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![Let’s do this exercise together!
Communication is fundamental to relations with others.
Communication also shapes your view of yourself.
The Johari window is a technique[1] that helps people better
understand their relationship with themselves and others.
Open, or Arena
Adjectives that both the subject and peers select go in this cell
(or quadrant) of the grid. These are traits that subject and peers
perceive.
Hidden, or Façade
Adjectives selected by the subject, but not by any of their peers,
go in this quadrant. These are things the peers are either
unaware of, or that are untrue but for the subject's claim.
Blind Spot
Adjectives not selected by subjects, but only by their peers go
here. These represent what others perceive but the subject does
not.
Unknown
Adjectives that neither subject nor peers selected go here. They
represent subject's behaviors or motives that no one
participating recognizes—either because they do not apply or
because of collective ignorance of these traits.
43
Self Disclosure (Cont.)
Johari window —categorizes info about the self based on
awareness](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/nonverbalcommunicationgoingbeyongwordsdefiningnonver-221201171926-0118f38e/75/NONVERBAL-COMMUNICATIONGOING-BEYONG-WORDSDefining-Nonver-docx-22-2048.jpg)
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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONGOING BEYONG WORDSDefining Nonver.docx
- 1. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION GOING BEYONGWORDS Defining Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication: Any interaction in which a stimulus, other than words, creates meaning in the mind of a sender or receiver. e.g., facial expressions Definition of non-verbal communication 2) creation of meaning 3) other than words: nonlinguistic, communication without words. 2 3 General Principles of NVC 3 Important factors to remember about nonverbal communication (NVC): NVC is an essential part of determining meaning in comm contexts e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4 nonverbal cues are an extremely influential source of meaning.
- 2. Actually a lotof scholars they suggested that the majority of meaning in most communication situations is conveyed nonverbally, some estimating the percentage as high as 93%. 3 3 General Principles of NVC A second key principle of nonverbal communication is that nonverbal communication is typically undervalued. ----”It just doesn’t get enough respect” e.g., have you ever received phone interview? Tape Face: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZefR25GGKg A second key principle of nonverbal communication is that nonverbal communication is typically undervalued. ----”It just doesn’t get enough respect” 4 3 General Principles of NVC 3. NV comm is inextricably linked with verbal comm—they function together e.g., think about this: can you make eye contact with a stranger for 5 minuets without saying anything? ----It is difficult! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Qr31-wZzk&t=9s
- 3. NV comm isinextricably linked with verbal comm—they function together 5 3 General Sources of NV Stimuli Personal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors originating from a specific person Example: when a person winks, shrugs their shoulders, smiles, etc. Vocal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with the voice Example: laugher, sighs, vocal fillers. Environmental NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with a particular environment Example: Objects, space, distance The image on the right are personal nonverbal stimuli 6 3 General Sources of NV Stimuli Personal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors originating from a specific person Example: when a person winks, shrugs their shoulders, smiles, etc. Vocal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with the voice Example: laugher, sighs, vocal fillers. Environmental NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with a particular environment Example: Objects, space, distance
- 4. Vocal NV stimuli:Examples in the image 7 3 General Sources of NV Stimuli Personal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors originating from a specific person Example: when a person winks, shrugs their shoulders, smiles, etc. Vocal NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with the voice Example: laugher, sighs, vocal fillers. Environmental NV Stimuli Nonverbal behaviors associated with a particular environment Example: Objects, space, distance Nv cues we associate with a particular environment e.g., where does the boss sit? Why? Physical room; size of the room; windows; Staff: transparent office partitions; no physical room; So the environmental information is telling sth about the hierarchy in this organization 8 4 Aspects of NV Comm Receiver orientation Both normative & idiosyncratic interpretation Subjective
- 5. Encompasses multiple channels 9 Thefocus of meaning associated with any nonverbal stimulus is always centered on the receiver. It is the receiver who attaches meanings to particular nonverbal cues. Sometimes, although the sender might intentionally send some nonverbal cues, but it is likely that the receiver doesn’t notice it at all. Interpretations of nonverbal cues are generally subjective Nonverbal communication includes cues that have a socially agreed upon or culturally defined meaning associated with them, and the cues that may only be meaningful or have unique meaings when used in the context of a specific relationship. Interaction of Verbal & Nonverbal Cues One primary function of NV cues is interaction w/ verbal cues. (Ekman & Knapp) Repeat—NV message repeats V Contradict—NV & V disagree– which is more important? e.g., who is the liar? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw9MmlqN3kw&t=26s Substitute—NV used in place of V
- 6. How nonverbal andverbal cues work together 10 Interaction of Verbal & Nonverbal Cues One primary function of NV cues is interaction w/ verbal cues. (Ekman & Knapp) Complement—NV cue provides supplementary info about V message genuine Accent—draw attention to part of V message e.g, raising our voice or gesturing to indicate important messages Regulate—NV cues regulate V interaction e.g,. Raise hand during class to ask a question How nonverbal and verbal cues work together 11 Other Functions of NVC Communicate emotion
- 7. Awareness not necessary and downwardgaze Other Functions of NVC Communicate relational information e.g., spatial proximity, touch, posture, tone of voice e.g., 10 sure signs a guy likes you! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlK-pp8p8sw Guess what is the #1 sign? He doesn’t use his phone when he hangs out with you!! 13 Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics – Body movements. Includes facial expressions, hand gestures, etc. 5 types: Emblems Illustrators Regulators Affect displays adaptors 14 Kinesics, is one of the more widely researched categories of nonverbal cues. Basically all the body moves, including
- 8. gestures, hand orleg motions, shrugs are forms of Kinesics. Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics Emblems – common gestures which substitute for words. Ex – thumbs up (o.k.), shaking head (no) 15 Emblems – common gestures which substitute for words. Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics Illustrators – used to accompany & complement words. E.g., –moving your hands to illustrate the concept of waves； -- spreading your hands apart to indicate the size of the fish you got 16 Illustrators – used to accompany & complement words. Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics Regulators – regulate conversation.
- 9. Ex.— eye contactsignaling you want to say something --raising your hand in class to indicate that you have a question 17 Regulators – regulate conversation. Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics Affect Displays – facial expressions/body movements which indicate emotion. Ex – smiling, frowning, shuddering 18 Affect Displays – facial expressions/body movements which indicate emotion. Specific Types of NV Messages: Kinesics Adaptors – nervous behaviors occurring on a very low level of consciousness; associated with stress. Ex. – Tapping your foot when nervous without being aware of it.
- 10. 19 Adaptors – nervousbehaviors occurring on a very low level of consciousness; associated with stress. Specific Types of NV Messages Paralanguage/ Paralinguistics – oral/vocal NV comm Qualities of the voice E.g. – how something is said Vocalics—sounds, other than words, w/ which we associate meaning E.g. – yawning, laughing, sighing, pauses, etc. Non-fluencies—filled pauses E.g.—uh, um, oh, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4 (from 1:49) tone pitch volume rate VOCAL QUALITIES: 20 Paralanguage/ Paralinguistics – oral/vocal NV comm
- 11. Specific Types ofNV Messages Physical appearance — dress, grooming, and attractiveness; Body type – draw inferences based on general body type Ectomorph Endomorph Mesomorph 21 Physical appearance — dress, grooming, and attractiveness; Body type – draw inferences based on general body type Think about what body size is communicating Specific Types of NV Messages Oculesics—Eye gaze Contact & avoidance Haptics—use of touch in communication. 22 Oculesics—Eye gaze
- 12. Specific Types ofNV Messages Chronemics - time in communication. Several foci: Specific meanings communicated by time E.g. being late for a date Cultural emphasis on time Psychological time orientation (future, present, or past focus) 23 Chronemics - time in communication. More Types of NV Messages Objectics – the impact of objects & artifacts on comm Personal objects Environmental objects 24 Objectics – the impact of objects & artifacts on comm More Types of NV Messages Proxemics – the study of space & distance
- 13. 25 More Types ofNV Messages Personal Space—the distance between ourselves and others Culturally and relationally based Both unconscious and conscious Somewhat reliably related to intimacy Not absolute 26 People have different preference about personal space Nonverbal Norms A large degree of our interpretation of NV cues is normative— based on social & cultural norms Norms provide info about general expectations surrounding NV cues: Expected meanings Appropriate NV behaviors Inappropriate NV behaviors Nonverbal norms reflect the general expectations surrounding nonverbal cues.
- 14. 27 Cue Centered NVNorms Some norms describe expectations for a particular NV behavior across various situations/contexts For instance, what sort of typical expectations do we have regarding a handshake? Two different types of nonverbal norms--- cue centered nonverbal norms; context centered nonverbal norms 28 Cue Centered NV Norms A handshake indicates formal agreement A handshake conveys a respectful greeting A handshake should be firm, but not crushing A handshake should be accompanied by direct eye contact A handshake should be held for at least 2 seconds A handshake is expected when meeting/greeting someone in a professional setting A handshake should be taken when someone offers one. Refusing a handshake signals lack of respect Context Centered NV Norms Other norms govern NV behavior in general (i.e. all types of
- 15. NV cues) withina particular context—e.g. setting, situation, etc. Context Centered NV Norms To help illustrate context centered NV norms, let’s watch a short clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzO1mCAVyMw 31 Context Centered NV Norms Proxemics: When possible should be at least 1 empty urinal between individuals Maintain maximum personal space Oculesics: Don’t initiate or sustain eye contact Should stare straight ahead Example of context centered nonverbal norm-- proxemics 32 Interpersonal Communication Man is but a network of relationships and these aloe matter to him.
- 16. 33 Two Approaches toInterpersonal Communication Quantitative Approach– 2 person, face to face comm Interpersonal communication focuses on the physical context and how many people are involved in the interaction. Occurs within the context of a relationship Also known as dyadic communication—two-person interactions. Limiting issues: Not all 2-person communication is the same Tech advances have impacted face-to-face primacy What is the definition of interpersonal communication? Interpersonal communication is the study of human communication at its most basic and immediate level— communication between individuals. Traditionally, many communication scholars have defined interpersonal communication simply as communication between two people; typically with the underlying assumption that such communication is occurring face to face. Communication with strangers/family member or your significant others—doesn’t take account into the neaunces/diversity/may aspects in ic Face to face v.s. CMC 34 Two Approaches (Continued) Qualitative Approach– Communication based on recognition of communicators as unique individuals Interpersonal communication focuses on the quality or character of communication. Relational communication— emphasizes the influence of
- 17. relationships on communication Dialecticaldistinction—truly interpersonal communication is built over time Impersonal communication as the opposite of interpersonal Another way to define ic is to focus on the character or quality of communication between individuals rather than one based on the number of people involved and context within which they interact. Interpersonal communication differs with other forms of communication in which it occurs within the context of a relationship Interpersonal communication vary in terms of how interpersonal they are—the degree of how interpersonal the communication is. How you have different communication styly/pattern/habit with one particular person. Here comes another concept of impersonal communication. This type of communication is only based on social roles, like a sales representative and a customer. The manner of communication is informal and very superficial, covering topics to instigate a sale or similar transaction How about the communication between a professor and the students? 35 Two Approaches (Continued) We’ll emphasize relational/qualitative, but both approaches are useful. Qualitative: Explores the impact of relationships of communication and importance of communication process in relationships Quantitative: Examines important contexts of communication, especially in
- 18. relationships 36 Relationships & HumanComm: Inextricably Linked Relationships are one of the most significant behavioral influences: Make life meaningful, drive our interactions w/ others, essential to our personal & practical goals Communication is the fundamental relational process, crucial to initiating, developing, & maintaining relationships Relationships & communication are connected. Without communication, it will be impossible to develop, maintain or strengthen relationships. Communication is the fundamental relational process. 37 Communication and Self-Knowledge Our sense of identity is the basis of interactions with other; Self-concept: relatively stable set of perceptions we hold about ourselves defining who we are. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSvRA8jUSxQ
- 19. Self-knowledge and communication wecommunication with others base on our sense of identity, based on who we are, how we know about oursevels; cats hand out with cats; lions might be more comfortable to hang out with lions; self-concept. E.g. positive or negative 38 Communication and Self-Knowledge Our sense of identity is the basis of interactions with other; Reflected appraisal -- how we perceive that others (specific and general) see us based on their words and actions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1VNB5B6qr8 Social comparison— Comparison of the self to others https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3gGkiWSzvg Cultural Messages— baselines/values used in defining self, usually derived from cultural influences. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTE0G9amZNk Social-cognitive orientation – approach we take when talking with others is based on available information we have about them and how we use that information to shape our behavior towards them. Cultural information Sociological information Psychological information Impacts the quality of interpersonal interaction- similar situations have different outcomes. Similar to our perception discussion.
- 20. 39 Communication and Self-Knowledge Self-Disclosure—process by which we voluntarily share information about ourselves that another person is not likely to know. Intentional acts, not inference Truthful information Primarily verbal (but can occasionally be NV) Influenced by context & social/cultural norms Definition; based on our self-concept; how we know about ourselves, individuals vary in how to present themselves to others. 40 Communication and Self-Knowledge Self-disclosure is key to building, developing, & maintaining relationships How we allow others to get know us Also how we get to know them— SD is reciprocal Norm of reciprocity— disclosure if the other discloses too Break the norm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vcyDDb9YAI Dyadic effect—disclosure responses tend to happen in dyads SD changes in nature in a developed relationship, but it is never
- 21. ending Norm of reciprocity:we exchanged information; information goes both way 41 Self-Disclosure Altman & Talyor’s Social Penetration Model —Self disclosure represented by 2 dimensions: Depth: How deeply is a given area explored? Breadth: How many different areas are explored/ revealed? Altman & Taylor’s Social Penetration Model —Self disclosure represented by: Breadth: How many different areas are explored or revealed? Depth: How deeply is a given area explored? 42 Self Disclosure (Cont.) Johari window —categorizes info about the self based on awareness
- 22. Let’s do thisexercise together! Communication is fundamental to relations with others. Communication also shapes your view of yourself. The Johari window is a technique[1] that helps people better understand their relationship with themselves and others. Open, or Arena Adjectives that both the subject and peers select go in this cell (or quadrant) of the grid. These are traits that subject and peers perceive. Hidden, or Façade Adjectives selected by the subject, but not by any of their peers, go in this quadrant. These are things the peers are either unaware of, or that are untrue but for the subject's claim. Blind Spot Adjectives not selected by subjects, but only by their peers go here. These represent what others perceive but the subject does not. Unknown Adjectives that neither subject nor peers selected go here. They represent subject's behaviors or motives that no one participating recognizes—either because they do not apply or because of collective ignorance of these traits. 43 Self Disclosure (Cont.) Johari window —categorizes info about the self based on awareness
- 23. It can helpus to decide on our communication strategy 44 Communication and Relationships Many factors can serve as a catalyst for forming a relationship Similarity 2 key types: Attitudinal similarity – similarity in values, preferences, or beliefs. Important in beginning stages Social preference similarity – shared social activity; when partners prefer to do same things Important throughout stages Many factors can serve as a catalyst for forming a relationship Most are tied to or revealed by communication All factors not always necessary—some may even be contradictory Specific evaluations of each are filtered by perception & self- concept interpersonal relationship 45 Communication and Relationships Appearance Often most important initially More likely to associate positive characteristics with physically attractive others Culture and physical attractiveness:
- 24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT9FmDBrewA Our cultural notionsinfluence our standard of beauty 46 Communication and Relationships Proximity Simply being around someone else and their interactions can predispose us to relationships. Used to be based on physical interaction, technology has changed this concept. Be around somebody if you want him/her to like you 47 Communication and Relationships Reciprocity/liking Tendency to reciprocate in relationships Validation of feelings— when others like us, it makes us feel better about ourselves, including our personalities, appearance, values, and choices. Note: aggressive communication is also reciprocal… we’d like someone who likes ourselves; if someone greets us, we greet them; if they treat us kindly, we respond with kindness towards them; 48 Communication and Relationships
- 25. Competency – abilityto do something well. Competency describes the ability to do something well; We tend to find competency attractive; Affect our evaluations of the potential rewards in a possible relationship. Complementarity/Difference—opposites attract when: Differences are complementary – one’s strengths complements one’s weaknesses Generally contribute to relationship viability over the long term we like to be around competent people Complementarity/Difference one individual’s strengths match up with another person’s weaknesses. Someone with a relative lack of social interaction skills may admire someone who seems to be able to mingle effortlessly with others. 49 Communication and Relationships Social exchange Evaluation of costs and rewards of a potential relationship Equity/equilibrium in relationships weighed in comparison to other available options Comparison level of alternatives versus comparison level E.g., are you expecting positive feedback from your partner when you post a selfie on facebook? We evaluate the costs and rewards of a potential relationship then make decisions about our communication strategies
- 26. 50 Relational Development Duck’s Filteringtheory —in initial interactions, several ‘filters’ are progressively applied Sociological/Incidental cues—demographic/environmental Pre-interaction cues— assumptions of nonverbal characteristics Interaction cues— content, tone, flow of initial interactions Cognitive cues— how we psychologically evaluate individuals following interactions In initial interactions, several “filters” are positively applied to screen potential relational partners—attractive/not 51 Relational Maintenance Conflict — an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties in a relationship. Functional – the relationship strengthens due to conflict https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPQjUJFVFC4 or reasonable argument Dysfunctional – relationship weakens due to conflict, future conflicts occur more frequently Due to differences in perception Relational Maintenance Relational Dialectics—relationships struggle with three primary tensions: Openness/closedness — opposing needs for sharing & privacy Autonomy/connection — opposing needs for connection &
- 27. independence Novelty/predictability – opposingneeds for consistency & excitement Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY9wkrgtGX0 Struggles in relationships 53 Relational Maintenance Listening—Distinct from hearing , 5 elements: Receiving—sensory input Attending—devoting attention, cognitive resources Understanding—processing info in context Responding—verbal & nonverbal responses during/after Recalling—info from listening often relevant in future situations Good and bad listener: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TeOGJP5vGA Learn to listen is a good way to maintain relationships 54 Knapp Model of Relational Development Initiating Experimenting Intensifying
- 28. Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Coming Together Coming Apart Describes a relationshipas a series of stages, emphasizing comm Coming Together : Initiating —the beginnings of a relationship Experimenting —parties learn about each other, identify commonalities Self-disclosure Knapp model of relational development Most influential models of relationships and the communication occurs within them; 10 states that can be broken down into phases of “coming together” and “coming apart” 55 Knapp Model of Relational Development Intensifying —increased commitment and disclosure, & emotional investment; start of ‘we’ thinking
- 29. Integrating —social circlesmerge; others view as a couple Bonding —public ‘rituals’ that legitimize relationship Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Coming Together Coming Apart 56 Knapp Model of Relational Development Coming Apart : Differentiating —emergence of individual differences— identities, priorities, values, etc. Circumscribing —communication becomes restricted (topic/amount) Initiating Experimenting
- 30. Intensifying Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Coming Together Coming Apart 57 Knapp Model ofRelational Development Stagnating —infrequent comm, typically ritualized & insignificant Avoiding —partners avoid each other—physically & emotionally Terminating —Relationship ends & parties come to terms with it (not always mutually) Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing
- 31. Stagnating Avoiding Terminating Coming Together Coming Apart 58 Week #2 ReflectionPaper Violating Nonverbal Norms Find two video clips (on YouTube) that consist violating nonverbal norms. In the videos, two nonverbal norms are violated in two separate situations—someone intentionally do what would not typically be expected in that situation. For instance, using the proxemics norm as an example, in an interesting video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frQdjs9UaYA), a women entered an elevator and moved uncomfortably close to other riders, which clearly violates the norm of personal space. Be sure that the person/people’s behavior in your selected videos is a clear violation of a norm, not just a situation where the opposite norm might apply. 59 In your assignment you must do the following for each example:
- 32. Provide the linkof the video Summarize the video by stating which norm was being violated; describe the situation and how the person/people did so Describe the reactions of other people you observed Discuss the reasons why you think the nonverbal norm should exist Format: 2 pages, double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman, 1 inch-margin. Please don’t include the instructions in your paper. Follow Instructions and answer the prompt questions as instructed. Writer must Complete every sentence of the question in detail. No short cuts, only way to receive the highest grade. Professor is very detail about instructions and answering the question every step. Paper 1. Write a 400-500-word essay in response to Question 3 from "Critiquing Philosophical Views" on p. 221. Paper 2 Write a 400-500-word essay in response to the Philosophy Lab on p. 233.