DR TUGHRAL YAMIN
ASSOCIATE DEAN CIPS
NUST
PAPER READ AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PEACE & STABILITY
ORGANIZED BY FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI
22-24 SEPTEMBER 2016

2. WHAT ARE NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• NUCLEAR WEAPON. AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT DERIVES
ITS DESTRUCTIVE FORCE FROM NUCLEAR REACTIONS,
EITHER FISSION (FISSION BOMB) OR A COMBINATION OF
FISSION AND FUSION (THERMONUCLEAR WEAPON).
• EFFECTS. A NUCLEAR DEVICE NO LARGER THAN
TRADITIONAL BOMBS CAN DEVASTATE AN ENTIRE CITY BY
BLAST, FIRE, AND RADIATION. NUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE
CONSIDERED WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
• USE. NUCLEAR WEAPONS HAVE BEEN USED TWICE IN
HISTORY BY THE US AGAINST JAPAN
– ON AUGUST 6, 1945, A URANIUM GUN-TYPE FISSION
BOMB (LITTLE BOY) WAS DETONATED OVER THE
JAPANESE CITY OF HIROSHIMA
– ON AUGUST 9, A PLUTONIUM IMPLOSION-TYPE
FISSION BOMB (FAT MAN) WAS DETONATED OVER
THE JAPANESE CITY OF NAGASAKI.
– APPROXIMATELY 200,000 CIVILIANS AND MILITARY
PERSONNEL DIED
• ACADEMIC DEBATE. USE AND CONTROL OF NUCLEAR
WEAPONS HAVE BEEN A MAJOR FOCUS OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POLICY SINCE THEIR DEBUT

3. WHO ALL POSSESS NUCLEAR
WARHEADS?

4. WHAT ARE THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS
DELIVERY MEANS?

5. HOW ARE NUCLEAR WEAPONS SEEN?
• AS SYMBOLS OF POWER &
PRESTIGE
• AS MEANS OF DETERRENCE
• AS A SOURCE OF THREAT
BY:
– NON NUCLEAR WEAPON
STATES (NWS)
– NUCLEAR WEAPON STATES
(NNWS)
– PACIFISTS
– ENVIRONMENTALISTS

6. WHY INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR NON
PROLIFERATION REGIME?
• NUCLEAR NON PROLIFERATION REGIME HAS
BEEN CONSTRUCTED TO KEEP THE NUCLEAR
CLUB AN EXCLUSIVE ENTITY
• THE NWS WOULD NOT LIKE ANY HORIZONTAL
PROLIFERATION
• MAIN PILLARS OF THE REGIME ARE
– NPT
– CTBT
– FMCT

7. WHAT IS NPT?
• INTERNATIONAL TREATY (OPENED
FOR SIGNATURES 1 JULY 1968;
ENTERED INTO FORCE 5 MARCH
1970)
• 191 MEMBERS
• INDIA, ISRAEL, PAKISTAN &
SOUTH SUDAN ARE NON
SIGNATORIES
• DPRK OPTED OUT OF IT
• NPT RECOGNIZES TWO KINDS OF
SIGNATORIES: NWS & NNWS
• NWS AGREE NOT TO GIVE NW OR
NW TOOLS TO NNWS
• NNWS AGREE NOT TO RECEIVE
SUCH MATERIAL
• NNWS HAVE INALIENABLE TO
NUCLEAR POWER FOR CIVILIAN
USE
• NWS HAVE OBLIGATION TO
WORK TOWARDS EVENTUAL
ABOLITION OF NW & GENERAL
DISARMAMENT BUT NO
TIMETABLE GIVEN
• IAEA MONITORS NWS & NNWS
FOR COMPLIANCE & CAN
RECOMMEND SANCTIONS TO
UNSC IF A SIGNATORY IS FOUND
IN VIOLATION OF THE NPT

8. WHATS WRONG WITH THE
INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR NON
PROLIFERATION REGIME?
• IMMUTABLE. IT CANNOT BE CHANGED
• DISCRIMINATORY. THERE CAN BE NO NEW
MEMBERS
• UNREALISTIC. KEEPS NEW NWS STATES OUT
• PARTIAL. WESTERN NATIONS WOULD LIKE TO
BRING INDIA INTO THE NUCLEAR MAIN
STREAM BUT NOT PAKISTAN

9. NON PROLIFERATION DOUBLE
STANDARDS

10. HOW HAS THE WEST REACTED TO
PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM?
• DEMANDS TO CONTROL, FREEZE & ROLL BACK
• SANCTIONS (SYMINGTON, PRESSLER & GLEN
AMMENDMENTS)
• PROPAGANDA REGARDING
– NUCLEAR BLACK MARKET
– THE SAFETY & SECURITY OF ITS NUCLEAR
– FAST GROWTH OF ITS NUCLEAR ARSENAL
• DOUBLE STANDARDS AS COMPARED TO INDIA
• MENU FOR BECOMING A NUCLEAR MAINSTREAM
NATION
• ADVICE TO EXERCISE NUCLEAR RESTRAINT

11. HOW THE WEST VIEWS INDIA’S
STATUS AS A NUCLEAR STATE?
• ACCEPTS IT AS A RESPONSIBLE NUCLEAR STATE
• US CONCLUDED CIVIL NUCLEAR DEAL WITH INDIA
IN 2005
• SPECIAL WAIVER GRANTED BY NSG IN 2008
• CIVIL NUCLEAR DEALS WITH SEVERAL OTHER
COUNTRIES
• US SUPPORTIVE OF INDIAN NSG BID
• MADE MEMBER OF MTCR

12. HOW PAKISTAN HAS BEEN TREATED
IN THE NUCLEAR WORLD?
• LEFT OUT IN THE COLD
• NO COUNTRY WILLING TO CONCLUDE A CIVIL NUCLEAR
DEAL
• NOT MANY SUPPORTERS FOR PAKISTAN’S NSG BID
• PRESSURE IN THE CD WITH REFERENCE TO VETO ON
FMCT
• CONSTANT PROPOGANDA AGAINST
– NUCLEAR SAFETY & SECURITY OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
– RATE OF GROWTH OF ITS NUCLEAR ARSENAL
– TNWs

13. A Normal
NUCLEAR PAKISTAN
by Toby Dalton and Michael Krepon
© Copyright 2015 Stimson Center and
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
All rights reserved.

14. WESTERN PERCEPTIONS OF A
NORMAL NUCLEAR PAKISTAN
PAKISTAN SEEKS TO BE VIEWED AS A NORMAL
STATE POSSESSING NUCLEAR WEAPONS, AS
EXEMPLIFIED BY:
• MEMBERSHIP IN THE NUCLEAR SUPPLIERS
GROUP (NSG)
• A CIVIL-NUCLEAR COOPERATION AGREEMENT
SIMILAR TO THE ONE ACCORDED TO INDIA

15. HOW DOES THE WEST WANT TO
MAINSTREAM A NUCLEAR PAKISTAN?
• SHIFT DECLARATORY POLICY FROM “FULL SPECTRUM” TO “STRATEGIC
DETERRENCE” (MEANING: GIVE UP THE SHORT RANGE BATTLEFIELD
NUCLEAR WEAPONS)
• COMMIT TO A RECESSED DETERRENCE POSTURE AND LIMIT PRODUCTION
OF SHORTRANGE DELIVERY VEHICLES AND TNWs (MEANING: DO NOT
HAVE A READY ARSENAL. DEMATE ALL NUCLEAR WARHEADS FROM
DELIVERY MEANS SUCH AS NUCLEAR CAPABLE MISSILES AND AIRPLANES
AT ALL TIMES)
• LIFT VETO ON FISSILE MATERIAL CUTOFF TREATY (FMCT) NEGOTIATIONS
AND REDUCE OR STOP FISSILE MATERIAL PRODUCTION (MEANING: SIGN
FMCT WITHOUT DEMANDING THAT THE EXISTING FISSILE MATERIAL
STOCKS BE ACCOUNTED FOR)
• SEPARATE CIVILIAN AND MILITARY NUCLEAR FACILITIES (MEANING: BRING
ALL YOUR NUCLEAR REACTORS UNDER IAEA SAFEGUARDS).
• SIGN THE COMPREHENSIVE TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT) WITHOUT WAITING
FOR INDIA (MEANING: UNILATERALLY GIVE UP YOUR RIGHT TO TEST
NUCLEAR WEAPONS)

16. WHAT ARE PAKISTAN’S OPTIONS?
• AGREE TO ALL DEMANDS AND BECOME
ACCEPTABLE AS A NUCLEAR STATE
• REJECT ALL PRECONDITIONS AND REMAIN A
NUCLEAR OUTLIER
• NEGOTIATE ON CERTAIN DEMANDS
• PREPARE A STRONG CASE AND PURSUE IT
STEADFASTLY WITH LONG TERM AIMS

17. WHAT CAN BE NEGOTIATED & WHAT
CAN’T BE?
YES MAY BE NOT AT ALL
NATIONAL SAFETY
& SECURITY
DETERRENCE
CAPABILITY
NUCLEAR POLICY
TNWs
FMCT/FMT
CTBT
SEPARATE CIVIL
FROM MILITARY
REACTORS

19. INDIA’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM
• JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (26 JUNE 1946)
ANNOUNCED: “AS LONG AS THE WORLD IS
CONSTITUTED AS IT IS, EVERY COUNTRY WILL
HAVE TO DEVISE AND USE THE LATEST DEVICES
FOR ITS PROTECTION. I HAVE NO DOUBT INDIA
WILL DEVELOP HER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES AND
I HOPE INDIAN SCIENTISTS WILL USE THE ATOMIC
FORCE FOR CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES. BUT IF
INDIA IS THREATENED, SHE WILL INEVITABLY TRY
TO DEFEND HERSELF BY ALL MEANS AT HER
DISPOSAL.”

20. • INDIA'S NUCLEAR PROGRAM STARTED ON MARCH 1944 AND ITS THREE-
STAGE EFFORTS IN TECHNOLOGY WERE ESTABLISHED BY DR. HOMI
BHABHA WHEN HE FOUNDED THE NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTER,
THE INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH.
• INDIA'S LOSS OF TERRITORY TO CHINA IN A BRIEF HIMALAYAN BORDER
WAR IN OCTOBER 1962, PROVIDED THE NEW DELHI GOVERNMENT
IMPETUS FOR DEVELOPING NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS A MEANS OF
DETERRING POTENTIAL CHINESE AGGRESSION.
• INDIA FIRST TESTED A NUCLEAR DEVICE IN 1974 (SMILING BUDDHA),
WHICH IT CALLED A "PEACEFUL NUCLEAR EXPLOSION." THE TEST USED
PLUTONIUM PRODUCED IN THE CANADIAN-SUPPLIED CIRUS REACTOR,
AND RAISED CONCERNS THAT NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIED FOR
PEACEFUL PURPOSES COULD BE DIVERTED TO WEAPONS PURPOSES.
• EXPLODES NUCLEAR DEVICE IN MAY 1998
• CONCLUDES CIVIL NUCLEAR DEAL WITH USA IN 2005
• SPECIAL WAIVER GIVEN BY IAEA IN 2008
• MADE A MEMBER OF THE MRCR IN 2016
• MADE AN UNSUCCESSFUL BID FOR ENTRY INTO NSG IN 2016