This document discusses the history of the Italian association ISODARCO and its role in organizing residential courses on arms control and international conflict management over the past 50 years. Key points: - ISODARCO was founded in 1972 by Italian scientists led by Edoardo Amaldi and Carlo Schaerf to provide education on scientific and technical issues related to disarmament and international security. - The first courses were held in 1966 and focused on effects of nuclear weapons, arms control strategies, and prospects for disarmament. They brought together experts from various countries and backgrounds. - ISODARCO courses continue to bring together academics, policymakers, and practitioners to discuss challenges and solutions regarding arms control from inter

1. !
Arms control and disarmament: !
50 years of experience in education !
Non solo diplomazia. Esperti e politici in scienza e
tecnologia nella politica estera italiana fra guerra
fredda e costruzione europea”
Padova, 11-12 December 2015!

2. A small group of Italian scientists in the early 1960s
committed themselves to contribute to the
formation of experts in arms control and
international conflict management organizing
residential courses for phd students and young
researchers or practitioners:!
~ interdisciplinary !
~ international!
~ with strong and free interaction between
participants and lectures!
~ involving both scholars and people with actual
experience in the field !
This activity is still going on after 50 years!

3. Arms control and disarmament are at present a basic
component of the security posture of a nation!
!
~ up to 1960s arms limitations were essentially due
to humanitarian reasons (Francis Lieber's
instructions, 1866. Declaration of St. Petersburg;
1868, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and
1907, Paris protocol 1925)!
~ examples of previous security agreements: !
the 1817 Rush-Bagot convention for the
disarmament of the American-Canadian frontier
and the 1922 Washington Treaty for the limitation
of naval armaments, eliminating the arms race in

4. The turning point: nuclear weapons"
"
“The first atomic bomb has destroyed more than the city of
Hiroshima. It also exploded our inherited, outdated
political ideas.”"
“Just as we have changed our thinking in the world of pure
science to embrace newer and more useful concepts, so we
must now change our "
thinking in the world of"
politics and law."
It is too late to make "
mistakes.”"
"
Albert Einstein, "
October 10, 1945 "
May 28, 1946!

5. The nuclear disarmament is utterly different from
disarmament of conventional arms. For the dynamism
which characterises the conventional military balance of
power policies of nations does not apply to nuclear
weapons."
A nuclear weapon is not a weapon in the conventional
semantic sense. It is not a rational means to a rational end.
It is an instrument of unlimited, universal destruction,
hence the threat or the actuality of a nuclear war is not a
rational instrument of national policy because it is an
instrument of suicide and genocide. "
"
Hans J. Morgenthau "
The fallacy of thinking conventionally about nuclear
weapons, 1972!

6. Scientists and the new way of thinking"
"
the problems to international security brought in by
nuclear weapons were first considered by the physicists
working in the Manhattan project"
~ Franck Report, 11 June 1945 (James Franck, "
Donald J. Hughes, J. J. Nickson, Eugene Rabinowitch,"
Glenn T. Seaborg, J. C. Stearns, and Leó Szilárd)"
~ the Federation of Atomic Scientists, "
November 30, 1945"
~ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 10, 1945"
~ The Acheson-Lilienthal Report, March 16, 1946 "
(largely due to Robert Oppenheimer)!

7. The Russell- Einstein Manifesto, for an action of
scientists at international level "
"
In the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that
scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that
have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass
destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended
draft."
!
We are speaking on this
occasion, not as members of this
or that nation, continent, or
creed, but as human beings,
members of the species Man,
whose continued existence is in
doubt. !
"
issued in London on 9 July 1955 !

8. pugwash 1
The Pugwash Conferences, the answer to the Manifesto !
!
Twenty-two scientists attended the first conference (7-10 July 1957):
seven from the USA; three from the Soviet Union; three from Japan;
two from the UK; two from Canada; one each from Australia, Austria,
China, France and Poland.!
!

9. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World
Affairs The Nobel Peace Prize 1995!
Prize motivation: "for their efforts to diminish the
part played by nuclear arms in international politics
and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"!

10. Italian frequent participants in the Pugwash
activities "
!
Edoardo Amaldi member Continuing Committee 1958-1970"
Francesco Calogero secretary general 1989-1997"
Paolo Cotta Ramusino secretary general since 2002"
"
Bruno Bertotti Adriano Buzzati Traverso "
Marco De Andreis Paolo Farinella"
Giovanni Giacometti Enrico Jacchia"
Carlo Jean Francesco Lenci"
Maurizio Martellini Beppe Nardulli"
Alessandro Pascolini Giorgio Salvini"
Carlo Schaerf Giancarlo Tenaglia"
Mario Vadacchino"

11. Under the pressure of scientists’ organizations,
peace and mass movements, public opinion political
leaders started to understand the danger to every
state’s security of these armaments. The first
problem t be appreciated was nuclear proliferation
(J.F. Kennedy 1963). Hence the start of arms control
treaties:!
!
~ Partial Test Ban Treaty, 5 August 1963"
~ Outer Space Treaty, 27 January 1967!
~Treaty of Tlatelolco, 14 February 1967!
~ Non-proliferation Treaty, 1 July 1968!
!

12. ~ Seabed Treaty, 11 February 1971!
~ CTBT, 10 April 1972 !
~ SALT I, 26 May 1972!
~ SALT II, 18 June 1979 !
~ Treaty of Rarotonga, 11 December 1986!
~ INF Treaty, 8 December 1987 !
~ CFE Treaty, 19 November 1990!
~ START I, 31 July 1991 "
~ START II, 3 January 1993 !
~ CW Convention, 13 January 1993 !
~Treaty of Bangkok, 15 December 1995!
~ [CTBT, 24 September 1996} !
~ SORT, 24 May 2002!
~ Treaty of Semipalatinsk, 8 September 2006!
~ New START, 8 April 2010!

13. Most of these agreements regard
technologically advanced armaments
directly involving scientists of specific
disciplines in their conception,
development and production!

14. dedalus

15. moebius
The critical role of
science in the
production of these
weapons requires
an analogous
contribution of
scientists in the
definition of their
control or
disarmament,
besides diplomats
and international
relations specialists !

16. Special scientific expertise is in particular
necessary in the definition of the verification
measures of arms control treaties!
!
Annex on Chemicals"
Annex on Implementation and Verification
("Verification Annex")!
!
Annex on Inspection Activities to the Protocol to
the Treaty between the United States of America"
and the Russian Federation on Measures for the"
Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic
Offensive Arms!

17. The very destruction of non-conventional
weapons in a way to ensure the safety of
technicians, the local population and the
preservation of the environment requires the
solution of scientific and technological
problems often more complex than their
production. !

18. While it was clear that the questions of
international security, arms race and military
confrontations pertain to the political
domain, Edoardo Amaldi and myself were at
the same time convinced that, in this
technological and nuclear age, their
understanding requires a wealth of scientific
and technical knowledge, not familiar not
only to the general public but also to most
politicians and academics. "
"
Carlo Schaerf!

19. A critical aspect of the need of having
scientists and experts in international
relations working together is the different
languages spoken by these two communities."
The difference is not merely linguistic, but
reflects different conceptions of the world."
The traditional training in the two fields are
absolutely distinct and the occasions of
contacts to fill the gap are rare.!

20. The idea to organize residential courses at the
graduate level on the topics of disarmament and
arms control was born during a conversation that
professor Edoardo Amaldi and I had in the summer
of 1962 at Villa Monastero in Varenna during a
residential course for physicists organized by the
Italian Physical Society. For a period of one-two
weeks some 30-40 junior researchers live together
with 10-15 senior scholars, listen to their
presentations and have the very useful opportunity
to interact with the lecturers and other participants."
"
Carlo Schaerf!

21. I spent the years 1960-1963
working at Stanford University.
At Stanford there was a high
concentration of experts on the
development of the nuclear
arms race and a faculty forum on
arms control was established
and started to meet once a
month. They were introduced by
a presentation by some expert,
from a university, a think tank,
the Administration or the
military and were followed by a
very open discussion. "
"
!
Carlo Schaerf!

22. The first course was organized at Villa Falconieri in Frascati on June
13-25, 1966. It had nine lecturers, three visiting officials, twenty-three
participants and seven observers. "
"
The main topics discussed included the effects of nuclear weapons
and nuclear war, nuclear strategy, armaments and world security,
technological and political problems on the road to disarmament,
the economic aspects of disarmament and the prospects for peaceful
coexistence."
"
!

24. The frameworks and the measures [for
nuclear disarmament] have now been
fully described and discussed. Unless
and until the governments of the
world begin to put these measures into
effect there will no point in devising
new ones. Today the political and
sociological aspects of disarmament
problems have become of primary
importance."
These views bring as a consequence
the need for other means of studying
disarmament and of spreading their
results so that wider layers of the
public opinion can become aware of
the real nature of the problems and of
the urgency to find adequate solutions."
"Edoardo Amaldi!

25. This was the first advanced course
devoted to the study of the
scientific, technological, economic
and political problems related to
the quest for the reduction of
nuclear weapons. !
This experience showed that
politically sensitive arguments
could be presented and discussed
in a relaxed academic atmosphere
with participants from many
different countries, ideological
backgrounds and both sides of
the Iron Curtain.!

26. Encouraged by its success, a
second course was organized in
1968 at Collegio Ghislieri, Pavia. !
!
One of the speakers was Vasily
Emelianov, former chairman of the
USSR Atomic Energy Commission,
who illustrated the result of the
UN study on the effect of nuclear
war he had co-authored. !
!
The participation of Russian
scholars and leading personalities
was constant since Pavia.!

28. !
The first ISODARCO courses confirm our founding
assumption: there was a substantial need to provide serious
scientific and technical basic information to people
interested in international politics trained on political,
social and human sciences. !
It also confirmed the basic tenet that the problems of war
and peace, arms and disarmament, international security
are political and social and they involve a large spectrum of
disciplines including economics and international law.
Therefore the topics of ISODARCO courses from the very
beginning had to include lectures on international politics
and relations, international law, the economics of the arms
race, etc.!

29. isodarco

30. The association ISODARCO"
The first three courses were produced without the baking
of a formal institution. "
In order to apply for grants at national and international
level, a formal structure was necessary, with a legal status."
The chosen solution was creating in Rome the no-profit
association ISODARCO registered by a notary on January
18, 1972. The main point of its statute is:"
Article 3 “The principal aim of the Association is to foster
interest for scientific problems related to disarmament and
peace with all available means. The Association is non-
profitmaking and not aligned to any party or party
ideology. All proceeds will be used for its institutional
goals.”"
!

31. The initial membership was composed of five members
(Edoardo Amaldi, Francesco Calogero, Alessandro
Pascolini, Armando Reale and Carlo Schaerf). "
Amaldi served as president till his death; since then
Schaerf is the president. The statute of the association
underwent two minor modifications in 1991 and 2015 to
make it compatible with the Italian legislation. "
The membership of ISODARCO remained always limited,
only composed by Italian scientists, reaching a maximum
of 9 members, presently reduced to 7 (Calogero, Annalisa
D’angelo, Mirco Elena, Diego Latella, Giuseppina
Orlandini, Pascolini, Schaerf). "
A part-time secretary and the assistance of a financial
administrator were the essential helps during the periods
of maximum activity, with local support in occasion of the
Courses.!

32. The members of ISODARCO choose the subject of the
courses and suggest the names of possible directors and
lecturers."
The president with the help of one or two associates takes
care of the actual appointing of the directors, collaborates
to the selection of lecturers, finds the venue of the course,
promotes the event, selects the participants and raises the
necessary financial support."
The treasurer is in charge of the administration, checked by
auditors of accounts.!

33. ISODARCO courses’ basic structure "
12-15 lecturers are invited by the course directors to present
one or two lectures each. Participants, selected on the basis
of their qualifications, are offered accommodation and full
board. They have to pay a nominal admission fee, which
covers only a fraction of the cost of the course. "
Over the fifty years of ISODARCO continuous activity
support has been provided by major foundations, mainly
Carnegie, Ford and MacArthur, universities and research
institutions, national and local authorities, and sometimes
individual donors. Other indirect support is provided by
the several people working for ISODARCO as volunteers.
Most of the times ISODARCO was only paying a part-time
secretary."
~ Rule for financial contributions: no string attached!!

34. Lecturers receive no honorarium. Normally they are
offered hospitality for the entire duration of the
course but no support for the cost of travel. "
"
This economically unattractive treatment has not
prevented the participation of very eminent
scholars and personalities, motivated by the level of
the presentations and the opportunity to become
involved in intellectually engaging discussions
with a very heterogeneous group of people in a
very friendly atmosphere. "
!

35. Lecturers at ISODARCO have included: "
J. Acton (Great Britain), R. Adams (U.S.A.), Y. Alexander (U.S.A.), E. Amaldi (Italy), "
A. Arbatov (Russia), G. Arbatov (Russia), N. Arbatova (Russia), G. Arya (Thailand), "
F. Barnaby (Great Britain), W. Graf von Baudissin (Germany), N. Behar (Bulgaria), J. B. Bell
(U.S.A.), R. Bjornerstedt (Sweden), A. Boserup (Denmark), G. Bunn (U.S.A.), F. Calogero
(Italy), D. Carlton (Great Britain), G. Chapman (U.S.A.), A. Cohen (U.S.A.), P. Cotta-
Ramusino (Italy), V. Emelyanov (Russia), W. Epstein (Canada), M. De Andreis(Italy), P.
Dombrowski (U.S.A.), L. Eden (U.S.A.), M. Evangelista (U.S.A), B. T. Feld (U.S.A.), L.
Freedman (Great Britain), J.F. Freymond (Switzerland), R. Garwin (U.S.A.), Bates Gill
(Sweden), K. Gottstein (Germany), S. Goudman (U.S.A.), B. Gutteridge (U.K.), E. W.
Hamburger (Brazil), P. Hillyard (Ireland), F. von Hippel (U.S.A.), D. Holloway (U.S.A.), E.
Jacchia (Italy), B. Jasani (India), V. Journé (France), S. Kapitza (Russia), M. Kaplan (U.S.A.),
C. Kaysen (U.S.A.), C. McArdle Kelleher (U.S.A.), R. I. Khasbulatov (Russia), P. Lellouche
(France), J. Lewis (U.S.A.), S. Lodgaard (Norway), E. Mendelsohn (U.S.A.), J. K. Miettinen
(Finland), M. A. Milstein (Russia), J. Moch (France), H. Morgenthau (U.S.A.), H. Muller
(Germany), R. Neild (Great Britain), G. Neuneck (Germany), J. M. Parillo (U.S.A.), I. M. Pascu
(Romania), A. Rapoport (U.S.A.), G. Rathjens (U.S.A.), J. Reppy (U.S.A), O. A. Reutov
(Russia), R. S. Roggers (U.S.A), B. Roling (The Netherlands), J. Rotblat (Great Britain - Nobel
Prize for Peace), J. Ruina (U.S.A.), T. Schelling (U.S.A. - Nobel Prize for Peace), H. Scoville
(U.S.A.), E.Solingen (U.S.A.), R. Somerville (U.S.A.), J. Steinberger (U.S.A.- Nobel Prize for
Economy), M. Sturmer (Germany), K. Subrahmanyam (India), O. Sukovic (Yugoslavia), P.
Sylos Labini (Italy), N. Tannenwald (U.S.A), H. Tromp (The Netherlands), K. Tsipis (U.S.A.),
D. Ch.Webb (Great Britain), S. Wright (UK), H. F. York (U.S.A), D. Zinberg (U.S.A.)."
"

36. Lecturers featured some of most prominent scholars and
practitioners who contributed in fundamental ways to
shaping policies, strategies, theories, scholarly studies and
debates in the field of arms control and disarmament. "
"
Among other, two Nobel laureates to be (Thomas Schelling
and Joseph Rotblat); one of founding fathers of the
academic discipline of international relations (Hans
Morgenthau); a world pioneer and leading-figure in
systems analysis, game theory and conflict resolution
(Anatol Rapoport); outstanding scientists who directly
participated in the development of nuclear weapons and
later in efforts to their control (Rotblat, Herbert York,
Richard Garwin, Bernard Feld, Vasily Emelyanov); !

37. diplomats/policy-makers who were key in creating the
current international non-proliferation regime (George
Bunn); scientific assistant to the political leaders (Georgy
Arbatov, York, Frank von Hippel, Lawrence Freedman,
Catherine Kelleher); directors of international institutions
(Epstein, Barnaby, Kaplan, military leaders (Milstein,
Jean), historians (Bill Gutteridge, David Carlton, Matt
Evangelista, David Holloway) and prominent scholars
who authored some of the classic works on arms control
and non-proliferation issues.!

38. The best part of ISODARCO are the discussions
that follow each lecture and the opportunity for
lecturers and participants to interact with each other
out of the sessions. "
Each session is organized with a 45' presentation
followed by 45' of open discussion and the official
working hours are limited to four sessions a day to
leave free time for informal interactions among all
participants, seminars offered by lecturers and
participants, spontaneous working groups and
round tables. !

39. In order to make the discussions free and effective,
they are kept private and participants are asked not
to attribute specific opinions to any participant
(Chatam House modus operandi). "
This makes easier to younger participants to put
candid questions and express their opinions, some
times differing from the official positions of the
political authorities of their country. "
"
!

40. ISODARCO Beijing seminars "
In 1988 a major event was the convening in China of the
first ISODARCO Beijing seminar on arms control, in
collaboration with the China Institute of Contemporary
International Relations (CICIR) and the Institute of
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics
(IAPCM). "
This development originated at the 1986 course when Hu
Side, at that time director of the China Academy of
Engineering Physics, proposed to organize a similar
meeting in China in order to allow Chinese scholars of
different disciplines and institutions to discuss openly
problems of international peace and security with scholars
from foreign countries. !

41. At the first ISODARCO Beijing seminar there were eight
western scholars (including Frank Von Hippel, Richard
Garwin and Earl Ravenal from the USA, Hsieh from
Taiwan and Jane Sharp, a British Research Fellow from
SIPRI) and forty-five Chinese scholars. "
They represented a wide spectrum of disciplines from the
social and political sciences to physics and came from
several different institutions including the Ministries of
Foreign Affairs and of Nuclear Industry, and the Academy
of Military Science. "
It was the first time that these kind of diversified Chinese
experts and participants came together to discuss arms
control, nonproliferation and international politics issues. !

43. Despite the language barrier which limited direct
contacts, the meeting was very fruitful and it was
decided to have every two years a similar seminar,
the last one at Hangzhou, October 19 - 22, 2014. "
"
After 2004 the seminars are renamed as PIIC Beijing
Seminar to include in its acronym the names of all
main sponsoring organizations (the Program for
Science and National Security Studies (PSNSS),
IAPCM, ISODARCO and CICIR). "
"
ISODARCO has been the only Italian security-
related NGO which has established long-standing
cooperation with their Chinese counterparts. !

44. ISODARCO’s Contribution to the
Development of the Chinese Arms Control
Community ""
According to Medeiros, ISODARCO has been important for
the evolution of the community in three ways: !
1) the rapid growth of the size of the conferences has
allowed more and more Chinese and western experts to
exchange ideas and knowledge about arms control; !
2) rapid growth of subjects discussed in the meeting; !
3) participation of young specialists has exposed them to
foreign thinking !
"
ISODARCO对中国军备控制共同体发展的贡献

45. In its first 50 years ISODARCO has produced 52 courses (51 in Italy
and one in Germany), two seminars in Taipei, one each in Amman
and Tutzing, and in cooperation with our Chinese colleagues 14
seminars in China, with over 3000 interested and active attendees
coming from some 80 different countries."
"
Moreover if the initial attention was to the cold war and the east-west
conflict between the superpowers and their allies, very soon other
forms of conflicts were considered, among smaller states and
asymmetric forms of warfare. "
The 1974 and 78 courses treated international terrorism, an emerging
threat to international security still considered of marginal interest
by politicians and most scholars. The main result of these meetings
was the possibility of presenting and discussing, in an academic
atmosphere, scholarly analyses on highly emotional political
problems, with a very variegated audience. "
!

47. ISODARCO Summer courses"
"
FRASCATI 13-25 June, 1966 "Disarmament and Arms Control""
PAVIA 1968 "Disarmament and Arms Control""
DUINO 1970 "Disarmament and Arms Control”"
PADUA 1972 "The Dynamics of the Arms Race""
URBINO 1974 "International Terrorism and World Security”"
NEMI 1976 "Arms Control and Technological Innovation""
ARICCIA 1978 "Contemporary Terror: Studies in Sub-State Violence" "
"The Hazards of the International Energy Crisis: Studies of the Coming"
Struggle for Energy and Strategic Raw Materials”"
VENICE 1980 "The Arms Race in the 1980s” "South-Eastern Europe after Tito""
VERONA 1982 "Reassessing Arms Control""
VENICE 1984 "The Arms Race in the Era of Star Wars""
SAN MINIATO 1986 "Perspectives on the Arms Race”"
VENICE 1988 "The Prospects for disarmament and arms control and the quest for
natural resources and relevant conflicts”"
L'AQUILA 1990 "Space and Nuclear Weaponry in the 1990s”"
L'AQUILA 1993 "Collective Security and Peacekeeping in the 1990's status of the"
discussions on arms control security problems of the East European"
Countries""
!

48. "
URBINO, 1994 "The Collective Management of World Stability: Focus on the "
United Nations"
PONTIGNANO (SIENA), 1995 "Racism, Xenophobia and Ethnic Conflicts”"
PONTIGNANO (SIENA), 1996 "The Weapons Legacy of the Cold War”"
CANDRIAI, 1998 "Technology Transfers"!
ROVERETO, 1999 "Computers, Networks and the Prospects for European and "
World Security”"
VENICE, 1999 "The Balkans and Greater Europe: Military Security and Stability”"
ROVERETO, 2000 "Nuclear Weapons in a Vulnerable World”"
CANDRIAI, 2001 "Global Climate Changes and Impact on Natural Resources”"
TRENTO, 2002 "Cyberwar, Netwar and the Revolution in Military Affairs: Real "
Threats and Virtual Myths”"
CANDRIAI, 2003 "Nuclear Weapons in the New International Context: Hopes of"
Reductions, Risks of Proliferation""
!

49. ISODARCO Winter Courses"
"
VANEZZE DI BONDONE, 1988 "The Arms Race in an Era of Negotiations"!
FOLGARIA, 1989 "The Arms Race in an Era of Negotiations"!
FOLGARIA , 1990 "Arms Control and Disarmament"!
FOLGARIA, 1991 "Security Problems in the 'New' Europe"!
FOLGARIA, 1992 "New Problems of European Security"!
FOLGARIA, 1993 "Controlling the International Transfer of Weaponry and "
Related Technology"!
FOLGARIA, 1994 "Rising Tension in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern "
Europe"!
BRESSANONE, 1995 "Rising Tension in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern "
Europe"!
ANDALO, 1996 "Tension in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe"!
ANDALO, 1997 "Spine of Crises: Moscow to New Delhi"!
ANDALO, 1998 "Russia and its Western Neighbours"!
ANDALO, 1999 "The Future Security Architecture of Greater Europe"!
ANDALO, 2000 "Security in Greater Europe after Kosovo: Economic and"
Political Dimensions"!
ANDALO, 2001 "From the Caucasus to the Atlas Mountains: Tensions on the"
Southern Flank of Europe”!
"

50. ANDALO, 2002 "South-Eastern Europe: Internal Dynamics and External "
Intervention"!
ANDALO, 2003 "The Surge in NonState Violence: Roots, Impacts and "
Countermeasures"!
ANDALO, 2004 "Violence by Armed Non-State Groups and International "
Security"!
ANDALO, 2005 "Constructing Security in Europe after Madrid"!
ANDALO, 2006 "The War on Terror: Results and Costs from Europe to Central "
Asia"!
ANDALO, 2007 "Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Human Rights"!
ANDALO, 2008 "Fighting Terrorism, Protecting Human Rights" !
ANDALO, 2009 "Nuclear Futures: What Would Nuclear Disarmament Look Like" !
ANDALO, 2010 "The Road to nuclear zero and arms control" !
ANDALO, 2011 "Eliminating nuclear weapons and safeguarding nuclear "
technologies" !
ANDALO, 2012, "Security in cyberspace: targeting nations, infrastructures, "
individuals" !
ANDALO, 2013, “New Military Technologies: Implications For Strategy And "
Arms Control”!
ANDALO, 2014, “Nuclear Governance: Prospects For A Strengthened "
Nonproliferation Regime”!
ANDALO, 2015, "Global Nuclear Governance: Actors, Policies and Issues" !!

51. Isodarco Beijing Seminar!
in collaboration with:!
Program for Science and National Security Studies (PSNSS) China"
Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics (IAPCM), "
Chinese Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) "
Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament (CPAPD), "
Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), USA!
BEIJING, 4 - 7 April, 1988 "Nuclear Disarmament and Strategy""
BEIJING, 3 - 10 April, 1990 "Disarmament and arms control today""
BEIJING, 21 - 26 October, 1992 "Arms Control""
SHANGHAI, 25-30 April, 1994 "Arms Control""
CHENG-DU, 11-16 November, 1996 "Arms Control""
SHANGHAI, 28 October - 1 November, 1998 "Arms Control""
XIAN, 8 - 12 October, 2000 "Arms Control""
BEIJING, 14-18 October, 2002 "Arms Control""
BEIJING, 12-15 October, 2004 "International Security""
BEIJING, 25 - 28 September, 2006 "International Security", "
Harmony Makes the World Stable and Secure"
QINGDAO, 26 - 30 October 2008 "International Security" "
Building a Harmonious World of Stability and Win-Win"
BEIJING 5 - 9 September 2010 ?"International Security" "
Building A World of Sustainable Peace and Stability "
BEIJING October 31-November 3, 2012 building A World of Sustainable Peace and Stability"
HANGZHOU, October 19 - 22, 2014, Strategic Stability and Cooperation

52. Isodarco Taipei Seminar!
TAIPEI, 12-14 April, 1995 The Asia-Pacific Collective Security in the
Post-Cold War Era
TAIPEI, 3 - 8 April, 2003 Asia-Pacific Cooperative Security in the
21st Century
TUTZING, 20-30 July, 1992 Aspects of Security Policy in a New
Europe
AMMAN (JORDAN), 16-20 March, 1997 Security Concerns and
Security Proposals in the Middle East!
!
!

53. The end of the cold war, the dissolution of the Soviet
Union and the political change in Eastern Europe, deeply
modified the landscape of international relations,
introducing both new possibilities and new problems for
arms control and nuclear disarmament.
ISODARCO courses gave due attention to the new conflicts
arising from the new situation in Europe, the sub-state
violence and terrorism in several regions, the ‘war to
terrorism’ with its ambiguities and impact on human
rights, but kept a continued attention to nuclear weapons
and their proliferation.
Other sources of conflicts considered in the courses were
the control of energy sources, cyber-security, information
technologies, human rights and environmental issues.

54. The major asset of ISODARCO was and is its capacity to
attract participants from many different disciplines,
countries, working experiences and ages, host them for
several days in the same place and provide a series of high
quality presentations on hot topics of international
security. Keeping all our participants sleeping, eating and
attending sessions in the same place produces immediately
a very lively intellectual community that overcomes
ideological and national barriers in the quest for better
understanding the problems facing them.
!

55. A catalysing factor was and remains the presence of several
young participants in their twenties, undergraduate and
graduate college students, young research associates and
faculty members and other young people at the start of
their career in research, diplomacy, the administration, the
military, the police, etc.
We are extremely pleased that several of them have played
and are now playing important roles in their countries and
in international organizations.!

56. The long time interaction among scientists and
scholars in ISODARCO created a close and vibrant
epistemic community – a network of knowledge-
based experts. This outcome had not been
planned, but it resulted as a natural by-product of
the intensity of inter-relations built over the years..
In the present volatile and evolving ‘nuclear
context’, combating ignorance, complacency, and a
culture of violence through disarmament and non-
proliferation education continues to be a task of
critical relevance. As the UN Secretary-General has
rightly highlighted, ‘what we know little about,
we care little to do anything about’.

57. ISODARCO Publications
- E. Amaldi and C. Schaerf (eds) Disarmament and arms control Vol.
I, Rome: ISODARCO, 1967
- E. Amaldi and C. Schaerf (eds) Disarmament and arms control Vol.
II, Rome: ISODARCO, 1969
- F. Barnaby and C. Schaerf (eds) Disarmament and arms control,
New York-London-Paris: Gordon and Breach,1972
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) The dynamics of the arms race,
London: Croom Helm and New York: John Wiley, 1975
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) International terrorism and world
security, London: Croom Helm and New York: John Wiley, 1975
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) Arms control and technological
innovation, London: Croom Helm and New York: John Wiley, 1977
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) Contemporary terror: studies in sub-
state violence, London: Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1981
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) The hazards of the international
energy crisis: studies of the coming struggle for energy and strategic
raw materials, London: Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1982

58. - D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) The arms race in the 1980s, London:
Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) South-Eastern Europe after Tito,
London: Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) Reassessing arms control,
London: Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) The arms race in the era of star
wars, London: Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press,1988
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) Perspectives on the arms race,
London: Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989
- C. Schaerf, B. Holden Reid and D. Carlton (eds) New technologies
and the arms race, London: Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1989
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) The arms race in an era of
negotiations, London: Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1991
- D. Carlton and C. Schaerf (eds) Reducing nuclear arsenals,
London: Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991
- K. Gottstein (ed) Aspects of Security Policy in a New Europe,
Munich: Forschungsstelle Gottstein Max Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994

59. - D. Carlton, K. Gottstein, M. Elena and P. Ingram (eds) Controlling
the international transfer of weaponry and related technology,
Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995
- D. Carlton, P. Ingram and G. Tenaglia (eds) Rising Tension in
Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Aldershot: Dartmouth,
1996
- S. Bekker and D. Carlton (eds) Racism, Xenophobia and Ethnic
Conflicts, Durban: Indicator Press,1996
- Shu Yuan Hsieh (ed) The Asia-Pacific Collective Security in the
Post-Cold War Era, Taipei: Yeh-Chian Publishing Co., 1996
- D. Carlton and P. Ingram (eds) The Search for Stability in the Former
Soviet Bloc, Aldershot:Ashgate-Dartmouth, 1997
- A. Pascolini and D. Schroeer (eds) The Weapons Legacy of the Cold
War, Aldershot: Ashgate-Dartmouth, 1997
- D. Schroeer and M. Elena (eds) Technology Transfer, Aldershot:
Ashgate-Dartmouth, 1999
- Shu Yuan Hsieh (ed) Asia-Pacific Cooperative Security on the 21st
Century, Taipei: Yeh-Chian Publishing Co., 2004

60. - E. Halphin, P. Trevorrow, D. Webb and S. Wright (eds)
Cyberwar; Netwar and the Revolution in Military Affairs,
London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
- C. McArdle Kelleher and J. Reppy (eds) Getting to Zero -
The Path to Nuclear Disarmament, Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2011
- G. Giacomello (ed), Security in Cyberspace: Targeting
Nations, Infrastructures, Individuals, London: Bloomsbury
Publishing, 2014
!

61. Alessandro Pascolini
pascolini@pd.infn.it
www.pd.infn.it/~pascolin
@pascolin