The document describes various milestones in fetal growth and development from 3 to 40 weeks of gestation. It also outlines some physiological changes experienced by the mother during pregnancy. Key developments for the fetus include formation of major organs by 4 weeks, spontaneous movements starting at 9 weeks, and rapid growth between 20-40 weeks when body stores are deposited and organs mature. The mother experiences nausea and breast changes early on, followed by signs of pregnancy like linea nigra and weight gain. Labor is also summarized in its stages from engagement to expulsion.

1. Psychological andPhysiologicChangesof Mother
3rd Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 Single heart tube begins to form.
 The respiratory and digestive tracts exist as a
single tube.
 A neural plate is apparent.
9th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 Spontaneous respiratory practice
movements begin and continue
throughout pregnancy.
A
4th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 The Length of embryo is 0.75 cm, Weight is
400 mg.
 Heart beats begin.
 A septum begins to divide the oesophagus
from the trachea (end of 4th week).
 Lung buds appear on the trachea.
 Rudimentary kidneys are present.
 The spinal cord is formed and fused at the
midpoint.
 The heart bulge on the anterior surface.
 Arms and legs are bud-like structures;
rudimentary eyes, ears, and nose are
discernible.
6th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 Placenta begins to produce hPL/hCS.
 The septum that divides the heart into
chambers develops (6th or 7th week).
7th Weeks: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 The heart valves develop.
 The diaphragm continues to divide the
thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
 The gonad (testes) form.
8th Weeks Milestone of Fetal Growth and Development
 The length of the fetus is 2.5 cm (1 in); weight is 20 g.
 Organogenesis is complete.
 Facial features are definitely discernible; arms and legs have developed.
 External genitalia are forming, but sex is not yet distinguishable by simple
observation.
 The abdomen bulges forward because the fetal intestine is growing rapidly.
 The developing placenta begins to produce progesterone and decrease of hCG.
 The brain waves can be detected on an EEG.
10th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 The heartbeat heard with a Doppler
instrument (10th to 12th week of
pregnancy).
 A portion of the intestine is pushed
into the base of the umbilical cord
until the abdominal cavity has
grown large enough to
accommodate the bulky intestines.
11th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 An ECG may recorded on a fetus
 A fetus can be seen to move on
ultrasonography (quickening) until
20 weeks.
12th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 The length of the fetus is 7 to 8 cm;
weight is 45 g.
 Nail beds are forming on fingers and
toes.
 Bone ossification centers begin to
form.
 Tooth buds are present.
 Sex is distinguishable on outward
appearance.
 Urine secretion begins but may not
yet be evident in amniotic fluid.
 Spontaneous movements are
possible, although they are usually
too faint to be felt by the mother.
 Some reflexes, such as Babinski
reflex, is present.
 Level of progesterone keeps on
increasing
 Braxton Hicks contraction
B
F
E
T
U
S
MOTHER
 Breast Changes
 Nausea,Vomiting
 Amenorrhea
MOTHER
 Frequent urination
MOTHER
 Chadwick’s sign.
 Goodell’s sign.
 Hegars’s sign.
 Sonogram shows a gestational sac.
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2. Psychological andPhysiologicChangesof Mother
16th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 The length of the fetus is 10 to17 cm;
weight55 to 120 g.
 Fetal heart sounds are audible by an ordinary
stethoscope.
 Lanugo is well formed.
 Both liver and pancreas are functioning.
 The fetus actively swallows amniotic fluid,
demonstrating an intact but uncoordinated
swallowing reflex; urine is present in amniotic
fluid.
 Sex can be determined by ultrasonography.
 Vernix caseosa forms on the fetal skin.
24th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 The length of fetus is 28 to 36 cm;
weight 550 g.
 Meconium is present as far as the
rectum.
 Surfactant formed which excreted
by the alveolar cells of the lungs.
 Eyelids now open.
 The eyes exhibit the pupillary
reaction, indicating sight is
present.
 The ear is capable of responding to
the sound.
20th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 The length of fetus is 25 cm; weight is 223 g.
 Spontaneous fetal movements can be sensed
by the mother.
 Antibody production is possible.
 Hair, including eyebrows, forms on the head;
vernix caseosa begins to cover the skin.
 Meconium is present in the upper intestine.
 Brown fat, special fat aides in temperature
regulation, begins to form behind the
kidneys, sternum, and posterior neck.
 Passive antibody transfer from mother to
fetus begins.
 Definite sleeping activity patterns are
distinguishable as the fetus develops
biorhythm that will guide sleep/wake patterns
throughout life.
13th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 Further development occurs.
29th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 Fetal heart rate; 110 to 160
beats/min.
19th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 Further development occurs.
 Quickening
25th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 Further development occurs.
28th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 The length of fetus is 35 to 38 cm;
weight is 1,200 g.
 Lung alveoli are almost mature;
surfactant can be demonstrated in
amniotic fluid.
 Testes begin to descend into the
scrotal sac from the lower
abdominal cavity.
 The blood vessels of the retina are
formed.
17th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 Further development occurs.
C
B
MOTHER
 Fatigue.
 Uterine enlargement.
MOTHER
 Lineanigra
 Melasma
 Striae gravidarum
MOTHER
 Ballottement.
MOTHER
 Quickening
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3. Psychological andPhysiologicChangesof Mother
32nd Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and
Development
 The length of the fetus is 38 to 43 cm; weight is
1,600 g.
 Subcutaneous fat begins to be deposited.
 Fetus responds by movement to sounds outside
the mother’s body.
 An active Moro reflex is present.
 Fingernails reach the end of fingertips.
 Sucking and swallowing reflexes are matured.
35th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 A surge in the production of
lecithin (2:1).
34th Week: Milestone of Fetal
Growth and Development
 The testes descend into the scrotal
sac (34th to 38th week).
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v
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v
36th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and Development
 The length of the fetus is 42 to 48 cm; weight is 1,800 to 2,700 g (5-6 lb).
 Body stores of glycogen, iron, carbohydrate, and calcium are deposited.
 Additional amount of subcutaneous fat are deposited.
 The ability of the gastrointestinal tract to secrete enzymes essential for CHO and protein
digestion is mature.
 Sole of the foot has only one or two crisscross creases, compared with a full crisscross
pattern evident at term.
 Amount of lanugo begin to diminish.
40th Week: milestone of gth n edevelopment lahat
 The length of fetus is 48 to 52 cm (crown to rump, 35 to 37 cm); weight is 3,000 g (7 to
7.5 ib).
 Fetus kicks actively, which because the mother considerable discomfort.
 Fetal haemoglobin begins its conversion to adult haemoglobin.
 Vernix caseosa fully formed.
 Fingernails extend over the fingertip.
 Creases on the soles of the feet cover at least two thirds of the surface.
C
Placental separation
LABOR
Stages of labor
Descent
Flexion
Internal
Rotation
Extension
External
Rotation
EXPULSION
37th Week: Milestone of Fetal Growth and Development
 Development continues.
Engagement
Placental Expulsion
Latent Phase/ 0-3cm
Active Phase/ 4-8cm
Transitional Phase/ 9-10 cm
Dilated cervix/10cm
1st Stage
2nd Stage
3rd Stage
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Theories of Labor
Maximum Stretching of
the uterus
Increase Oxytocin
what happen to
Increase Prostaglandin
Theory
Decrease Progesterone
Aging of the placenta
LABOR
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