The document provides an outline for a course on caring for mothers, children, and families. The course covers topics like family structures, reproductive development, puberty, and the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. It aims to teach students to utilize the nursing process in caring for clients to promote health, assess risks, identify nursing diagnoses, plan interventions, implement care, and evaluate outcomes. The document outlines the various stages that will be covered, including pregnancy, labor/delivery, postpartum care, and care of newborns through adolescence.
Anyone who has been in the nursing field for an extended period of time will tell you that a lot has changed. In fact, the twentieth century brought – literally – a technological “invasion” to nursing.
Anyone who has been in the nursing field for an extended period of time will tell you that a lot has changed. In fact, the twentieth century brought – literally – a technological “invasion” to nursing.
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Women differ widely in their reaction to childbirth. Some women are giving evidence of great distress and others maintaining a high degree of equanimity throughout labor. Dolorimetry is a laboratory method of measuring painfulness to obtain reliable estimates of spontaneous and experimentally induced pain intensity. Dim lights, peaceful surroundings, privacy, and warmth will create a calm environment for a woman to enjoy birthing experience. The comforting activities will relieve woman's fear about labor pain directly or indirectly. Many comforting activities are inexpensive.
This presentation gives you a basic overview to the psychological changes in a pregnant lady during the trimesters, at the end there are a couple of useful links for further reading about the topic.
Diabetes and the Pancreas is a peer reviewed open access Journal publishes articles regarding type 1 and type 2 diabetes, biochemical and molecular pharmacological mechanisms aspects of normal and abnormal biological processes in diabetic patients. The Journal also covers pathogenesis of the pancreas and its complications, pancreatic islet function and intermediary metabolism, medical nutrition therapy and behavioral science and counseling.
2. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 2 Family Health Services.pptxthiru murugan
2nd Year PBBSc Nursingcommunity Health Nursing
Family Health Services
UNIT II: Family Health Services
Concept, objectives, scope and principles.
Individual, family and community as a unit of service.
Principles and techniques of home visiting.
Establishing working relationship with the family.
Working with families in relation to prevention of disease, promotion of health.
Care of the sick in the home, physically handicapped and mentally challenged.
Surveillance and monitoring.
Important questions:
Define Family Health Services, write about, Concept, objectives, principles & role of CHN? (10 mark)
Describe family as a basic unit of health service (5 mark)
Explain about Principles and techniques of home visiting (5 mark)
Bag technique (5 marks)
Write about Care of the sick & challenged peoples (5 mark)
Surveillance and monitoring (5 mark)
FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES (FHS):
Definition: Family health services are a providing multiple comprehensive health care to the family members.
Health of individual depends on health of family.
Family size, structure, income, education & environment affect the health standard of family.
Family plays important role in health.
Individual‘s health problem can be solved easily through family health care.
Customs, traditions, habits, socioeconomic aspects are closely related to health risks, illness, & health behavior of family member.
Comprehensive health care to community can be provided by family health care services.
Successful family life cycle can be achieved by family health services
CONCEPT OF FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES:
The 4 Concepts included in the family health services views are:
1. Family as the context:
The primary focus is on the health & development of an individual in family
Focuses the nursing process on health status & basic needs.
These needs vary, depending on the individual’s & situation.
Psychological needs must also be considered.
Family members may need direct interventions themselves
2. Family as the client:
The family is the foreground &individuals are in the background.
The family is seems as the sum of individuals family members.
The focus is concentrated on each & every individual as they affect the whole family.
From this perspective, a nurse might ask a family member who has just become ill.
3. Family as a system:
Family viewed as an international system.
This approach focuses on the individual & family members become the target for nursing interventions.
The system approach to the family always implies that when something happens to one affected.
It is important to understand - theoretical & practical needs
The family as system every parts (individuals) are important
4. Family as a component of society:
The family is seen as one of many institutions in society, along with health, educational, religious, or economic institution.
The family is a basic or primary unit of society
The family as a whole interacts with other institutions
Community health nursing - focuses
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
This slide contains information regarding Family Health Nursing. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
family health refers to the health status of members belonging to family to the problems affecting their health and totality of health care provided to the family
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Care of the mother, child and family (NCM 101)
1. Care of the Mother, Child and Family Mr. Jhessie Lawaan y Abella, RN, RM, MAN
2. Course Description/Objective/Outline Course Description: Principles and techniques of caring for the normal mothers, infants, children and family and the application of principles and concepts on family and family health nursing process. Course Objective: At the end of the course, given actual or simulated situations/conditions involving the client (normal pregnant woman, mother, and/or newborn baby, children and the family), the student will be ableto: 1. Utilize the nursing process in the holistic care of client for the promotion and maintenance of health. 1.1 Assess with the client his/her health condition and risk factors affecting health 1.2 Identify wellness /at risk nursing diagnosis 1.3 Plan with client appropriate interventions for health promotion and maintenance of health 1.4 Implement with client appropriate interventions for health promotion and health maintenance taking into consideration relevant principles and techniques 1.5 Evaluate with client the progress of one’s health condition and outcomes of care.
3. . I. The Family and Family Health II. The Family Health Nursing Process III. Methods of Data Gathering IV. Typology of Nursing Problems in Family Nursing Practice 1. 1st level assessment: identify health threats, foreseeable crisis, health deficits & wellness potential/state 2. 2nd level assessment: determining family’s ability to perform the family health tasks on each health threat, health deficit, foreseeable crisis or wellness potential V. Statement of a Family Health Nursing Problem- health problem and cause/ contributing factors or health condition and factors related with non-performance of family health tasks VI. Developing the Care Plan VII. Categories of nursing interventions in family nursing practice include: VIII. Categories of health care strategies and intervention IX. Evaluation X. Records in Family Health Nursing Practice XI. Mother and Child Health 1.Procreative Health a. Definition and theories related to procreation b. Process of human reproduction c. Risk factors that will lead to genetic disorders d. Common tests for determination of genetic abnormalities e. Utilization of the nursing process in the prevention of genetic alteration and in the care of clients seeking services before & during conception
4. XII. Antepartum/ Pregnancy 1. Anatomy & physiology of the male and female reproductive system 2. Physiology of menstrual cycle 3. The process of conception 4. Fetal circulation 5. Milestones of fetal development 6. Estimating the EDC 7. Common teratogens and their effects 8. Health history: past, present, potential, biographical data, menstrual history, current pregnancy (EDD, AOG, gravid, para), previous pregnancies & outcomes (TPAL score), gynecologic history, medical history, nutritional status 9. Normal changes during pregnancy a. Local & systematic physical changes including vitalsigns, review of systems b. Emotional changes including ‘angers in pregnancy’ c. Leopold’s maneuver 10. Danger signs of pregnancy 11. Normal diagnostic/laboratory findings & deviations Pregnancy test 12. Appropriate nursing diagnoses 13. Addressing the needs and discomforts of pregnant mothers 14. Prenatal exercises 15. Preparation for labor and delivery
5. XIII. Intrapartum (Process of Labor & Delivery) 1. Factors affecting labor & delivery process- passenger, passage, power (primary and secondary) and placenta 2. Functional relationships of presenting part 3. Theories of labor onset 4. Common signs of labor 5. Stages of labor & delivery 6. Common discomforts of the woman during labor and delivery 7. Danger signs during labor & delivery 8. Appropriate Nursing Diagnoses 9. Care of clients experiencing labor & delivery process 10. Physical & psychological preparation of the client: 11. Monitoring of progress of labor delivery 12. Provision of personal hygiene, safety & comfort measures e.g. perineal care, management of labor pain, bladder and bowel elimination 13. Coping mechanisms of woman’s partner and family of the stresses of pregnancy, labor and delivery & puerperium 14. Preparation of the labor & delivery room 15. Preparation of health personnel
18. A family moves through stages in its life cycle Key Points! The basic function and task of a family focus on providing physical health, providing for mental health, socializing its members, reproducing, and providing for economic well being.
19.
20. Allocation of Resources: careful planning and use of family money, material good, space and abilities
21. Division of Labor: assigning the workload, including responsibility for household income and household management
22. Socialization: guiding towards acceptable standards of elimination, food intake, sexual drive, respect for others and their possession and sense of spirituality
23. Reproduction, recruitment and release: bearing or adopting children, adding new members by marriage, and allowing members to leave
24. Maintenance of Order: interaction and communication oppurtinities, discipline, affection, sexual expression
25. Assistance with fitting into the larger society: community, schools, spiritual center and organization
38. Gay or Lesbian Family intimate partners of the same sex may live together or own property together .
39. Communal Family several people together. They often strive to be self-sufficient and minimize contact with the outside society. Members share financial resources, work and child care responsibilities.
46. STAGES OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT Stage Three: Families with young children Emotionally we must now accept new members into the system. This isn't hard initially because babies come to us in sweet innocent packages that open our hearts. Unfortunately, in the middle of the night we may wonder what we've gotten ourselves into. Nevertheless, we adjust the marital system to make space for our children, juggling childrearing, financial and household tasks. Second-order change also occurs with the realignment of relationships with extended family as it opens to include the parenting and grand parenting roles. Stage Four: Families with adolescents Emotional transitions are hard here for the whole family because we need to increase the flexibility of families boundaries to include children's independence and grandparents' frailties. As noted above, second-order change is required in order for the shifting of the parent-child relationship to permit adolescents to move in and out of the system. Now there is a new focus on midlife marital and career issues and the beginning shift toward joint caring for the older generation when both children and aging parents demand our attention, creating what is now called the sandwich generation.
47. Stage Five: Launching children and moving on This is one of the transitions that can be most emotionally difficult for parents as they now need to accept a multitude of exits from and entries into the family system. If the choices of the children leaving the nest are compatible with the values and expectations of the parents, the transition can be relatively easy and enjoyable, especially if the parents successfully navigate their second-order changes, such as renegotiation of the marital system as a couple rather than as simply parents. Stage Six: Families in later life When Erikson discusses this stage, he focuses on how we as individuals either review our lives with acceptance and a sense of accomplishment or with bitterness and regret. Second-order changes require us to maintain our own interests and functioning as a couple in face of physiological decline. We shift our focus onto the middle generation (the children who are still in stage five) and support them as they launch their own children. In this process the younger generation needs to make room for the wisdom and experience of the elderly, supporting the older generation without over functioning for them. Other second-order change includes dealing with the loss of our spouse, siblings, and others peers and the preparation for our own death and the end of our generation.
49. REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT The chromosomal sex or biologic sex is formed at fertilization. Females have XX chromosomes and the male XY chromosomes. During early fetal life, primitive germ cells are formed in the 6th and 10th week in the yolk sac. The Gonads is a body organ that produces sex cells. At 5th weeks primitive Gonadal tissue is already formed.
50. REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT At 8th to 10th week, the human embryo has neutral gonads with two pairs of duct system. The MULLERIAN Ducts (Paramesonephric) and the WOLLFIAN Ducts (Mesonephric) joined at the lower end. If the germ cell are XX the gonads become the Ovaries If the germ cell is XY the gonads become the testes
55. PUBERTY Is the stage of life at which secondary sex changes begins. Both boys and girls begin dramatic development and maturation of reproductive organs at approximately 12 to 13 years. The hypothalamus apparently serves as gonadostat or is set to “turn on” gonad functioning. It is believed though that the hypothalamus is turned on to release initial trigger hormones when a girl has developed enough body fat or has reached the critical weight that is believed to be around 95 lbs or 43 kgs. Under the stimulation hypothalamus the pituitary glands release GONADOTROPIN hormones. The first sign of pubescence in females is usually breast bud formation. Puberty ends with menarche which occurs approximately two years after thelarche .
67. Female External Genitalia Vulva or Pudenda Mons Pubis or Mons Veneris Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule Bartholin’s Glands Skenes’s Glands Vaginal Orifice Hymen Urethral Meatus
68. Female External Genitalia Vulva or Pudenda refers to the entire female genitalia. Mons Pubis is a fold of fats above the symphysis pubis that is an important obstetrical landmark and protects the symphysis pubis from trauma. It is richly supplied with sebaceous glands “Escutcheon” curly hair
69.
70. Its functions is to provide covering and protection to the external organs located under it
71. Labia Minora are two thin folds of connective tissues that joins anteriorly to form the prepuce and posteriorly to form the fourchette
72.
73. It is surrounded by many sebaceous glands that produce a cheese like secretion called “smegma”
74. Vestibule triangular space between the labia minora and where the urethral meatus, Bartholin's glands and Skene’s gland are located
75.
76.
77. The NERVE and BLOOD SUPPLY The anterior portion’s nerve supply is derived from L1 and the posterior portion is derived from S3 Blood supply to the vulva is provided by the pudenda artery and the inferior rectus artery
78. THE FEMALE INTERNAL ORGANS Vagina is a hollow membranous and muscular canal about 8 to 12 cm located in front of the rectum and behind the bladder The external opening of the vagina is encircled by the BULBOCAVENOUS muscle that acts as the voluntary sphincter.
79. THE FEMALE INTERNAL ORGANS Rugaeare transverse folds of skin in the vaginal wall Vaginal PH before puberty is 6.8 to 7.2. After puberty vaginal PH becomes acidic going down to a PH of 4-5. Doderlein Bacilli a bacteria that is normally present in the vaginal mucus into lactic acid.
80. The UTERUS The uterus is a hollow muscular, pear shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. With maturity the uterus is approximately 5 to 7cm long, 5 cm wide and in its widest upper part is 2.5cm deep.
84. The ISTHMUS is the short segment between the isthmus and the cervix
85.
86. MYOMETRIUM the middle muscular layer responsible for uterine contraction during labor
87.
88. The UTERUS The large descending AORTA divides to form two iliac arteries, main division of the iliac arteries or hypo gastric arteries. Ovarian Artery is a direct branch of the aorta.
89. The FALLOPIAN Tube (OVIDUCTS) The oviducts are a pair of tube-like structure originating from the cornua of the uterus. Each tube is about four inches long and ¼ inch in diameter.
115. PUBIS anterior portion of the bone.The Symphysis Pubis is the junction of the innominate bone at the front of the pelvis
116. The PELVIS For obstetrical purposes, the pelvis is further divided into the FALSE Pelvis (superior half) and the TRUE Pelvis (inferior half). The LINEA TERMINALIS divides the true and the false pelvis.
118. Male Reproductive System Male External Organ Penis the male organ of copulation and urination Composed of longitudinal erectile tissue: Corposa Cavernosa and Corposa Spongiosum
127. EJACULATORY DUCT the two ED pass through the urethra and connect the urethra carrying the secretion of the SV. PROSTATE GLAND is a walnut shape body lying inf to the bladder surrounding the urethra and the ED. It secretes a thin milky alkaline fluid that enhance the sperm survival. COWPER’S GLAND these are small glands that are located inf to the PG and secretes an alkaline fluid
132. PLATEAU With continued sexual stimulation this phase represents the time between the initial arousal and excitement, up until orgasm. For many men the plateau phase is very short, but this is the phase that men can extend as a way of controlling premature ejaculation. Physical changes during this phase may include: -An increase in the size of the head of the penis, and the head may also change color, becoming purplish. -The Cowper's gland secretes fluid, often referred to as pre-cum, which comes out of the tip of the penis. -The testes move further in towards the body, and increase in size. -There may be a sex flush, muscle tension, increase in heart rate and rising blood pressure.
133. ORGASM In the first stage: -Contractions in the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and the prostate causes seminal fluid ("come" or ejaculate) to collect in a pool at the base of the penis, in the urethra. This collection is usually felt as a "tickling" type sensation. In the second stage of the orgasmic phase:-Contractions of muscles occur in a "throbbing" manner around the urethra, and propel ejaculate through the urethra and out of the body. -These contractions (which occur at different speeds, and in different amounts) are usually what are experienced as highly pleasurable feelings of release.
134. RESOLUTION Resolution phase refers to the period of time immediately following an orgasm, when the body begins to return to its "normal" state. This phase includes: -The loss of the erection as the blood flows out of the penis, which happens in two stages over the period of a few minutes. -The scrotum and testes return to normal size. -A general feeling of relaxation.
135.
136. Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Cycle can be defined as periodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes. Menarcheis the term applied to the first menstruation period of girls. Menopause is the cessation of menstrual cycle . Postmenopausalis the time of life following menopause. Premenopausal is the time when menopausal changes are occuring.
137. Body Structures and Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle Hypothalamus is the ultimate initiator of the menstrual cycle. (GNRH) The Pituitary Gland in response from the hypothalamus and low serum estrogen and progesterone level APG release the GH (FSH and LH) 3. The Ovaries during the first half of the cycle it produces estrogen and progesterone during the second half of the cycle. 4. The Uterus changes that occur in the uterine endometrial are due to the influence of the ovarian hormone estrogen and progesterone.
164. Spinnbarkheit is characterized by cervical mucus that is thin, watery or transparent abundant and highly stretchable. When viewed under the microscope the mucus will reveal a fern pattern.
170. During the Proliferative Phase estrogen promotes the growth of new cells and capillaries in the endometrium. As a result the endometrium thickens by as much as 8th folds and become vascular. Leveling off of endometrium occurs at ovulation. Aside from this changes estrogen also stimulates the cervical glands to produce abundant amount of mucus that is thin watery, stretchable and transparent. Serum estrogen is lowest on the 3rd day and highest a day before ovulation. During the Proliferative Phase estrogen promotes the growth of new cells and capillaries in the endometrium. As a result the endometrium thickens by as much as 8th folds and become vascular. Leveling off of endometrium occurs at ovulation. Aside from this changes estrogen also stimulates the cervical glands to produce abundant amount of mucus that is thin watery, stretchable and transparent. Serum estrogen is lowest on the 3rd day and highest a day before ovulation. During the Proliferative Phase estrogen promotes the growth of new cells and capillaries in the endometrium. As a result the endometrium thickens by as much as 8th folds and become vascular. Leveling off of endometrium occurs at ovulation. Aside from this changes estrogen also stimulates the cervical glands to produce abundant amount of mucus that is thin watery, stretchable and transparent. Serum estrogen is lowest on the 3rd day and highest a day before ovulation.
171. Progesterone causes the blood vessels in the endometrium to dilate and assumes a spiral or corkscrew shape. The corpus Luteum has an average lifespan of about 7 to 8 days. If fertilization does not takes place the CL shrivels. Degeneration of the CL results in progesterone withdrawal which effect leads to the formation and released prostaglandin and possibly endothelin-1. These substance causes vasospasm of the spiral arteries and contraction of myometrium.
172. During the Proliferative Phase estrogen promotes the growth of new cells and capillaries in the endometrium. As a result the endometrium thickens by as much as 8th folds and become vascular. Leveling off of endometrium occurs at ovulation. Aside from this changes estrogen also stimulates the cervical glands to produce abundant amount of mucus that is thin watery, stretchable and transparent. Serum estrogen is lowest on the 3rd day and highest a day before ovulation. During the Proliferative Phase estrogen promotes the growth of new cells and capillaries in the endometrium. As a result the endometrium thickens by as much as 8th folds and become vascular. Leveling off of endometrium occurs at ovulation. Aside from this changes estrogen also stimulates the cervical glands to produce abundant amount of mucus that is thin watery, stretchable and transparent. Serum estrogen is lowest on the 3rd day and highest a day before ovulation. Spasm cuts off blood supply to the uterus causing tissues ischemia, necrosis and rupture of blood vessels that eventually leads to endothelial sloughing of the upper two layers of the endometrium. Near the end of the secretory phase, just before the start of menstrual flow, regeneration begins from the retained basal layer. Rebuilding the endometrium from the basal layer going upward is responsible for its healing and rejuvenation without scar formation.
178. Increased Cholesterol increased the risk of CVDIII. Mood irritability, loss of sexual desire, depression anxiety IV. Musculoskeletal: Osteoporosis
185. Sex is the term used to denote chromosomal sexual development
186. Gender Identity is the inner sense a person has of being male or female. Sense of femininity or masculinity. 2-4 yrs/3 yrs gender identity develops.