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1. By-
Mr. Ashok Bishnoi
Lecturer, JINR

2. ⦁ A joint, also called articulation is a point of
contact.
⦁ Arthrology:-It is the scientific study of joints.
⦁ Kinesiology:-It is the study of the motion of
the human body.
Introduction:-

3. “It is the site at which any two
or more bone articulated is
called Joint”
Definition:-

4. 1.Fibrous or fixed joints (Immovable)
2.Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable joints
3.Synovial or Freely moveable joints
Classification/Type:-

5. ⦁ 1.Fibrous or fixed joints
(Immovable)
🞄 These joints are held together by tough
tissue which develops during childhood.
🞄 Examples ,Cranium.
⦁ 2.Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable
joints
🞄 Here, movement is needed but only to a
certain point e.g the vertebral column,
Symphysis pubis
⦁ 3.Synovial or Freely moveable joints
🞄 These joints are allow movement to take
place.

6. Synovial or Freely moveable joints:-

7. •This lubricates the joint, like oil
in a working engine. It enables all
parts of the joint to move against
each other smoothly.
•This is inside the synovial (joint)
capsule which holds the fluid in
place.
•The synovial membrane lies
inside the capsule where the fluid
is produced.

8. Types of Synovial Joints:-
⦁ Freely Moveable (Synovial) joints
can be divided into six groups
depending upon the way they
move.
Types:-
1. Ball and
Socket Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Gliding Joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Condyloid
Joint

9. Characteristics of Synovial joint:-
⦁ Articular cartilage/Hyaline cartilage:-The part
of bone are covered with cartilage
.It provides a smooth articular surface
⦁ Capsule & capsular ligament.
.The joint is surrounded & enclosed by a
sleeve of fibrous tissue which hold the bone
together.
.It is sufficient loose to allow freedom of
movement but strong enough to protect it
from injury

10. ⦁ Synovial membrane:-
.This is composed of epithilial cell & is
found—Lining the capsule
.Covering those part of the bone with in the
joint
.Covering all intra-cpsular structure that do
not bear weight.
⦁ Synovial fluid:-This is the thick stiky fluid of
egg-white consistency secrted by synovial
membrane in to synovial cavity & its function
are-

11. Function of S.F. Is:-
1) Provides nutrients for the structure with in
the joint cavity.
2) Contain phagocytes which remove
microbes
3) Act as a lubricant
4) Maintain joint stability.

12. ⦁ Is allows the greatest range
of movement
⦁ In this type of joint, head of
bone is fits into a socket of
another bone.
⦁ Held together by ligaments
and tendons
⦁ Eg. Shoulder and hip
joints
Two main Ball and Socket Joints:
Shoulder and hip joints
Ball and socket
Ball and Socket joint

13. ⦁ Is allow flexion and extension
with only a small amount of
rotation.
Examples of Hinge Joints:
Elbow and Knee Joints
⦁ Eg. Elbow,knee,ankle,finger,toes

14. ⦁ Is allow only rotation.
⦁ Eg. Proximal & distal radio
ulner joint

15. ⦁ In this joint the articular surface of bone it looks
flat & move on the another bone in sliping
movement.
⦁ Eg Sternoclavicular joint & Joint b/w carpal & tarsal
bone

16. ⦁ The saddle joints allow
the movement of the
joint forward and
backwards, and right
to left.
⦁ Eg. Wrist joint

17. ⦁ This is allows for
movement in all
directions, however full
rotations.
⦁ Eg. Wrist joint,
Metacarpophalangeal joint,
Metatarsal phalangeal joint