I. Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, first spread widely in Africa due to poor hospital services. II. Common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. III. These infections can affect patients, visitors, and laboratory personnel. The CDC reports that 15% of cases occur in general wards while 60% are found in ICUs.

1. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
OR
LAB ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
M,sc Microbiology 1st AIOU Islamabad.
Groups Members.
1. Miss Sana
2. Miss Fatima Bi Ali
3. Miss Maham Aftab
4. Mr. Arsalan
5. Miss Afeera Aamir
6. Miss Sidra
7. Mr. Muhammad Aarab (Group Leader)

2. LAB ASSOCIATED INFECTION OR
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
I N T R O D U C T I O N : N O S O C O M I A L I N F E C T I O N C O M E F R O M G R E E K
W O R D “ N O S U S ” M E A N S D I S E A S E A N D “ K O M E I O N ” M E A N S T O T A K E
C A R E O F , A N D A L S O C A L L E D T H E H O S P I T A L A C Q U I R E D
I N F E C T I O N S
D E F I N I T I O N : A N I N F E C T I O N A C Q U I R E D B Y A P A T I E N T D U R I N G
H O S P I T A L C A R E , W H I C H W A S N O T P R E S E N T O R I N C U B A T E D A T T H E
T I M E O F A D M I S S I O N , A P P E A R I N G A F T E R D I S C H A R G E
( A F T E R 4 8 H O U R S O F D I S C H A R G E )

3. HISTORY AND
BACKGROUND
Nosocomial infection or Lab associated infections firstly spread
over in Africa due to poor health services in hospitals and labs

4. NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
AGENTS: (Pathogens)
1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
INFECTIONS:
Gastrointestinal infection, Abdominal cramping , Diarrhea , acute
food poisoning , wound infections , UTIs, Respiratory system
infections ,
Dermatitis ( Allergic reaction of skin ) and toxic shock syndromes (
fever, rash, skin peeling low blood pressure etc)

5. 1. Staphylococcus aurous
(Within the hospital and lab
environment)
Acute food poisoning
Wound infections
Toxic shock syndromes
Fever
Rash
Low blood pressure
PATHOGENS/AGENTS

6. Gram negative rod like
shape bacterium
Incubation period: 24-72
hours
Infections
UTIs
Respiratory infections
Dermatitis
Gastrointestinal infection
Wounds in intestine
(Within the hospital and
lab environment)
2. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

7. Escherichia coli
It is gram negative
bacterium commonly
present in the intestine of
human and animal
Incubation period 2 to 8
days
Infections
Gastrointestinal
abdominal cramping
Diarrhea
Fever
Dehydration
Renal failure (Severe condition)
3. ESCHERICHIA COLI

8. Klebsiella Pneumonia
it is gram negative
bacterium, non motile and
rod like shape.
Infections
Fever
Cough
Chest pain
Trouble breathing
(Within the hospital and
lab environment)
4. KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA

9. VULNERABILITY
1. Over stay in ICU
2. Admission of Burnt Patient
3. Open injuries cases

10. SUSCEPTIBILITY:
1. Patient
2. Laboratory personnel
3. Visitors
Therefore children are not allowed in labs and hospitals
due to less immune system

11. 1. Health-care-associated
infection (HAI), otherwise known
as nosocomial infection, is a
major global safety concern
for both patients and health-care
Professionals or Laboratory
workers.
CDC Centre for Disease Control
in
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
CDC REPORTS

12. Pathogens
I. Staphylococcus aurous
II. Pseudomonas aerugonisa
III. Escherichia coli
IV. Klebsiella pneumonia
CDC Centre for Disease Control
CDC REPORTS

13. Five mode of transmission
1. contact
 Direct contact
It involves a direct body surface
contact like tiding of bandages and
physical transfer of microbes.
 Indirect contact
Contaminated instruments, needles,
gloves and coats are reused from
patient to patient.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

14. Five mode of transmission
2. Vector borne.
it is transmitted by
the insects and mosquitoes
within the lab or hospital
environment
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

15. Five mode of transmission
3. Air borne
occurs when
bacteria or viruses travel on
dust particles or on small
respiratory droplets that
may become aerosolized
and patient or visitor inhale
them.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

16. Five mode of transmission
4. Droplet
it includes the
sneezing and coughing
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

17. Five mode of transmission
5. Common vehicle
COMMON
Transmission of infectious
pathogens from a source that
is common to all the cases of a
specific disease, by means of a
medium, or "vehicle," such as
water, food, air, or the blood supply
used by a transfusion service.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

18. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
There are different levels of Laboratories depending on effectiveness of Pathogens
BSL 01
Bio safety Level 01
Normal blood testing and there is no Bio Safety Cabinet or Laminar flow.
No any infection is caused within this environment of lab

19. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
BSL 02
Bio safety Level 02
Proper use of Bio Safety Cabinet
Proper use of PPEs
Measles, TT, Rabies virus, Anti Snake Venom Serum etc

20. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
BSL 03
-Bio safety Level 03
-Potentially infectious viruses
-Proper use of Bio Safety Cabinet
-Proper use of PPEs
-Only designated and vaccinated
Personnel are allowed to work
-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
-Congo viruses

21. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
BSL 04
Bio Safety Level 4: Viruses that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which
vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Marburg
virus, Ebola virus, Lassa fever virus, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and other
hemorrhagic diseases are being tested and diagnosed in this type of Labs
Sterile rooms
Entrance and Exit gates are
Segregated separately
PPEs are totally Disposable
After autoclaving

22. WELL DESIGNED LABORATORY/ HOSPITAL.
Well organized laboratory prevents cross contamination from occurring
It reduces the chances of Nosocomial infections in hospital environment.
Nosocomial infections are
Totally production of hospital
Contaminated environment.

23. ROOT CAUSES OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
 Presence of Microorganisms in hospital
 Immunocompromised patients
 Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients
 Inadequate facilities and technique of hand hygiene
 Lacking of training

24. STATISTIC OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS

25. EFFECTS OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
 Prolong treatment
 Financial problem
 Wastage of resources
 Patient dissatisfaction
 hospital or Lab reputation

26. PREVENTIVE ACTION FOR PATIENT
I. Limited beds in hospitals
II. Limited entry in wards or special treatment rooms
III. Isolate the patients who are suffering from Contagious Diseases
IV. Use of PPEs for Contagious Disease Patients

27. SAFETY MEASURES FOR LAB PERSONNEL
I. Follow SOPs
II. Proper use of PPEs
III. Avoid Biological & chemical Hazards
IV. Hand Washing
V. Autoclaving and Sterilization
VI. Only designated personnel are allowed to work in laboratory.
VII. specific training to personnel

28. MANAGERIAL ACTIONS AGAINST NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
I. Follow SOPs
II. Good practice in disinfections
III. Disposal of medical waste
IV. Prevention of catheter infection
V. Infection Control in ICUs
VI. Personal Hygiene
VII. Hand Hygiene
VIII. Disinfection and Sterilization
IX. Good antibiotics practice
X. HIV prevention
XI. Surveillance of Hospital infection

29. SUMMARY
 In Africa this problem is aggravated by poor hospital services
 Infections caused by Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
etc.
 These are lab associated , hospital acquired or nosocomial infections
 Patients, visitors and lab personnel can be affected of these infections
 15% cases are recorded in general wards of hospital and 60% in ICUs reported by CDC.
 Nosocomial infections are diagnosed in all biosafety Levels
 Nosocomial infections are over all production of contaminated environment within the
hospitals.
 Effects of Nosocomial infections is wastage of resources and money.