NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
GOING BEYONG WORDS
Defining Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication:
Any interaction in which a stimulus, other than words, creates
meaning in the mind of a sender or receiver.
e.g., facial expressions
Definition of non-verbal communication
2) creation of meaning
3) other than words: nonlinguistic, communication without
words.
2
3 General Principles of NVC
3 Important factors to remember about nonverbal
communication (NVC):
NVC is an essential part of determining meaning in comm
contexts
e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4
nonverbal cues are an extremely influential source of meaning.

Actually a lot of scholars they suggested that the majority of
meaning in most communication situations is conveyed
nonverbally, some estimating the percentage as high as 93%.
3
A second key principle of nonverbal communication is that
nonverbal communication is typically undervalued.
----”It just doesn’t get enough respect”
e.g., have you ever received phone interview?
Tape Face:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZefR25GGKg
A second key principle of nonverbal communication is that
nonverbal communication is typically undervalued. ----”It just
doesn’t get enough respect”
4
3. NV comm is inextricably linked with verbal comm—they
function together
e.g., think about this: can you make eye contact with a stranger
for 5 minuets without saying anything?
----It is difficult!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Qr31-wZzk&t=9s

NV comm is inextricably linked with verbal comm—they
function together
5
3 General Sources of NV Stimuli
Personal NV Stimuli
Nonverbal behaviors originating from a specific person
Example: when a person winks, shrugs their shoulders, smiles,
etc.
Vocal NV Stimuli
Nonverbal behaviors associated with the voice
Example: laugher, sighs, vocal fillers.
Environmental NV Stimuli
Nonverbal behaviors associated with a particular environment
Example: Objects, space, distance
The image on the right are personal nonverbal stimuli
6
Personal NV Stimuli
etc.
Vocal NV Stimuli

Vocal NV stimuli: Examples in the image
7
Personal NV Stimuli
etc.
Vocal NV Stimuli
Nv cues we associate with a particular environment
e.g., where does the boss sit? Why?
Physical room; size of the room; windows;
Staff: transparent office partitions; no physical room;
So the environmental information is telling sth about the
hierarchy in this organization
8
4 Aspects of NV Comm
Receiver orientation
Both normative & idiosyncratic interpretation
Subjective

Encompasses multiple channels
9
The focus of meaning associated with any nonverbal stimulus is
always centered on the receiver. It is the receiver who attaches
meanings to particular nonverbal cues.
Sometimes, although the sender might intentionally send some
nonverbal cues, but it is likely that the receiver doesn’t notice it
at all.
Interpretations of nonverbal cues are generally subjective
Nonverbal communication includes cues that have a socially
agreed upon or culturally defined meaning associated with
them, and the cues that may only be meaningful or have unique
meaings when used in the context of a specific relationship.
Interaction of Verbal & Nonverbal Cues
One primary function of NV cues is interaction w/ verbal cues.
(Ekman & Knapp)
Repeat—NV message repeats V
Contradict—NV & V disagree– which is more important?
e.g., who is the liar?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw9MmlqN3kw&t=26s
Substitute—NV used in place of V

How nonverbal and verbal cues work together
10
Interaction of Verbal & Nonverbal Cues
One primary function of NV cues is interaction w/ verbal cues.
(Ekman & Knapp)
Complement—NV cue provides supplementary info about V
message
genuine
Accent—draw attention to part of V message
e.g, raising our voice or gesturing to indicate
important messages
Regulate—NV cues regulate V interaction
e.g,. Raise hand during class to ask a question
How nonverbal and verbal cues work together
11
Other Functions of NVC
Communicate emotion

Awareness not necessary
and
downward gaze
Other Functions of NVC
Communicate relational information
e.g., spatial proximity, touch, posture, tone of voice
e.g., 10 sure signs a guy likes you!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlK-pp8p8sw
Guess what is the #1 sign?
He doesn’t use his phone when he hangs out with you!!
13
Specific Types of NV Messages:
Kinesics – Body movements. Includes facial expressions, hand
gestures, etc. 5 types:
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Affect displays
adaptors
14
Kinesics, is one of the more widely researched categories of
nonverbal cues. Basically all the body moves, including

gestures, hand or leg motions, shrugs are forms of Kinesics.
Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics
Emblems – common gestures which substitute for words.
Ex – thumbs up (o.k.), shaking head (no)
15
Emblems – common gestures which substitute for words.
Illustrators – used to accompany & complement words.
E.g., –moving your hands to illustrate the concept of waves；
-- spreading your hands apart to indicate the size of the
fish you got
16
Illustrators – used to accompany & complement words.
Regulators – regulate conversation.

Ex.— eye contact signaling you want to say something
--raising your hand in class to indicate that you have a
question
17
Regulators – regulate conversation.
Affect Displays – facial expressions/body movements which
indicate emotion.
Ex – smiling, frowning, shuddering
18
Affect Displays – facial expressions/body movements which
indicate emotion.
Adaptors – nervous behaviors occurring on a very low level of
consciousness; associated with stress.
Ex. – Tapping your foot when nervous without being aware of
it.

19
Adaptors – nervous behaviors occurring on a very low level of
consciousness; associated with stress.
Specific Types of NV Messages
Paralanguage/ Paralinguistics – oral/vocal NV comm
Qualities of the voice
E.g. – how something is said
Vocalics—sounds, other than words, w/ which we associate
meaning
E.g. – yawning, laughing, sighing, pauses, etc.
Non-fluencies—filled pauses
E.g.—uh, um, oh, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4 (from 1:49)
tone
pitch
volume
rate
VOCAL QUALITIES:
20
Paralanguage/ Paralinguistics – oral/vocal NV comm

Physical appearance — dress, grooming, and attractiveness;
Body type – draw inferences based on general body type
Ectomorph
Endomorph
Mesomorph
21
Physical appearance — dress, grooming, and attractiveness;
Body type – draw inferences based on general body type
Think about what body size is communicating
Oculesics—Eye gaze
Contact & avoidance
Haptics—use of touch in communication.
22
Oculesics—Eye gaze

Chronemics - time in communication. Several foci:
Specific meanings communicated by time
E.g. being late for a date
Cultural emphasis on time
Psychological time orientation (future, present, or past focus)
23
Chronemics - time in communication.
More Types of NV Messages
Objectics – the impact of objects & artifacts on comm
Personal objects
Environmental objects
24
Objectics – the impact of objects & artifacts on comm
Proxemics – the study of space & distance

25
Personal Space—the distance between ourselves and others
Culturally and relationally based
Both unconscious and conscious
Somewhat reliably related to intimacy
Not absolute
26
People have different preference about personal space
Nonverbal Norms
A large degree of our interpretation of NV cues is normative—
based on social & cultural norms
Norms provide info about general expectations surrounding NV
cues:
Expected meanings
Appropriate NV behaviors
Inappropriate NV behaviors
Nonverbal norms reflect the general expectations surrounding
nonverbal cues.

27
Cue Centered NV Norms
Some norms describe expectations for a particular NV behavior
across various situations/contexts
For instance, what sort of typical expectations do we have
regarding a handshake?
Two different types of nonverbal norms--- cue centered
nonverbal norms; context centered nonverbal norms
28
Cue Centered NV Norms
A handshake indicates formal agreement
A handshake conveys a respectful greeting
A handshake should be firm, but not crushing
A handshake should be accompanied by direct eye contact
A handshake should be held for at least 2 seconds
A handshake is expected when meeting/greeting someone in a
professional setting
A handshake should be taken when someone offers one.
Refusing a handshake signals lack of respect
Context Centered NV Norms
Other norms govern NV behavior in general (i.e. all types of

NV cues) within a particular context—e.g. setting, situation,
etc.
To help illustrate context centered NV norms, let’s watch a
short clip:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzO1mCAVyMw
31
Proxemics:
When possible should be at least 1 empty urinal between
individuals
Maintain maximum personal space
Oculesics:
Don’t initiate or sustain eye contact
Should stare straight ahead
Example of context centered nonverbal norm-- proxemics
32
Interpersonal Communication
Man is but a network of relationships and these aloe matter to
him.

33
Two Approaches to Interpersonal Communication
Quantitative Approach– 2 person, face to face comm
Interpersonal communication focuses on the physical context
and how many people are involved in the interaction.
Occurs within the context of a relationship
Also known as dyadic communication—two-person interactions.
Limiting issues:
Not all 2-person communication is the same
Tech advances have impacted face-to-face primacy
What is the definition of interpersonal communication?
Interpersonal communication is the study of human
communication at its most basic and immediate level—
communication between individuals.
Traditionally, many communication scholars have defined
interpersonal communication simply as communication between
two people; typically with the underlying assumption that such
communication is occurring face to face.
Communication with strangers/family member or your
significant others—doesn’t take account into the
neaunces/diversity/may aspects in ic
Face to face v.s. CMC
34
Two Approaches (Continued)
Qualitative Approach– Communication based on recognition of
communicators as unique individuals
Interpersonal communication focuses on the quality or
character of communication.
Relational communication— emphasizes the influence of

relationships on communication
Dialectical distinction—truly interpersonal communication is
built over time
Impersonal communication as the opposite of interpersonal
Another way to define ic is to focus on the character or quality
of communication between individuals rather than one based on
the number of people involved and context within which they
interact.
Interpersonal communication differs with other forms of
communication in which it occurs within the context of a
relationship
Interpersonal communication vary in terms of how interpersonal
they are—the degree of how interpersonal the communication
is. How you have different communication styly/pattern/habit
with one particular person.
Here comes another concept of impersonal communication. This
type of communication is only based on social roles, like a sales
representative and a customer. The manner of communication is
informal and very superficial, covering topics to instigate a sale
or similar transaction
How about the communication between a professor and the
students?
35
Two Approaches (Continued)
We’ll emphasize relational/qualitative, but both approaches are
useful.
Qualitative:
Explores the impact of relationships of communication and
importance of communication process in relationships
Quantitative:
Examines important contexts of communication, especially in

relationships
36
Relationships & Human Comm:
Inextricably Linked
Relationships are one of the most significant behavioral
influences:
Make life meaningful, drive our interactions w/ others, essential
to our personal & practical goals
Communication is the fundamental relational process, crucial to
initiating, developing, & maintaining relationships
Relationships & communication are connected. Without
communication, it will be impossible to develop, maintain or
strengthen relationships. Communication is the fundamental
relational process.
37
Communication and Self-Knowledge
Our sense of identity is the basis of interactions with other;
Self-concept: relatively stable set of perceptions we hold about
ourselves defining who we are.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSvRA8jUSxQ

Self-knowledge and communication
we communication with others base on our sense of identity,
based on who we are, how we know about oursevels;
cats hand out with cats; lions might be more comfortable to
hang out with lions;
self-concept. E.g. positive or negative
38
Our sense of identity is the basis of interactions with other;
Reflected appraisal -- how we perceive that others (specific and
general) see us based on their words and actions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1VNB5B6qr8
Social comparison— Comparison of the self to others
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3gGkiWSzvg
Cultural Messages— baselines/values used in defining self,
usually derived from cultural influences.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTE0G9amZNk
Social-cognitive orientation – approach we take when talking
with others is based on available information we have about
them and how we use that information to shape our behavior
towards them.
Cultural information
Sociological information
Psychological information
Impacts the quality of interpersonal interaction- similar
situations have different outcomes.
Similar to our perception discussion.

39
Self-Disclosure —process by which we voluntarily share
information about ourselves that another person is not likely to
know.
Intentional acts, not inference
Truthful information
Primarily verbal (but can occasionally be NV)
Influenced by context & social/cultural norms
Definition; based on our self-concept; how we know about
ourselves, individuals vary in how to present themselves to
others.
40
Self-disclosure is key to building, developing, & maintaining
relationships
How we allow others to get know us
Also how we get to know them— SD is reciprocal
Norm of reciprocity— disclosure if the other discloses too
Break the norm:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vcyDDb9YAI
Dyadic effect—disclosure responses tend to happen in dyads
SD changes in nature in a developed relationship, but it is never

ending
Norm of reciprocity: we exchanged information; information
goes both way
41
Self-Disclosure
Altman & Talyor’s Social Penetration Model —Self disclosure
represented by 2 dimensions:
Depth:
How deeply is a given area
explored?
Breadth:
How many
different areas
are explored/
revealed?
Altman & Taylor’s Social Penetration Model —Self disclosure
represented by:
Breadth: How many different areas are explored or revealed?
Depth: How deeply is a given area explored?
42
Self Disclosure (Cont.)
Johari window —categorizes info about the self based on
awareness

Let’s do this exercise together!
Communication is fundamental to relations with others.
Communication also shapes your view of yourself.
The Johari window is a technique[1] that helps people better
understand their relationship with themselves and others.
Open, or Arena
Adjectives that both the subject and peers select go in this cell
(or quadrant) of the grid. These are traits that subject and peers
perceive.
Hidden, or Façade
Adjectives selected by the subject, but not by any of their peers,
go in this quadrant. These are things the peers are either
unaware of, or that are untrue but for the subject's claim.
Blind Spot
Adjectives not selected by subjects, but only by their peers go
here. These represent what others perceive but the subject does
not.
Unknown
Adjectives that neither subject nor peers selected go here. They
represent subject's behaviors or motives that no one
participating recognizes—either because they do not apply or
because of collective ignorance of these traits.
43
Self Disclosure (Cont.)
Johari window —categorizes info about the self based on
awareness

It can help us to decide on our communication strategy
44
Communication and Relationships
Many factors can serve as a catalyst for forming a relationship
Similarity
2 key types:
Attitudinal similarity – similarity in values, preferences, or
beliefs.
Important in beginning stages
Social preference similarity – shared social activity; when
partners prefer to do same things
Important throughout stages
Many factors can serve as a catalyst for forming a relationship
Most are tied to or revealed by communication
All factors not always necessary—some may even be
contradictory
Specific evaluations of each are filtered by perception & self-
concept
interpersonal relationship
45
Appearance
Often most important initially
More likely to associate positive characteristics with physically
attractive others
Culture and physical attractiveness:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT9FmDBrewA
Our cultural notions influence our standard of beauty
46
Proximity
Simply being around someone else and their interactions can
predispose us to relationships.
Used to be based on physical interaction, technology has
changed this concept.
Be around somebody if you want him/her to like you
47
Reciprocity/liking
Tendency to reciprocate in relationships
Validation of feelings— when others like us, it makes us feel
better about ourselves, including our personalities, appearance,
values, and choices.
Note: aggressive communication is also reciprocal…
we’d like someone who likes ourselves; if someone greets us,
we greet them; if they treat us kindly, we respond with kindness
towards them;
48

Competency – ability to do something well.
Competency describes the ability to do something well;
We tend to find competency attractive;
Affect our evaluations of the potential rewards in a possible
relationship.
Complementarity/Difference—opposites attract when:
Differences are complementary – one’s strengths complements
one’s weaknesses
Generally contribute to relationship viability over the long
term
we like to be around competent people
Complementarity/Difference
one individual’s strengths match up with another person’s
weaknesses. Someone with a relative lack of social interaction
skills may admire someone who seems to be able to mingle
effortlessly with others.
49
Social exchange
Evaluation of costs and rewards of a potential relationship
Equity/equilibrium in relationships weighed in comparison to
other available options
Comparison level of alternatives versus comparison level
E.g., are you expecting positive feedback from your partner
when you post a selfie on facebook?
We evaluate the costs and rewards of a potential relationship
then make decisions about our communication strategies

50
Relational Development
Duck’s Filtering theory —in initial interactions, several ‘filters’
are progressively applied
Sociological/Incidental cues—demographic/environmental
Pre-interaction cues— assumptions of nonverbal characteristics
Interaction cues— content, tone, flow of initial interactions
Cognitive cues— how we psychologically evaluate individuals
following interactions
In initial interactions, several “filters” are positively applied to
screen potential relational partners—attractive/not
51
Relational Maintenance
Conflict — an expressed struggle between at least two
interdependent parties in a relationship.
Functional – the relationship strengthens due to conflict
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPQjUJFVFC4
or reasonable argument
Dysfunctional – relationship weakens due to conflict, future
conflicts occur more frequently
Due to differences in perception
Relational Dialectics—relationships struggle with three primary
tensions:
Openness/closedness — opposing needs for sharing & privacy
Autonomy/connection — opposing needs for connection &

independence
Novelty/predictability – opposing needs for consistency &
excitement
Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY9wkrgtGX0
Struggles in relationships
53
Listening—Distinct from hearing , 5 elements:
Receiving—sensory input
Attending—devoting attention, cognitive resources
Understanding—processing info in context
Responding—verbal & nonverbal responses during/after
Recalling—info from listening often relevant in future
situations
Good and bad listener:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TeOGJP5vGA
Learn to listen is a good way to maintain relationships
54
Knapp Model of Relational Development
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying

Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Coming
Together
Coming
Apart
Describes a relationship as a series of stages, emphasizing
comm
Coming Together :
Initiating —the beginnings of a relationship
Experimenting —parties learn about each other, identify
commonalities
Self-disclosure
Knapp model of relational development
Most influential models of relationships and the communication
occurs within them;
10 states that can be broken down into phases of “coming
together” and “coming apart”
55
Intensifying —increased commitment and disclosure, &
emotional investment; start of ‘we’ thinking

Integrating —social circles merge; others view as a couple
Bonding —public ‘rituals’ that legitimize relationship
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Coming
Together
Coming
Apart
56
Coming Apart :
Differentiating —emergence of individual differences—
identities, priorities, values, etc.
Circumscribing —communication becomes restricted
(topic/amount)
Initiating
Experimenting

Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Coming
Together
Coming
Apart
57
Stagnating —infrequent comm, typically ritualized &
insignificant
Avoiding —partners avoid each other—physically &
emotionally
Terminating —Relationship ends & parties come to terms with
it (not always mutually)
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing

Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Coming
Together
Coming
Apart
58
Week #2 Reflection Paper
Violating Nonverbal Norms
Find two video clips (on YouTube) that consist violating
nonverbal norms. In the videos, two nonverbal norms are
violated in two separate situations—someone intentionally do
what would not typically be expected in that situation.
For instance, using the proxemics norm as an example, in an
interesting video
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frQdjs9UaYA), a women
entered an elevator and moved uncomfortably close to other
riders, which clearly violates the norm of personal space.
Be sure that the person/people’s behavior in your selected
videos is a clear violation of a norm, not just a situation where
the opposite norm might apply.
59
In your assignment you must do the following for each example:

Provide the link of the video
Summarize the video by stating which norm was being
violated; describe the situation and how the person/people did
so
Describe the reactions of other people you observed
Discuss the reasons why you think the nonverbal norm should
exist
Format: 2 pages, double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman,
1 inch-margin. Please don’t include the instructions in your
paper.
Follow Instructions and answer the prompt questions as
instructed. Writer must Complete every sentence of the question
in detail. No short cuts, only way to receive the highest grade.
Professor is very detail about instructions and answering the
question every step.
Paper 1.
Write a 400-500-word essay in response to Question 3 from
"Critiquing Philosophical Views" on p. 221.
Paper 2
Write a 400-500-word essay in response to the Philosophy Lab
on p. 233.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx

Similar to NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx (20)

More from picklesvalery

More from picklesvalery (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx