This document discusses bootstrap and autoconfiguration protocols like DHCP and IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, as well as the inter-autonomous system routing protocol BGP. It provides details on how DHCP and NDP allow devices to automatically obtain IP addresses and configuration information. It also explains that BGP is used for routing between autonomous systems, as it propagates reachability between systems without exchanging internal metric information due to administrative boundaries. Key concepts covered include DHCP client-server interaction, NDP neighbor discovery functions, BGP message types for peer setup and route exchange, and how BGP supports routing policies between autonomous systems.
In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies.
this pdf contain simple method to install one of important MPLS service MPLS L3VPN and explain how mpls distribute labels
use simple routing protocol with customer (static route) to initiate L3VPN
In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies.
this pdf contain simple method to install one of important MPLS service MPLS L3VPN and explain how mpls distribute labels
use simple routing protocol with customer (static route) to initiate L3VPN
Part 10 : Routing in IP networks and interdomain routing with BGPOlivier Bonaventure
Slides supporting the "Computer Networking: Principles, Protocols and Practice" ebook. The slides can be freely reused to teach an undergraduate computer networking class using the open-source ebook.
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
3. History Of IPv4 Bootstrapping
• Explains how the computer can obtain an IPv4
or IPv6 address and the associated
information, including an address mask,
network prefix, and the addresses of a default
router and a name server.
• BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP) replaced RARP.
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
was developed as an extension of BOOTP
4. DHCP
• Because it uses UDP and IP, DHCP can be
implemented by an application program.
• DHCP follows the client-server paradigm.
• DHCP requires only a single packet exchange in
which a host computer sends a packet to request
bootstrap information and a server responds by
sending a single packet that specifies items
needed at startup, including the computer’s IPv4
address, the IPv4 address of a default router, and
the IPv4 address of a domain name server.
5. DHCP Retransmission And
Randomization
• DHCP places all responsibility for reliable
communication on the client because UDP
uses IP for delivery, messages can be delayed,
lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated.
• To handle datagram loss, DHCP uses the
conventional technique of timeout and
retransmission.
7. The Need For Dynamic Configuration
• DHCP allows three types of address assignment:
– Static
– Automatic
– Dynamic
• DHCP permits a computer to obtain all the
information needed to communicate on a given
network (including an IPv4 address, subnet mask,
and the address of a default router) when the
computer boots.
8. • DHCP Leases And Dynamic Address
Assignment
• Multiple Addresses And Relays
13. • DHCP Option Overload
• DHCP And Domain Names
• There are two broad approaches to configuration
of network devices that have consequences for
both the network infrastructure and
configuration protocols.
– Managed
– Unmanaged
• The IETF decided to endorse two approaches to
IPv6 address configuration:
– Managed via DHCPv6
– Unmanaged via stateless auto configuration
22. • BGP is used to provide routing among
autonomous systems.
• no routing update protocol can scale to allow all
routers in the global Internet to exchange routing
information.
• routers must be divided into separate groups, and
routing protocols designed to operate within a
group. There are three reasons that routers must
be divided:
– Traffic
– Indirect communication
– Administrative boundaries
23. A Fundamental Idea: Extra Hops
• Treating a group of routers that participate in a routing update
protocol as a default delivery system can introduce an extra
hop for datagram traffic; a mechanism is needed that allows
nonparticipating routers to learn routes from participating
routers so they can choose optimal routes.
24. Autonomous System Concept
• The Internet is divided into autonomous systems
that are each owned and operated by a single
administrative authority. An autonomous system
is free to choose an internal routing architecture
and protocols.
• In the current Internet, each large ISP is an
autonomous system. During informal discussions,
engineers often refer to routing among major
ISPs when they mean routing among
autonomous systems.
26. BGP Characteristics
• Inter-Autonomous System Communication
• Coordination Among Multiple BGP Speakers
• Propagation Of Reachability Information
• Next-Hop Paradigm
• Policy Support
• Reliable Transport
• Path Information
• Incremental Updates
• Support For IPv4 and IPv6
• Route Aggregation
• Authentication
27. BGP Functionality And Message Types
• BGP peers perform three basic functions:
– initial peer acquisition and authentication
– primary focus of the protocol
– verification
32. • BGP KEEPALIVE Message
• Information From The Receiver’s Perspective
33. The Key Restriction Of Exterior
Gateway Protocols
• An exterior gateway protocol does not
communicate or interpret distance metrics, even
if metrics are available.
• The internal structure of an autonomous system
is hidden, and no information about the cost of
paths inside the system is provided by BGP.
• Because an Exterior Gateway Protocol like BGP
only propagates reachability information, a
receiver can implement policy constraints, but
cannot choose a least cost route. Therefore, BGP
should only be used to advertise paths that traffic
should follow.
