This paper presents a novel design for a triple band electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures
that provides three band gaps, with operating frequency of below 10 GHz, while the ordinary mushroom
like EBG structure gives only one band gap. Complexity reduction (reduce the number of unit cells and
Vias) was achieved by replacing each four cells of the Mushroom like EBG by the one of double slotted
type EBG (DSTEBG) or triple side slotted EBG (TSSEBG). The Mushroom like EBG was further modified
by increasing its size and inserting the slots to gain more capacitance and inductance which resulted into
triple band stop.The new designs wer compared with bandwidths expressed by other EBGs and -20 dB
cut-off frequencies. The size of EBG element and the gap between EBG elements, and slot width were
investigated to analyse their effect on the transmission response. The structures were designed from 2.54
mm Rogers RT/Duroid 6010 substrate with relative permittivity of 10.2 and loss tangent of 0.0023. Among
the investigated EBGs, the single band mushroom like EBG and the triple band of the TSSEBG
demonstrated better bandwidth and lower resonance frequency performance, whereas the DSTEBG
showed larger bandwidth for the first and third band. The proposed EBGs could be useful in the antenna
design and other microwave circuits.
Mushroom-Like EBG to Improve Patch Antenna Performance for C-Band Satellite A...IJECEIAES
In order to suppress the surface waves excitation that are caused by thick substrate in a patch antenna, a mushroom-like EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) structure is used. Such structures enhance its characteristics of gain, directivity, bandwidth and efficiency. Firstly, we determined frequency band gap characteristics of mushroom like EBG unit cell value by using CST software with 3mm (0.06λ ) for covering 6 GHz. The periodic arrangement of such mushroom-like EBG structures was not limited by any interconnecting microstrip lines. Four columns of EBGs shifted inwards to antenna edges by 0.3mm (0.06λ o ) or a gap of its design around the patch from the left and right sides. Different configurations were also examined in order to get the better improvement in antenna performance. The final design of this mushroom-like shifted periodic structure shows an effective increase in the directivity by 77%, gain by 108%, bandwidth by 29% and the efficiency by 20% for the antenna. This structure has diversified application possibility for wireless and satellite communications. o
Controlling the Radiation Pattern of Patch Antenna Using Switchable EBGTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The advantages of the beam steering technique are the reduction of interference, save power and to maximize connectivity for point to multi points. Antenna gain degradation is a big problem in the beam steering technique. A new antenna structure is formed by combining the concept of mushroom-like EBG structure with the switching diode to produce the radation pattern control. All sides of the patch antenna are surrounded by several cells for EBG structure. In both of the the left and right sides, through a switching pin diode, the ground plane is attached to vias. The band-stop and band-pass properties of the EBG sector can be changed with the help of switching the diode between ON and OFF state, thus yielding the beam steering into that particular sector. At 6 GHz operational frequency, this structure has the ability to steer 40º (from -20º to +20º) while minimal diodes are utilized, directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and the efficiency is 96.5%. This approach is robust to gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steering angles.
Side lobe reduction in array antenna by using novel design of EBG IJECEIAES
A novel design of EBG is used to replace the mushroom like EBG for surrounding the array patch antenna. In order to improve its radiation performances, Electromagnetic band stop for reducing the surface waves effects is presented. The novel design of Triple Side Slotted EBG (TSSEBG) showed an improvement in the antenna efficiency, directivity and gain as compared to the reference antenna without using EBG, due to reduce the surface waves effects which leads to decrease the side lobes. TSSEBG has been introduced by some modifications in conventional mushroom-like EBG structure. Reducing the complexity was achieved by reducing the number of unit cells and vias, in case of used TSSEBG instead of mushroom like EBG. Additionally, the TSSEBG provided triple band gap compared with mushroom like EBG structure which had only one band gap frequency at 6 GHz. The placement of TSSEBG is a flexible structure which provides a good choice in the antenna applications. The simulation results of array patch antenna with and without mushroom like EBG and TSSEBG are arranged in Table 1. This structure has vast applications in satellite communications.
Mutual Coupling Reduction in Antenna Using EBG on Double SubstrateTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study on reducing mutual coupling between two patch antennas on a dual substrate using electromagnetic band gap (EBG) unit cells. Three EBG unit cells were placed on the bottom substrate below one of the antennas. With the EBG incorporated, the mutual coupling was significantly reduced to -26.61 dB even when the antennas were separated by only 22 mm (0.33 wavelength), representing a 34.68% reduction in distance. Without EBG, the mutual coupling was higher at -24.02 dB with a greater separation of 33.68 mm (0.5 wavelength). Overlapping the antennas with the EBG unit cells did not further impact the mutual coupling. The dual substrate design using EBG
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Flexible Wearable Antenna on Electromagnetic Band Gap using PDMS substrateTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes a flexible wearable antenna integrated with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate. The EBG reduces radiation into the human body by 17 dB and decreases frequency detuning impacts. The antenna has a bandwidth of 8.3% covering 2.4 GHz and improved gain of 7 dBi. Specific absorption rate assessment shows the integrated EBG reduces SAR values to 0.03 W/kg when 1 mm from a tissue model, meeting safety standards. The flexible antenna with EBG is a good candidate for wearable medical devices due to its performance and safety characteristics.
Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Antenna Design iosrjce
A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is
carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of
Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at
the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz
and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two
results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices
Radiation pattern control of microstrip antenna in elevation and azimuth plan...IJECEIAES
An important issue in wireless communication systems, which is related to the antenna gain degradation in case of changing the main direction of the antenna radiation pattern, this variation is not approval in many communications systems. In order to improve antenna radiation performances, Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) - antenna with radiation pattern control capability is presented. Mushroom-like EBG structure for suppressing surface waves has been combined, with the switching diode to produce the radiation pattern control with improving antenna characteristics of gain, directivity and efficiency. EBG of several cells are surrounded the patch antenna and placed symmetrically for the two opposite sides, generating different radiation patterns control ability in both the elevation (E) (-20° < φ < 20°) and azimuth (Z) planes (−18° < θ < 18°). At the ground plane of antenna the diodes have been switched ON and OFF states, the EBG sector properties in stop band (connecting vias) and pass band (disconnecting vias) are altered. Using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) the results show the flexibility in radiation pattern control for the Z and E planes using only four diodes. Antenna directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and efficiency 96.5% at the operating frequency of 6 GHz, more results for all direction has been stated in Table1. Significantly, unlike a conventional beam steering, this method does not suffering from gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steerig angles.
Mushroom-Like EBG to Improve Patch Antenna Performance for C-Band Satellite A...IJECEIAES
In order to suppress the surface waves excitation that are caused by thick substrate in a patch antenna, a mushroom-like EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) structure is used. Such structures enhance its characteristics of gain, directivity, bandwidth and efficiency. Firstly, we determined frequency band gap characteristics of mushroom like EBG unit cell value by using CST software with 3mm (0.06λ ) for covering 6 GHz. The periodic arrangement of such mushroom-like EBG structures was not limited by any interconnecting microstrip lines. Four columns of EBGs shifted inwards to antenna edges by 0.3mm (0.06λ o ) or a gap of its design around the patch from the left and right sides. Different configurations were also examined in order to get the better improvement in antenna performance. The final design of this mushroom-like shifted periodic structure shows an effective increase in the directivity by 77%, gain by 108%, bandwidth by 29% and the efficiency by 20% for the antenna. This structure has diversified application possibility for wireless and satellite communications. o
Controlling the Radiation Pattern of Patch Antenna Using Switchable EBGTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The advantages of the beam steering technique are the reduction of interference, save power and to maximize connectivity for point to multi points. Antenna gain degradation is a big problem in the beam steering technique. A new antenna structure is formed by combining the concept of mushroom-like EBG structure with the switching diode to produce the radation pattern control. All sides of the patch antenna are surrounded by several cells for EBG structure. In both of the the left and right sides, through a switching pin diode, the ground plane is attached to vias. The band-stop and band-pass properties of the EBG sector can be changed with the help of switching the diode between ON and OFF state, thus yielding the beam steering into that particular sector. At 6 GHz operational frequency, this structure has the ability to steer 40º (from -20º to +20º) while minimal diodes are utilized, directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and the efficiency is 96.5%. This approach is robust to gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steering angles.
Side lobe reduction in array antenna by using novel design of EBG IJECEIAES
A novel design of EBG is used to replace the mushroom like EBG for surrounding the array patch antenna. In order to improve its radiation performances, Electromagnetic band stop for reducing the surface waves effects is presented. The novel design of Triple Side Slotted EBG (TSSEBG) showed an improvement in the antenna efficiency, directivity and gain as compared to the reference antenna without using EBG, due to reduce the surface waves effects which leads to decrease the side lobes. TSSEBG has been introduced by some modifications in conventional mushroom-like EBG structure. Reducing the complexity was achieved by reducing the number of unit cells and vias, in case of used TSSEBG instead of mushroom like EBG. Additionally, the TSSEBG provided triple band gap compared with mushroom like EBG structure which had only one band gap frequency at 6 GHz. The placement of TSSEBG is a flexible structure which provides a good choice in the antenna applications. The simulation results of array patch antenna with and without mushroom like EBG and TSSEBG are arranged in Table 1. This structure has vast applications in satellite communications.
Mutual Coupling Reduction in Antenna Using EBG on Double SubstrateTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study on reducing mutual coupling between two patch antennas on a dual substrate using electromagnetic band gap (EBG) unit cells. Three EBG unit cells were placed on the bottom substrate below one of the antennas. With the EBG incorporated, the mutual coupling was significantly reduced to -26.61 dB even when the antennas were separated by only 22 mm (0.33 wavelength), representing a 34.68% reduction in distance. Without EBG, the mutual coupling was higher at -24.02 dB with a greater separation of 33.68 mm (0.5 wavelength). Overlapping the antennas with the EBG unit cells did not further impact the mutual coupling. The dual substrate design using EBG
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Flexible Wearable Antenna on Electromagnetic Band Gap using PDMS substrateTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes a flexible wearable antenna integrated with an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate. The EBG reduces radiation into the human body by 17 dB and decreases frequency detuning impacts. The antenna has a bandwidth of 8.3% covering 2.4 GHz and improved gain of 7 dBi. Specific absorption rate assessment shows the integrated EBG reduces SAR values to 0.03 W/kg when 1 mm from a tissue model, meeting safety standards. The flexible antenna with EBG is a good candidate for wearable medical devices due to its performance and safety characteristics.
Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Antenna Design iosrjce
A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is
carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of
Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at
the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz
and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two
results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices
Radiation pattern control of microstrip antenna in elevation and azimuth plan...IJECEIAES
An important issue in wireless communication systems, which is related to the antenna gain degradation in case of changing the main direction of the antenna radiation pattern, this variation is not approval in many communications systems. In order to improve antenna radiation performances, Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) - antenna with radiation pattern control capability is presented. Mushroom-like EBG structure for suppressing surface waves has been combined, with the switching diode to produce the radiation pattern control with improving antenna characteristics of gain, directivity and efficiency. EBG of several cells are surrounded the patch antenna and placed symmetrically for the two opposite sides, generating different radiation patterns control ability in both the elevation (E) (-20° < φ < 20°) and azimuth (Z) planes (−18° < θ < 18°). At the ground plane of antenna the diodes have been switched ON and OFF states, the EBG sector properties in stop band (connecting vias) and pass band (disconnecting vias) are altered. Using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) the results show the flexibility in radiation pattern control for the Z and E planes using only four diodes. Antenna directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and efficiency 96.5% at the operating frequency of 6 GHz, more results for all direction has been stated in Table1. Significantly, unlike a conventional beam steering, this method does not suffering from gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steerig angles.
Wide slit rectangular microstrip antenna with spiral ebg structureeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
High impedance surface_his_ris_amc_nurmerical_analytical_analysis利 金
Features of an AMC such as dispersion diagram and reflection phase are discussed numerically and analytically, along with their experimental set up. Parametric study on polarization (TE and TM,substrate thickness and dielectric constant and unit cell size and spacing is carried out. Their design equations are included from different references.
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
Circular Patch Antenna Performance using EBG StructureIDES Editor
Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structures are a
popular and efficient technique for microwave applications.
EBG may be combined with microstrip antenna to increase
the diversity gain, the radiation efficiency and/or to suppress
surface waves, to reduce the side lobes of the radiation pattern
and to increase the bandwidth. In this paper, two different
structures will be presented and discussed, which involve: (1)
EBG structure fed by circular patch antenna, and (2) circular
patch antenna surrounded by one row of EBG structure. The
influence of the EBG structure on the radiation patterns is
investigated. The effect of the surface waves is also considered.
Finally, the reduction of the side lobes of the radiation pattern
to increase the bandwidth is presented.
Amc his_ris_structure application in antenna engineering利 金
This presentation thoroughly describes various uses of the AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS in antenna engineering, these include mutual and x_pol level reduction, partial reflecting surface(PRS), wideband antenna design with enhanced radiation pattern, beam tilt as well as a performance comparison of a wire dipole AMC backed GND and patch antenna.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijmnct
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennasijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
This document examines the effect of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures on the field pattern of patch antennas. It is found that incorporating EBG units produces two effects: parasitic loading which enhances bandwidth, and cavity effects which reduce bandwidth. A rectangular patch antenna surrounded by rows of EBG structures is designed and compared to a conventional patch antenna. While one or two EBG rows increases bandwidth slightly due to parasitic loading, four or more rows reduces bandwidth due to cavity effects dominating. Proper spacing and number of EBG rows is needed to minimize cavity effects and maximize bandwidth enhancement.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling between Closely Spaced Microstrip Antennas Array...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reducing mutual coupling is a key research area in design of compact microstrip antennas
arrays. To minimize the overall size of the antennas arrays, the distance between them must be very
small, as a result a strong mutual coupling is appears. Periodic structures can help to design a low profile
of antennas arrays and enable to improve their performances by the suppression of surface waves
propagation in a given frequency range. This paper proposes a novel configuration of mushroom-like
electromagnetic band-gap (2D-EBG) structure created by microstrip technology placed between two
antennas arrays to reduce the mutual coupling more than -33.24dB. When 13×2 EBG structures are used,
the mutual coupling reduces to -59.36dB at the operation frequency 5.8GHz of the antennas arrays. A
26.12dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved, which proves that the surface wave is suppressed. The
proposed configuration is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using electromagnetic software CST
Microwave Studio. The measured results show that there is a good agreement with the computed results.
EFFECT OF EBG STRUCTURES ON THE FIELD PATTERN OF PATCH ANTENNASijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
This document describes research on improving the performance of rectangular microstrip antennas. Several antenna designs are proposed and tested, including adding dual wide slits to the patch, adding electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures to the ground plane, and stacking multiple patches. Test results show that adding EBG structures and using a stacking technique can significantly increase the bandwidth and gain of the antennas. The stacked rectangular microstrip antenna with a swastika EBG structure achieved the highest overall bandwidth of 118.9% and a gain increase of 15.25dB.
A new hybrid method for mutual coupling minimization of an antenna array IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simultaneous application of geometric modification on patch elements and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) electromagnetic bandgap structures (hybrid method) has been suggested for 3.5 GHz wireless communication applications, to minimize the mutual coupling between radiating elements of microstrip array antennas. The suggested EBG slotted structure is composed of a one square ring and three squares placed on Rogers RO3010 having 10.2 and h=1.27 mm which presents respectively its dielectric constant and thickness. In this approach, the patch elements are geometrically modified, while also employing EBG structures, formed by four EBG cells, placed between the array elements at a near distance. The modification of the geometry of the antenna and the introduction of EBG reduces the mutual coupling of an array antenna with approximately 33 dB on the one hand and improves the antenna gain by approximately 0.43 dB on the other hand. Initially, slots are introduced in the patch geometry and then four EBG unit cells are inserted between two patches, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna array design parameters were optimized.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Improving the performance parameters of microstrip patch antenna by using ebg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Antibiotic toxicity and multi drug resistant pathogens are the two greatest challenges being faced by today's medical world. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of spices has been investigated as an alternative to antibiotics in order to tackle these dangers. In search of bioactive compound, methanol and acetone extract of 5 Indian spices were screened for antibacterial property. The choice of spice as an alternative is based on two basic reasons: firstly, plants have been the model source of medicine since ancient times and secondly, the increasing acceptance of herbal medicines by general population methanolic and acetone extracts were used to determine antifungal properties of the spices. The antifungal activity of five common Indian spices namely clove, ajwain, turmeric, dalchini and black pepper against two bacteria Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp. The results revealed that the methanol extracts of spices (MIC values of 20- 100 μl/ml) have high antimicrobial activities on all test organisms (range of inhibition, 6- 16 mm) as compare to acetone extracts of spices in same concentration. Results concluded that these spices contain high amount of secondary metabolites due to these metabolites they have high antimicrobial activity and it can be used as good bio- preservater and it can also use for medicinal purpose. Keywords: Antibacterial Properties, Secondary Metabolites, Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of microstrip patch antennas by using an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate. It describes how EBG structures can suppress surface waves in patch antennas to increase bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. The document analyzes the design and simulation of a rectangular patch antenna surrounded by a cylindrical EBG structure consisting of metallic rings and vias. Simulation results show the EBG substrate increases bandwidth to over 10% and boosts gain from 6dB to 7.7dB compared to a standard patch antenna.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
Wide slit rectangular microstrip antenna with spiral ebg structureeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
High impedance surface_his_ris_amc_nurmerical_analytical_analysis利 金
Features of an AMC such as dispersion diagram and reflection phase are discussed numerically and analytically, along with their experimental set up. Parametric study on polarization (TE and TM,substrate thickness and dielectric constant and unit cell size and spacing is carried out. Their design equations are included from different references.
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
Circular Patch Antenna Performance using EBG StructureIDES Editor
Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structures are a
popular and efficient technique for microwave applications.
EBG may be combined with microstrip antenna to increase
the diversity gain, the radiation efficiency and/or to suppress
surface waves, to reduce the side lobes of the radiation pattern
and to increase the bandwidth. In this paper, two different
structures will be presented and discussed, which involve: (1)
EBG structure fed by circular patch antenna, and (2) circular
patch antenna surrounded by one row of EBG structure. The
influence of the EBG structure on the radiation patterns is
investigated. The effect of the surface waves is also considered.
Finally, the reduction of the side lobes of the radiation pattern
to increase the bandwidth is presented.
Amc his_ris_structure application in antenna engineering利 金
This presentation thoroughly describes various uses of the AMC/EBG/RIS/HIS in antenna engineering, these include mutual and x_pol level reduction, partial reflecting surface(PRS), wideband antenna design with enhanced radiation pattern, beam tilt as well as a performance comparison of a wire dipole AMC backed GND and patch antenna.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijmnct
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennasijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
This document examines the effect of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures on the field pattern of patch antennas. It is found that incorporating EBG units produces two effects: parasitic loading which enhances bandwidth, and cavity effects which reduce bandwidth. A rectangular patch antenna surrounded by rows of EBG structures is designed and compared to a conventional patch antenna. While one or two EBG rows increases bandwidth slightly due to parasitic loading, four or more rows reduces bandwidth due to cavity effects dominating. Proper spacing and number of EBG rows is needed to minimize cavity effects and maximize bandwidth enhancement.
Effect of EBG Structures on the Field Pattern of Patch Antennas ijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling between Closely Spaced Microstrip Antennas Array...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reducing mutual coupling is a key research area in design of compact microstrip antennas
arrays. To minimize the overall size of the antennas arrays, the distance between them must be very
small, as a result a strong mutual coupling is appears. Periodic structures can help to design a low profile
of antennas arrays and enable to improve their performances by the suppression of surface waves
propagation in a given frequency range. This paper proposes a novel configuration of mushroom-like
electromagnetic band-gap (2D-EBG) structure created by microstrip technology placed between two
antennas arrays to reduce the mutual coupling more than -33.24dB. When 13×2 EBG structures are used,
the mutual coupling reduces to -59.36dB at the operation frequency 5.8GHz of the antennas arrays. A
26.12dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved, which proves that the surface wave is suppressed. The
proposed configuration is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using electromagnetic software CST
Microwave Studio. The measured results show that there is a good agreement with the computed results.
EFFECT OF EBG STRUCTURES ON THE FIELD PATTERN OF PATCH ANTENNASijeljournal
The incorporation of number of unit cells in EBG arrangement produces two major side effects on the
performance of patch antenna. First one is parasitic loading, this causes multi resonance in antenna hence
obtains some enhancement in antenna band width. Second one is cavity effect, this reflects some of energy
from EBG toward antenna which results in reducing bandwidth. Present paper, rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is surrounded by number of EBG rows is designed; and the results of proposed antenna with a
conventional patch antenna is presented comparatively.
This document describes research on improving the performance of rectangular microstrip antennas. Several antenna designs are proposed and tested, including adding dual wide slits to the patch, adding electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures to the ground plane, and stacking multiple patches. Test results show that adding EBG structures and using a stacking technique can significantly increase the bandwidth and gain of the antennas. The stacked rectangular microstrip antenna with a swastika EBG structure achieved the highest overall bandwidth of 118.9% and a gain increase of 15.25dB.
A new hybrid method for mutual coupling minimization of an antenna array IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simultaneous application of geometric modification on patch elements and electromagnetic band gap (EBG) electromagnetic bandgap structures (hybrid method) has been suggested for 3.5 GHz wireless communication applications, to minimize the mutual coupling between radiating elements of microstrip array antennas. The suggested EBG slotted structure is composed of a one square ring and three squares placed on Rogers RO3010 having 10.2 and h=1.27 mm which presents respectively its dielectric constant and thickness. In this approach, the patch elements are geometrically modified, while also employing EBG structures, formed by four EBG cells, placed between the array elements at a near distance. The modification of the geometry of the antenna and the introduction of EBG reduces the mutual coupling of an array antenna with approximately 33 dB on the one hand and improves the antenna gain by approximately 0.43 dB on the other hand. Initially, slots are introduced in the patch geometry and then four EBG unit cells are inserted between two patches, operating at 3.5 GHz. The antenna array design parameters were optimized.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Improving the performance parameters of microstrip patch antenna by using ebg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Antibiotic toxicity and multi drug resistant pathogens are the two greatest challenges being faced by today's medical world. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of spices has been investigated as an alternative to antibiotics in order to tackle these dangers. In search of bioactive compound, methanol and acetone extract of 5 Indian spices were screened for antibacterial property. The choice of spice as an alternative is based on two basic reasons: firstly, plants have been the model source of medicine since ancient times and secondly, the increasing acceptance of herbal medicines by general population methanolic and acetone extracts were used to determine antifungal properties of the spices. The antifungal activity of five common Indian spices namely clove, ajwain, turmeric, dalchini and black pepper against two bacteria Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp. The results revealed that the methanol extracts of spices (MIC values of 20- 100 μl/ml) have high antimicrobial activities on all test organisms (range of inhibition, 6- 16 mm) as compare to acetone extracts of spices in same concentration. Results concluded that these spices contain high amount of secondary metabolites due to these metabolites they have high antimicrobial activity and it can be used as good bio- preservater and it can also use for medicinal purpose. Keywords: Antibacterial Properties, Secondary Metabolites, Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens.
This document summarizes research on improving the performance of microstrip patch antennas by using an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate. It describes how EBG structures can suppress surface waves in patch antennas to increase bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. The document analyzes the design and simulation of a rectangular patch antenna surrounded by a cylindrical EBG structure consisting of metallic rings and vias. Simulation results show the EBG substrate increases bandwidth to over 10% and boosts gain from 6dB to 7.7dB compared to a standard patch antenna.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
This document analyzes the performance of a monopole antenna placed above a 2D electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. It summarizes the design and properties of the square mushroom EBG, including its band rejection range from 4.6-7.9 GHz. Simulation results show that when the monopole operates within this range, it exhibits an enhanced bandwidth and smoother radiation pattern compared to a conventional ground plane. However, when the monopole operates outside this range at 8 GHz, the EBG structure performs similarly to a conventional reflector. In conclusion, a 2D EBG can improve monopole antenna performance by suppressing surface waves when it operates within the EBG's band rejection range.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
This document analyzes the performance of a monopole antenna placed above a 2D electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. It summarizes the design and properties of the square mushroom EBG, including its band rejection range from 4.6-7.9 GHz. Simulation results show that when the monopole operates within this range, it exhibits an enhanced bandwidth and smoother radiation pattern compared to a conventional ground plane. However, when the monopole operates outside this range at 8 GHz, the EBG structure performs similarly to a conventional reflector. In conclusion, a 2D EBG can improve monopole antenna performance by suppressing surface waves when it operates within the EBG's band rejection range.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and 2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
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During last decades, many techniques were developed to reduce surface waves excited
by printed antennas. To name only a few: placing an additional dielectric layer over the patch [6]
or optimizing the patch shape [7]. Drilling an air cavity below the patch to realize a low effective
dielectric constant [8]. Compact circuit design is best achieved on high dielectric constant
substrates. As the dielectric constant increases, the surface waves become lower [9], but the
side effect for doing this is the band width reduction and this problem can be solve by increasing
the substrate thickness [10]. The approach for using EBG is the sutable way to suppres the
surface waves wich results from the high and thick bermitivity substrate due to intereduced the
stopband around the desired frequency of antenna [11]. Surface wave are TM and TE modes of
the substrate. These two modes are characterized by waves attenuating in the transverse
direction and having a real propagation constant above the cut-off frequency [12]. The phase
velocity of the surface waves is strongly dependent on the substrate parameters h and єr.
Figure 1 (b) shows the blocking of propagation surface wave on waveguide by using
EBG (PBG) structure.
The EBG was suggested based on the phenomena of photonic band gap (PBG)
in optics [13]. The EBG periodic structure has been applied to microwave planar waveguides
can result in pass or stop bands. Two types of EBG, the first one is the mushroom-like EBG
surface (with Vias) has been described in [14] and the second type is the uni-planar EBG
surface (without Vias) has been explanated in [15]. The vertical vias in uni-planar EBG has been
removed, thus the fabrication process became easier, but it is less sensitive for the polarization
and incident angle. The main advantages of the mushroom-like EBG surface are the
achievement of a wide-ranging bandwidth, a lower frequency and the size of the mushroom-like
EBG is smaller than the uni-planar EBG. The feature of surface-waves suppression supports to
reducing backward direction and the amount of power wasted, leads to improve antenna
performance [16]. Raising the gain of antenna with a good radiating efficiency [17].
For multi-band applications, it is necessary to design dual-band EBG structures by using via, but
the fabrication is more complex [18]. Height and via location has been changed in [19] to
achieve dual bandgap. Several triple-band EBG structures were also presented in
the literature [20, 21]. However, the fabrication still important issue which depending on the
number of pin vias, size of EBG, and the position of EBG. In mushroom like EBG without Vias
cannot get stop band frequency.
In this paper, a novel design of EBGs, have been introduced from the original
mushroom-like EBG structure, the first EBG structure is Double Slotted Type EBG (DSTEBG)
and the second EBG structure is Triple Side Slotted EBG (TSSEBG). These novel designs
provides triple band gap or band stop of frequency below 10 GHz compared with mushroom
EBG structure, wich had only one band gap frequency. When considering on inserting additional
features to current designs, the main question is the applications and advantages of doing so.
Due to the connection vias between the patch and ground plane, mushroom EBG structure
increases manufacturing cost and complexcity. By Replacing each four cells of the Mushroom
like EBG by the one of double slotted type EBG (DSTEBG) or triple side slotted EBG
(TSSEBG), reduction in the number of unit cells and Vias hav been achieved. The most original
contribution of this paper is the reduction of number of Vias in EBG unit cells, wich leads to
reduce the number of columns and rows of EBGs when integrated with patch antenna.
2. EBG Structure and Design
The mushroom-like EBG structure, which is actually a 2-D EBG surface, was initially
proposed by [14]. There were four parts in the proposed model: i) ground plane, ii) dielectric
substrate, iii) metallic patches, and iv) connecting vias. A distinct feature of stopband was
exhibited by these EBG structures for surface-wave propagation. An LC filter array can be used
for the explanation of the operation mechanism of the EBG structure. The current, which is
flowing through vias, causes the inductor L effect, whereas the gap among the neighboring
patches resulted in the capacitor C effect. W is the patch width, gap width is g, thickness of
substrate is h and 𝜖r is dielectric constant. The method to increase the capacitance or
inductance will decrease the position of band gap, according to the (3) of
the central frequency.
hL o= (1)
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1(1 ) 2
cosh ( )o rW W g
c
g
−+ +
= (2)
Where μo is the free space permeability, 𝜖o is the free space permittivity, and η is the impedance
of the free space which is 120ᴫ (377 Ω).
𝑓𝑐 =
1
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
(3)
C
L
W
W
BW
1
=
= (4)
The impedance of the structure is very high at resonant frequency, and hence the
structure avoids the emission of any surface waves. This results in a band gap of
frequency [14]. A band gap of the EBG can be generated for frequencies at the same band of
the operating frequency, by placing the (EBGs) periodically on the antenna substrate. Antenna
structure that results from this design can prevent the excited surface waves along the substrate
from the propagation. The transmission line model for plane waves additional to surface waves
will explain at this section. The EBG cells are placed between the microstrip and ground to form
a sandwich-like structure. The all details of design the square shaped mushroom like EBG by
using the transmission line technique as shown in Figure 2 (a) was described in [22].
Figure 2 (b) shows the S11 and S21 of the EBG unit cells, wich results from the transmission
line technique, represents the band gap characteristics for the suggested EBG structure.
The S21 illustrate that the EBG structure rejects the surface wave propagation. The EBG
structure had been designed to achieve a stop band at 6 GHz. The EBG have a -20 dB band
gap from 5.75 GHz to 6.33 GHz with -40 dB at 6 GHz. At this band gap, the propagation of
surface will be suppressed and these properties will be used in the surface waves reduction to
improve the antenna performance.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) EBG Microstrip transmission line, and (b) Band gab of EBG structure [22]
3. Double Slotted Type EBG (DSTEBG)
Figure 3 (a) shows a Double Slotted Type EBG. It is prepared by adjustment of the
mushroom like EBG was described in [22]. It consists of a patch and a number of slots, the
inductance is produced by different shapes slots and capacitance by the transverse slot [23].
These slots provide extra capacitance, instead of the four gaps as compared to the four
elements of the mushroom type EBG. The diameter of the via is 0.9 mm. Two slots which are
1.7 mm and 0.3 mm width in each side are introduced in the DSTEBG. The method to increase
the capacitance or inductance will decrease the position of band gap [24]. When the size of
EBG unit cell increased, the resonance frequency will shift to the side of lower frequency
Frequency (GHz)
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
S-Parameters(dB)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
S 21
S 11
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because of a rise in the value of capacitance. By insearting the double slotes to the new zise of
EBG will shifting the resonance frequency again to higher frequency, due to a decreases value
of capacitance. This new EBG structure can replace each four Mushroom like EBG unit cells by
one of DSTEBG, at this point the size was reduced and the main advantage was to reduce the
number of Vias, finally we Reduce the complexity in the design and fabrication.Figure 3 (b)
shows the 4 elements of convential mushroom like EBG structure with 3mm unit cell size for
each cell that has been modified to interduce the DSTEBG structure with 5 mm unit cell size.
This novel design provides triple band gap or band stop of frequency compared with mushroom
EBG structure, wich had only one band gap frequency at 6 GHz.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. DSTEBG (a) Unit element (b) 4 cells of mushroom like EBG converts to one DSTEBG
3.1. Transmission Line Technique for (DSTEBG) Band Gap Characteristics
The transmission line reaction of the EBG depends on the lenghth and width of the
slots, size of EBG elements and the gap between them. The DSTEBG unit cells are positioned
between the ground plane and microstrip line. The space between the DSTEBG surface and
microstrip line is 0.1 mm. CST software has been used to tune the values of DSTEBG width (W)
and and the gap between the unit EBG elements (g). Where EBG width W=5mm, g=0.3 mm
and via radius of 0.45 mm connected between the ground plane and patch on a Rogers
RT/Duroid 6010 substrate of height h=2.74mm, relative permittivity of 10.2. 3 by 3 DSTEBG
structure have been simulated with overall dimensions (18 mmx18 mm) as shown in
Figure 4 (a). The width of the transmission line is determined as 2.3 mm, which has been
calculated using CST MWS to achieve matching with the 50 Ω input impedance. A couple of
50Ω discrete ports have been connected at both edges of the transmission line for calculating
the DSTEBG band gap characteristics. The new EBG structure illustrates the rejection of the
surface wave propagation due to the lower mutual coupling for the forward transmission
coefficient (S21). Triple band stop frequency was achieved from the simulated result based on
-20 dB S21 value as shown in Figure 4 (b). First band is between 2.42 GHz and 2.95 GHz,
second band was from 5.82 GHz to 6.3 GHz and the last band had been covered the range
between 8.72 GHz and 9.28 GHz. The simulated S11 value was near to 0 dB in the band gap
range of frequency, which means the signal that works in the same of this band, cannot
propagate on the EBG structure.
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(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) EBG Microstrip transmission line (b) Triple bands of DSTEBG structure
3.2. The Effect of Patch Width for DSTEBG Structure
The width of the EBG unit cell is the most important parameter for determining the
band gap frequency of this structure. The patch width of the DSTEBG structure has been
changed from W=4.8 mm to W=5.2 mm. The width of the smaller slot is set to 0.3mm and the
width of the bigger slot is set to 1.7 mm and the gab between the DSTEBG elements is set to
0.3 mm. The first stop band frequency is appears for Double Slotted Type EBG structure at
lower frequency ranges, the scond stop band is the same band of mushroom like EBG (6 GHz),
and the thired stop band was appeared at the higher frequency range. Figure 5 (a) shows, that
by increasing the patch width of the EBG structure, the band gap frequency is also reduced and
shifted to the lower frequency range due to increasing in the capacitance value. The bandwidth
of band gap frequency of DSTEBG is comparable compared to Mushroom like EBG structure.
(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) Patch width effect of DSTEBG, (b) Gap width effect of DSTEBG
3.3. The Effect of Gap Between The DSTEBG Elements
Gap between the double slotted type EBG (DSTEBG) elements, will specify the
capacitance influence according to the LC equivalent circuit. The gap between the structure of
DSTEBG elements has been altered as three variation values, started from 0.2 mm
until 0.4 mm. DSTEBG unit cell width is set to 5 mm, and the two slots width in each side of this
unit cell were setted to 1.7 mm and 0.3 mm. Figure 5 (b) shows, that when increased the value
of the gap between the EBG elements, the stop band of the operating frequency will shifted to
the higher range of frequency due to decreasing in the capacitance value. Further, as the gap
Frequency (GHz)
2 4 6 8 10
S-Parameters(dB)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
S 21
S 11
Frequency (GHz)
2 4 6 8 10
S-Parameters(dB)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
W=4.8 mm
W=5 mm
W=5.2 mm
Frequency (GHz)
2 4 6 8 10
S-Parameters(dB)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0 g=0.4 mm
g=0.3 mm
g=0.2 mm
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value reductiones the stop band moves towards the lower range of frequency because of a rise
value of the capacitance.In generally, the gap between elements can not considerted as the
critical value for determining the EBG band gap frequency, and the bandwidth of the band gap
frequency can be increased by increased the gap value.
4. Triple Side Slotted EBG (TSSEBG)
Triple side slotted EBG (TSSEBG) as shown in Figure 6 (a). By modification the initially
design of the mushroom like EBG structure in [22], consists of patch (5 mmx5 mm) and three
rectangular slots in the right and left sides with the same dimensions (1.25 mmx0.3 mm).
These slots provide extra capacitance, instead of the four gaps as compared to the four
elements of the mushroom type EBG. Vias diameter is 0.9 mm. To reduce the complexity in the
design and fabrication we replaced each four Mushroom like EBG unit cells by one of Triple
Side Slotted EBG. Figure 6 (b) shows the four elements of convential mushroom like EBG
structure with 3 mm unit cell size for each cell that has been modified to interduce the TSSEBG
structure with 5 mm unit cell. As the mushroom like EBG patch increases from 3 mm to 5 mm,
the resonance frequency will shift to the lower frequency side. By insearting the three slotes in
each of the right and left sides for the new size of EBG will shifting the resonance frequency
again to higher frequency, due to a decreases value of capacitance. This structure provides
triple band gap or band stop of frequency compared with mushroom EBG structure.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. (a) Unit element of TSSEBG (b) 4 cells of EBG converts to one TSSEBG
4.1. Transmission Line Technique for (TSSEBG) Band Gap Characteristics
The TSSEBG cells are placed above the Rogers RT/Duroid 6010 substrate of height
h=2.74 mm and relative permittivity of 10.2, between the ground plane and microstrip line.
The distance of 0.1 mm is the space between the EBG surfac and the microstrip line.
The values of unit TSSEBG width W= 5 mm, the gap (g) is 0.3 mm and via radius of 0.45 mm.
The dimensions of the 3 by 3 TSSEBG structure has been simulated using the microstrip
transmission line, with overall size equal to (18 mmx18 mm) as shown in Figure 7 (a).
The transmission line width is determined as 2.3 mm, which has been calculated using CST
MWS. A couple of 50Ω discrete ports have been connected at both edges of the transmission
line.The new EBG structure illustrates the rejection of the surface wave propagation in the triple
bands gap of frequency, according to the transmission coefficient (S21). In Figure 7 (b), triple
band stop frequency was achieved from the simulated result based on -20 dB S21 value.
First band is between 4.29 GHz and 4.65 GHz, second band was from 5.66 GHz to 6.28 GHz
and the last band had been covered the range between 7.6 GHz and 7.94 GHz. The main idea
is the bandwidth of the band gap frequency covers the operational frequency for the antenna,
surface wave suppression can be achieved in case of integrated the antenna with the triple
band EBG structure.
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(a) (b)
Figure 7. (a) EBG Microstrip transmission line, (b) Transmission characteristics of EBG
4.2. Slot Width Effect of TSSEBG Structure
We studied the effect of patch size and gap width. Increased the diameter of vias will
shifted the stop bands to the higher frequency because of the reduction value of
inductance [25]. This section deals with the effect of slot width in EBG Design, three various
slots width (SW) of TSSEBG are designed and simulated from SW=0.2 mm to SW=0.4 mm.
The width of the TSSEBG element is set to 5 mm; gab between the TSSEBG elements is set to
0.3 mm, and via diameter is set to 0.9 mm. The first stop band frequency is appears at lower
frequency ranges due to an increase in EBG size (from 3 mm to 5 mm), the resonance
frequency will shift to the lower frequency side because of a rise in the value of inductance, the
scond stop band at 6 GHz is the same band of mushroom like EBG, and the thired stop band
was appeared at the higher frequency range, by insearting the triple slotes to the new zise of
EBG will shifting the resonance frequency again to higher frequency, due to a decreases value
of capacitance.
Frequency (GHz)
4 5 6 7 8
S-Parameters(dB)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
SW=0.2 mm
SW=0.3 mm
SW=0.4 mm
Figure 8. Slot width effect of triple side slotted EBG (TSSEBG)
Figure 8 shows, that by increasing the slot width of the TSSEBG structure, the second
and third bands shifted to the side of lower frequency because of an increase value of
inductance. The width of slot with 0.3 mm is set to be the best value, in the same time for the
lower frequency band, there is no impact of this width difference. The bandwidth of band gap
frequency for the structure of TSSEBG is comparable compared to Mushroom like EBG
structure especially at second band (6 GHz).
From the comparison in Table 1, according to the -20 dB in lower and higher cut-off
frequencies and the bandwidths of the band gap frequency. It can be determined, that two EBG
Frequency (GHz)
4 5 6 7 8
S-Parameters(dB)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
S 21
S 11
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structures (DSTEBG and TSSEBG) gives better performance in terms of simplicity, triple band
gap and reduction in the numbers of vias. DSTEBG and TSSEBG shifts the band to the side of
lower frequency because of an increase in EBG size from 3 mm to 5 mm, after inserting the
slots the band gap shifted to the lower and higher frequency, result in triple band.
The mushroom like EBG band and the second band of TSSEBG have almost the same
bandwidth and cut off frequency. DSTEBG in case of comparison to the TSSEBG gives a bigger
bandwidth for the first and third band. However, the second band of TSSEBG offers a big
bandwidth than the second band of the DSTEBG. It can be concluded that mushroom like EBG
is more compact but has a lot of vias, while the TSSEBG has larger bandwidth than DSTEBG in
terms of second band; on the other hand the DSTEBG has bigger bandwidth for the first and
third band.
Table 1. Different EBGs in Lower cut-off frequencies (LCF),
higher cut-off frequencies (HCF), and bandwidths (BW)
Type of
EBG
Number of Vias
or EBGs
First Band Second Band Third Band
LCF
(GHz)
HCF
(GHz)
BW
(GHz)
LCF
(GHz)
HCF
(GHz)
BW
(GHz)
LCF
(GHz)
HCF
(GHz)
BW
(GHz)
EBG
DSTEBG
TSSEBG
42
9
9
5.75
2.42
4.29
6.33
2.95
4.658
0.63
0.53
0.368
-
5.82
5.66
-
6.3
6.28
-
0.48
0.62
-
8.72
7.6
-
9.28
7.94
-
0.56
0.34
5. Conclusion
The novel designs of EBG have been introduced from the structure of initial mushroom
like EBG, the first design of EBG called as Double Slotted Type EBG (DSTEBG) and the
second EBG structure is Triple Side Slotted EBG (TSSEBG). These novel designs, for reducing
the complexity (reduce the number of unit cells and Vias) provided triple band gap or stop band
of frequencies lower than 10 GHz and compared with mushroom like EBG structure which had
only one band gap frequency at 6 GHz. The impacts of the unit cell size, gap between the
DSTEBG cells on the microstrip transmission line response were considered. In case of
increased the size of unit cell, the stop bands will shift to the side of lower frequency because of
an increased value of capacitance. As the gap between the EBG cells increases, the stop bands
were shifted to the side of higher frequency because of decreased value of capacitance.
By increasing the slot width of the TSSEBG structure, the second and third bands are shifted
towards the side of lower frequency because of an increases value of inductance.
The Mushroom like EBG and the TSSEBG offered the better performance in terms of the lowest
resonance frequency and bandwidth, while the DSTEBG has bigger bandwidth for the first and
third band. The proposed EBGs can be used in many applications, for example improvement
the radiation pattern, gain, directivity, efficiency and bandwidth of antenna, reduction the noise
of filters and reduces the mutual coupling between the radiated elements in antenna array.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by UTeM Zamalah Scheme 2019. The authors would also like
to thank Center for Research and Innovation Management (CRIM), UTeM’s research grant
S01529 PJP/2017/FKEKK/HI10/S01529 and Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for
their encouragement and help in sponsoring this study.
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