EDUCATION CONTENT VZHASBIDHAOIKOSMKAJSDIUDSCXCSDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDA67TSKEWIURHFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

1. Main Arteries and Veins
of Neck
The head and neck receives the
majority of its blood supply
through the carotid and vertebral
arteries.

3. Common Carotid Artery
 The right common carotid artery arises from
a bifurcation of thebrachiocephalic trunk (the
right subclavian artery is the other branch). This
bifurcation occurs roughly at the level of the right
sternoclavicular joint
 The left common carotid artery branches directly
from the arch of aorta. The left and right
common carotid arteries ascend up the
neck, lateral to the trachea and the oesophagus.
They do not give off any branches in the neck.

4.  At the level of the superior margin of the
thyroid cartilage (C4), the carotid arteries
split into the external and internal carotid
arteries. This bifurcation occurs in an
anatomical area known as the carotid
triangle.

6. Carotid Sinus
 At its point of division, the common carotid
artery shows a localized dilatation, called
carotid sinus
 It serves as a reflex pressoreceptor
mechanism
 A rise in blood pressure causes a slowing
of the heart rate and vasodilatation of the
arterioles

7. Carotid Body
 It is a small structure lies posterior to the point of
bifurcation of the common carotid artery
 It is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
 It serves as a chemoreceptor
 Sensitive to excess carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen
tension in the blood
 Stimulus reflex produces a rise in blood pressure and
heart rate and increase in respiratory movements

8. Common Carotid Artery
 It is embedded in the carotid sheath
throughout its course
 Closely related with the internal jugular
vein and vagus nerve
 Apart from the two terminal branches, the
common carotid artery gives off no branch
in the neck

9. Relations
 Anterolaterally: The skin, fascia,
sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid,
sternothyroid, and posterior belly of
omohyoid
 Posteriorly: The transverse processes of
lower four cervical vertebrae, the
prevertebral muscles, sympathetic trunk,
vertebral vessels in the lower part of the
neck

10. Relations
 Medially: The larynx, pharynx, and below
these, the trachea and esophagus, the
lobe of thyroid gland
 Laterally: The internal jugular vein, and
posterolaterally, the vagus nerve

11. External Carotid Artery
 It is one of the terminal branches of the common
carotid artery
 It supplies the structures in the neck, face, scalp,
tongue and maxilla
 Begins at the level of the upper border of the
thyroid cartilage
 Terminates in the substance of the parotid gland
by dividing into superficial temporal and
maxillary arteries

13. External Carotid Artery
 At its origin, where its pulsation can be felt,
the artery lies within the carotid triangle
 At first, it lies medial to the internal carotid
artery
 It is crossed by the posterior belly of the
digastric and the stylohyoid

14. Relations
 Anterolaterally: overlapped by
sternocleidomastoid muscle, fascia and
skin, it is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve
the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
and the stylohyoid, crossed by the facial
nerve within the parotid gland
 The internal jugular vein first lie anterior to
the artery then posterior to it

15. Relations
 Medially: the wall of the pharynx, internal
carotid artery
 The stylopharyngeus muscle, the
glossopharyngeal nerve, and pharyngeal
branch of the vagus pass between the
external and internal carotid arteries

16. Branches
 Superior thyroid artery
 Ascending pharyngeal artery
 Lingual artery
 Facial artery
 Occipital artery
 Posterior auricular artery
 Superficial temporal artery
 Maxillary artery

18. Superior Thyroid Artery
 Arises from the external carotid artery near its
origin
 Passes almost vertically downward
 Reach the upper pole of thyroid gland
 It gives off a branch to the sternocleidomastoid
 The superior laryngeal artery pierces the
thyrohyoid membrane with the internal laryngeal
nerve

20. Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
 It’s a long slender vessel that ascends on
the wall of the pharynx, which it supplies

21. Lingual Artery
 It arises from the external carotid artery,
opposite the tip of the greater cornu of hyoid
bone
 It loops upward to enter the submandibular
region
 The loop of the artery is crossed superficially by
the hypoglossal nerve
 It supplies the tongue

23. Facial Artery
 It arises from the external carotid artery,
just above the level of the tip of the greater
cornu of hyoid bone
 It arches upward deep to reach the
posterior part of the submandibular
salivary gland
 It supplies the face

26. Occipital Artery
 It arises from the external carotid artery,
opposite the facial artery
 It passes upward and reaches the back of
the scalp
 Its terminal part accompanies branches of
the greater occipital nerve to supply the
back of scalp

27. Posterior Auricular Artery
 It arises from the external carotid artery, at
the level of the upper border of the
posterior belly of the digastric muscle
 It passes backward to reach the auricle

29. Superficial Temporal Artery
 It is the smaller terminal branch of the
external carotid artery
 Ascends in front of the auricle in company
with auriculotemporal nerve
 It divides into anterior and posterior
branches, which supply the skin over the
frontal and temporal regions

31. Maxillary Artery
 It is the larger terminal branch of the
external carotid artery in the parotid gland
 It arises behind the neck of the mandible
 It runs upward and forward, leaves the
infratemporal fossa by entering the
pterygopalatine fossa

33. Branches of Maxillary Artery
 Inferior alveolar artery
 Middle meningeal artery
 Small branches to the external auditory
meatus and the tympanic membrane
 Small muscular branches supply the
muscles of mastication

34. Internal Carotid artery
 It is one of the terminal branches of the common
carotid artery
 It supplies the brain, the eye, the forehead, and
the part of nose
 It begins at the level of the upper border of the
thyroid cartilage
 Ascends in the neck to the base of the skull

36. Internal Carotid artery
 It enters the cranial cavity through the
carotid canal in the petrous part of the
temporal bone
 It lies embedded in the carotid sheath with
the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
 It gives off no branches in the neck

38. Relations
 Anterolaterally: Below the digastric lie the skin,
the fascia, anterior border of
sternocleidomastoid and the hypoglossal nerve
 Above the digastric lie the stylohyoid and the
stylopharyngeus muscles, the glossopharyngeal
nerve, the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve,
the parotid gland and the external carotid artery

39. Relations
 Posteriorly: The sympathetic trunk, longus
capitis muscle, and the transverse processes of
the upper three cervical vertebrae
 Medially: The pharyngeal wall and the superior
laryngeal nerve
 Laterally: The internal jugular vein and the vagus
nerve

40. Veins of the Neck
There are three main jugular veins –
external, internal and anterior. They are
ultimately responsible for the venous
drainage of the whole head and neck.

41. External Jugular Vein
 The external jugular vein is formed behind the
angle of the jaw by the union of the posterior
auricular vein with the posterior division of the
retromandibular vein ( STV + MV)
 It descends across the sternocleidomastoid
muscle and beneath the platysma muscle
 It drains into the subclavian vein behind the
middle of the clavicle

43. Anterior Jugular Vein
 The anterior jugular vein descends in the
front of the neck close to the midline
 Just above the sternum, it is joined to the
opposite vein by the jugular arch
 It joins the external jugular vein deep to
the sternocleidomastoid muscle

44. Internal Jugular Vein
 The internal jugular vein is a large vein
that receives blood from the brain, face,
and neck
 It starts as a continuation of the sigmoid
sinus and leaves the skull through the
jugular foramen

46. Internal Jugular Vein
 It then descends through the neck in the
carotid sheath lateral to the vagus nerve
and the internal and common carotid
arteries
 It ends by joining the subclavian vein
behind the medial end of the clavicle to
form the brachiocephalic vein

47. Internal Jugular Vein
 Throughout its course, it is closely related
to the deep cervical lymph nodes
 The vein has a dilatation at its upper end
called the superior bulb and another near
its termination called the inferior bulb
 Directly above the inferior bulb is a
bicuspid valve

49. Tributaries of Internal Jugular
Vein
 Inferior petrosal sinus
 Facial vein
 Pharyngeal veins
 Lingual vein
 Superior thyroid vein
 Middle thyroid vein

50. Thank you