IFPRI-IGIDR Workshop on Implementation of MGNREGA in India A Review of Impacts for Future Learning - NREGA: A Brief Overview - Reetika Khera
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This document provides an overview of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in India. It discusses how NREGA is self-targeting in design and implementation, benefiting the rural poor. Data shows nominal wages under NREGA have doubled from 2006-2013, though the real increase is smaller. While NREGA faces issues like corruption and asset quality, studies have found low leakage rates and positive returns on assets created. However, negative perceptions of the program persist due to anecdotes outweighing rigorous evidence and muddled public thinking.
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The document provides an overview of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) in India. It discusses:
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- The objectives of MNREGA including expanding earning opportunities, strengthening natural resource management, and deepening rural democracy.
- Key features of MNREGA including registration, job cards, application for work, wages, planning, and funding breakdown between central and state governments.
- Statistics on MNREGA implementation and outcomes between 2014-2015 including funds allocated, jobs provided, households reached, and percentage of payments within 15 days.
MGNREGA
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an Indian job guarantee scheme that provides at least 100 days of employment per year doing unskilled manual labor at minimum wage to members of rural households willing to do public work. The Central government allocates 40,000 crore (US$8.8 billion) annually for the program. It aims to achieve rural development and employment generation through activities like water conservation, afforestation, rural connectivity projects, and flood control works.
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- The objectives of MNREGA including expanding earning opportunities, strengthening natural resource management, and deepening rural democracy.
- Key features of MNREGA including registration, job cards, application for work, wages, planning, and funding breakdown between central and state governments.
- Statistics on MNREGA implementation and outcomes between 2014-2015 including funds allocated, jobs provided, households reached, and percentage of payments within 15 days.
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Achieving the SDGs in India: Ensuring no state falls behind
Achieving the SDGs in India: Ensuring no state falls behind
Achieving the SDGs in India: Ensuring no state falls behind
Achieving the SDGs in India: Ensuring no state falls behind
Rajasthan priorities digitisation, digital empowerment foundation
Rajasthan priorities digitisation, digital empowerment foundation
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PPT on Strip Planting presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. 8. Dr Rao.pdf
The document discusses genome editing in agriculture, focusing on challenges and opportunities in the seed industry sector. It covers topics such as genome editing technologies, regulation, edited crops and traits, and challenges. Some key challenges discussed are issues around access to technology and intellectual property, divergent regulatory approaches between regions, difficulties detecting genome edits, and varying public views. The document also provides classifications for different types of genome edits and examines regulatory approaches to genome edited crops in countries like India.
13. Manish Patel.pdf
The document summarizes a national seminar on seed sector regulations and governance issues in India. It discusses Asia Pacific Seed Alliance Ltd's mission to promote sustainable agriculture through quality seed production and trade. It outlines how Asia Pacific is a major global food supplier and how seed movement is complex, involving many countries and regulations. The Alliance facilitates expert consultations and a WTO project to strengthen phytosanitary compliance and public-private partnerships to boost seed trade in Asia Pacific. Key areas of engagement include identifying infrastructure gaps, an information portal, capacity building, and promoting lab accreditation and initiatives like ePhyto to enhance seed movement in the region.
15. Smita Sirohi.pdf
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on G20's implicit commitment to strengthening the global seed sector and navigating international seed trade standards. Some key points include:
- G20 recognizes the importance of diverse, nutritious seed varieties for food security and calls for research collaboration on biofortified and climate-resilient seeds.
- Specific initiatives like MAHARISHI aim to facilitate research on millet and ancient grain production.
- Regulations should be updated to ensure seed quality, safety, and sustainability while supporting innovation.
- An EU audit report identified gaps in documentation and production controls between Indian and EU seed standards.
- Future metrics could measure how seed systems contribute to sustainable food systems goals
6. CD Mayee.pdf
The document discusses the development and adoption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in India, specifically Bt cotton. It notes that Bt cotton was the first GM crop released in India in 2002. Since then, India has established a complex web of regulations for GMOs under various acts and guidelines. Over 1,400 Bt cotton hybrids have been approved, leading to widespread adoption among cotton farmers and tripling of cotton production. However, the regulatory system remains ambiguous and uncertain, with a lack of coordination and bottlenecks. Key challenges for Indian cotton include low yields, secondary pests, and high costs of cultivation.
10. Keshavulu_1.pdf
Dr. K. Keshavulu presented on enforcing seed regulations in Indian states. He noted that seed regulations are important to ensure quality standards but that enforcement varies across states in India. Specifically, there is non-uniformity in aspects like seed licensing requirements, variety registration and testing procedures, and penalties for offenses. This highlights the need for more consistent and science-based guidelines to create an enabling environment for the seed sector across states.
12. Swati Nayak.pdf
The document summarizes current challenges in India's seed sector and proposes reforms to address them. It notes issues like lack of access to resilient varieties, poor breeder seed programs, and weak seed certification that impact farmers, public institutions, and private companies. It outlines the various actors in India's complex seed scaling ecosystem, from small cooperatives to large corporations. Reforms proposed include collective certification and market support to ease regulations for the informal sector. Capacity building, improved sourcing of foundation seeds, and developing alternative marketing channels are also recommended. Overall, the document argues for harmonizing rules, digitizing processes, decentralizing breeder seed production, and strengthening quality control across the seed sector in India.
16. Dr Anjani.pdf
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- There is a need to streamline and harmonize regulations across states to facilitate seed movement and make the seed system more efficient. Regulations should also encourage innovation and partnership between public and private sectors.
- Emerging areas like genome editing, digital technologies, and quality assurance were discussed. Participants emphasized improving seed research, traceability, and addressing challenges across different crop varieties.
9. Malavika Dadlani_1.pdf
The document discusses new dimensions in seed quality assurance. It explains that quality assurance ensures seeds meet minimum quality standards and provides uniformity. Key parameters for quality include variety, purity, physiological status, and health. Quality control tests seeds using standard procedures in accredited labs. Newer dimensions include more precise tests to differentiate similar varieties, reliable GM tests, automation to reduce errors, and guidelines for seed enhancement protocols. Molecular markers can help verify identities, test purity and traits, and detect GM presence. Automation shows potential to improve accuracy by eliminating human error in tests like germination and purity analysis using machine vision and AI. Seed coating, pelleting and new priming technologies can also enhance seed quality but require standardized protocols and rules.
7. Neeru Bhooshan.pdf
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4. Raj Ganesh.pdf
The document summarizes a national seminar on regulations and governance issues in the Indian seed sector. It discusses intellectual property rights related to plant varieties, including plant breeders' rights under the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act. It outlines the rights of breeders, researchers, and farmers under the act. Key points include that plant breeders' rights are a statutory right created by the PPVFR Act, varieties must meet DUS criteria to be registered, and farmers have the right to save, sow, resow, exchange, and sell farm-saved seed.
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This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Surinder K Tikoo on regulations and governance issues in the Indian seed sector. It discusses the history of plant breeding over the past 10,000 years and increasing genetic gains through modern techniques. However, challenges remain that prevent realizing full genetic potential, including lack of good agricultural practices by small farmers and regulatory challenges that slow variety adoption. Opportunities discussed include public-private partnership models, extending crop seasons and diversifying varieties, trait development, agronomic research, data management platforms, and regulatory reforms to increase returns for farmers.
3. DK Yadava.pdf
This document summarizes the key concepts around seed regulations in India, including the various acts and policies that govern the seed sector. It outlines the major governing bodies and organizations in the Indian seed network. It also discusses some of the challenges in the seed sector, such as the need for climate-resilient and biofortified varieties, expansion to new areas, and strengthening of quality control systems. The document argues for reforms and a revised regulatory framework to address changes in seed technologies and industry structures over the past several decades.
14. Paresh Verma_1.pdf
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- 1. NREGA: A brief overview Reetika Khera (IIT Delhi)
- 2. Wide-ranging support for NREGA • Self-targeted in design: • Temporal, regional and economic • Self-targeting in implementation • Engler and Ravi (see figure) • Liu and Barrett • Zimmerman, Imbert and Papp – wage effects primarily for female labourers
- 4. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Totalpersondaysofemployment(crores) Totalexpenditure(Rs.Crores) NREGA: Expenditure and Employment Nominal expenditure on NREGA has been stagnating for the past three years. Total Expenditure (in crores) MPR employment MIS empoyment
- 5. 65 75 79.6 86.8 97.1 114.9 121.4 124.4 392 423 463 536 585 625 663 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Nominal wages under NREGA have doubled between 2006-7 and 2012-13 (from Rs. 65 to Rs. 124 per day). In real terms, however, the increase is smaller since the consumer price index has risen at a faster rate during the same period. NREGA wage CPIAL
- 6. Areas of concern • There are *many*! • Corruption • Quality of asset creation • Technocratization/centralization: • History of “demand capture” • UID
- 7. NREGA leakages: IHDS vs. NSS 2007-8 2011-12 NSS 44-58% 22-32% IHDS - <5%
- 8. Asset creation • No nationally representative study, so we just don’t know. • But the labour-material ratio is not the main hurdle • Very few studies, with relatively positive results • Narayanan et al (Maharashtra): 87% assets exist and are being used • Aggarwal et al (Jharkhand): 4.5% rate of return on NREGA wells • IISC study: environmental impact
- 9. Why is the overall impression so negative • Because the people who benefit from these programmes do not write in newspapers! • False equality between anecdotes and rigorous evidence “The politician admitted that the problem was bad governance and corruption. ‘Just take a scheme like NREGA. You people sitting in Delhi constantly write in praise of this scheme as if it had solved all our problems but do you know that nearly half the funds that the Centre sends for this scheme are eaten up along the way? Do you know that there are long lists of fake beneficiaries in every district of Rajasthan?” (TS, IE, May 2010)
- 10. Muddled thinking • “These were legislated without devoting any thought to their effects. One type of law militated against the environment (The National Food Security Act, 2013 would have either required more intensive agricultural practices or outright seizures of foodgrains from producers or resort to imports) while the others created their own problems (the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act, 2005, sought to preserve watersheds, build productive assets etc).” (Siddharth Singh, Live Mint, Dec, 2014)