Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that is usually diagnosed accidentally when patient present to the hospital for another ailment.
Currently, about 425 million people in the world are living with DM (IDF data). A total of about 16 million people are living with diabetes in the African Region and by 2045, an estimated 41 million people will be affected.
Delivered at the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention at the EDSA Shangri-la, Manila 2015. Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes in the Philippines.
Delivered at the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention at the EDSA Shangri-la, Manila 2015. Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes in the Philippines.
Diabetes and pregnancy - Endocrine society guidelines 2013Jagjit Khosla
This presentation talks about diabetes mellitus in relation to pregnancy. It classifies diabetes in pregnant pts as overt and gestational diabetes. Then it discusses the various guidelines given by Endocrine Society in 2013 for management of diabetic patients during pregnancy
This is a presentation on the management of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. This presentation is based primarily on the ADA guidelines 2015.
Diabetes and pregnancy - Endocrine society guidelines 2013Jagjit Khosla
This presentation talks about diabetes mellitus in relation to pregnancy. It classifies diabetes in pregnant pts as overt and gestational diabetes. Then it discusses the various guidelines given by Endocrine Society in 2013 for management of diabetic patients during pregnancy
This is a presentation on the management of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. This presentation is based primarily on the ADA guidelines 2015.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose level caused by either absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Classifications,sings and symptoms,complications,and prevalence of the disease particularly in Egypt are presented. Management of diabetic patients undergoing oral surgical procedures is discussed.
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar), which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. The most common is type 2 diabetes, usually in adults, which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. In the past 3 decades the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels. Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself. For people living with diabetes, access to affordable treatment, including insulin, is critical to their survival. There is a globally agreed target to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025.
Street children are the casualties of economic growth, war, poverty, loss of traditional values, domestic violence, physical and mental abuse.
Every street child has a reason for being on the streets. While some children are lured by the promise of excitement and freedom.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. ABBREVIATIONS
NCDS Noncommunicable Diseases
DM Diabetes Mellitus
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
IFG Impaired Fasting Glucose
WHO World Health Organization
BMI Body Mass Index
GI Glycemic Index
FBS Fasting Blood Sugar
RBS Random Blood Sugar
CVD Cardiovascular Diseases
HTN Hypertension
CHO Carbohydrate
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3. The four leading NCDS (cardiovascular diseases,
cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes) share
four risk factors: TOBACCO USE, HARMFUL USE OF
ALCOHOL, UNHEALTHY DIET, and PHYSICAL
INACTIVITY.
These in turn lead to other key
metabolic/physiological changes such as raised
blood pressure, overweight/obesity, raised blood
glucose, and higher cholesterol levels.
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4. A group of metabolic diseases characterized by
HYPERGLYCEMIA resulting from defects in INSULIN
secretion, insulin action or both.
DIABETES MELLITUS
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5. Type 1 DM:
an autoimmune condition that results from the body attacking its
own pancreas with antibodies resulting into inability of pancreas to
make insulin. The onset is usually below 30 years of age.
Type 2 DM:
this is characterized by high blood glucose, insulin resistance and
relative lack of insulin. The onset is usually after 30 years of age.
Gestational DM:
glucose intolerance or hyperglycemia first detected at any time
during pregnancy.
TYPES
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6. RISK FACTORS
MODIFIABLE NON-MODIFIABLE
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY/LACK OF
EXERCISE
FIRST DEGREE FAMILY OF DM(FATHER,
MOTHER, SIBLINGS OR CHILDREN)
OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY PREVIOUS DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
DRUGS: STEROIDS(PREDNISOLONE) ADVANCING AGE
UNHEALTHY DIETS: HIGH FAT, HIGH
CALORIE DIET
HISTORY OF EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL
INTAKE
HISTORY OF HYPERTENSION
HISTORY OF BEING DIAGNOSED OR
BEING TREATED FOR ABNORMAL
CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
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7. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
ASYMPTOMATIC
EXCESSIVE THIRST
INCREASED HUNGER
FREQUENT
URINATION
UNEXPLAINED
WEIGHT LOSS
ABDOMINAL PAIN
BLURRED VISION
FATIGUE
SLOW HEALING
WOUND
TINGLING SENSATION
OR NUMBNESS IN
THE HAND OR FEET
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8. WORLDWIDE BURDEN:
The number of patients with type 2 DM is increasing rapidly in both
developed and developing countries around the world.
In 1985, there were about 100-115 million people living with DM,
increased to 135 and 151 million in 1995 and 2000 respectively.
Currently, about 425 million people in the world are living with DM
(IDF data). A total of about 16 million people are living with diabetes
in the African Region and by 2045, an estimated 41 million people will
be affected.
WHY DIABETES
MELLITUS?
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9. THE BURDEN IN NIGERIA AND LAGOS STATE :
Nigeria is home to 4 million people living with DM or a fifth of all DM
cases in sub-Saharan Africa.
In Lagos State, DM accounts for a sixth of all cases admitted into the
medical wards and one in six of these cases result in death.
Hyperglycaemic emergencies remain a major cause of concern in
Nigerians with DM. They account for 40% of all DM admissions in
hospitals within the state and are listed as on of the three
complications of DM associated with high case fatality rates.
WHY DIABETES
MELLITUS?
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10. According to IDF, about 2 million undiagnoseddiabetes caseswere estimated in
Nigeria in 2013, with this responsible for over 40,000 deathsresultingfrom diabetes
and its complicationsin the country.
DM related kidney disease is assuming an increasingrole as a cause of CKD in
Nigeria. DM nephropathy accountsfor a sixth of all diagnoses in persons undergoing
dialysis.
Cardiovascular complicationsof DM such as stroke and peripheral disease have been
reported in 11% and 37% of persons with DM respectively in hospital settings in Lagos.
DM has also been notedto account for 2.1% of cases of heart failure.
Foot ulcerationis one complication of DM that is widelyreported with prevalence
rate of 9.5% and 4 in 10 cases result in death.Foot ulceration isreported to occur in
25% of all new cases of DM and is associated with an in-hospital mortalityrate of 43%
WHY DIABETES
MELLITUS?
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11. Globally, about 25% of patients with type 2 DM already have complications at
initial presentation due to the slowly progressive nature compared to type 1
DM
A profile of people with diabetes in Nigeria published in 2008 reported 35.5%
had retinopathy, 3.2% had nephropathy, 16% had diabetic foot ulcers, 59.2%
had peripheral neuropathy, 4.7% had stroke and 60.9% were hypertensive.
DM is associated with sexual dysfunction in men and women. 88% of diabetic
women living with DM reported sexual dysfunction in a hospital based
survey in Lagos. 35-90% of men with DM will present with erectile
dysfunction or impotence during their lifetime. Erectile dysfunction in
diabetic men occur as a result of nerve damage, narrowing of blood vessels
and muscle impairment.
WHY DIABETES
MELLITUS?
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12. The World Health Organization recommendations
Random Blood Glucose Test
Fasting Blood Glucose Test
Oral GlucoseTolerance Test
Glycated Hemoglobin(HbA1C)Test
DIAGNOSIS OF DM
CRITERIA FOR THE SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
TESTS PREDIABETES DIABETES
HbA1C 5.7-6.4%* ≥6.5%+
FBG/FPG 110-125mg/dL(6.1-6.9mmol/L)* ≥126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L)+
OGTT 140-199mg/dL(7.8-11mmol/L) * ≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L)+
RBG/RPG ≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L)++
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13. Generally, the best form of prevention is getting tested
early as over 50% of DM is preventable . Regular monitoring
of blood glucose is of great benefit.
Avoid sedentary lifestyle
Refrain from excessive alcohol intake
Do not indulge in smoking and abuse of drugs
PREVENTION AND
MANAGEMENT
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14. Physical exercise has been considered as one of the cornerstone in
the treatment of DM along with nutrition and medications.
Individuals with DM are encouraged to exercise to promote blood
glucose control and lessen the risk of CVD. Muscles use more glucose
while working than resting and this leads to greater glucose uptake
by muscle cells which eventually lowers blood glucose levels.
It is recommended that 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise is
completed every week. This amounts to 30 minutes of exercise, 5
times a week.
EXERCISE AND
DIABETES MELLITUS
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15. AEROBIC EXERCISES: Walking, Cycling, Jogging, Dancing, Brisk
walking, Swimming and many more.
STRENGHT EXERCISES: Exercise with free weights, Elastic
resistance bands and others .
FLEXIBILITY EXERCISES: Shoulder and Upper arm stretch, Calf
stretch and others.
BALANCE EXERCISES: Heel-to-toe walk, Standing on one foot.
FORMS OF EXERCISE
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16. BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
ACHIEVING
IDEAL WEIGHT
CONTROL
REDUCING THE
RISK OF
DEVELOPING
CVD: HTN,
HEART ATTACK
REDUCING THE
RISK OF
DEVELOPING
SOME TYPES OF
CANCERS.
STRENGTHENING
BONES AND
MUSCLES.
IMPROVING
MENTAL HEALTH
AND MOOD.
IMPROVING THE
ABILITY TO DO
DAILY ACTIVITIES
AND PREVENT
FALLS IN OLDER
ADULTS.
INCREASING
CHANCES OF
LIVING LONGER.
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17. Diet plays an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes.
Diet must be tailored to suit the nutritional needs of an individual
living with diabetes.
When planning a typical meal for a diabetic, the key things to
consider are the type of carbohydrates and the portion size of the
carbohydrate in the meal.
There is no one-size-fits-all diet for persons with diabetes as it is
expected to be individualized in order to promote health and reduce
the risk of developing chronic disorders.
DIABETES MELLITUS
AND NUTRITION
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18. BENEFITS OF
NUTRITION
MAINTAIN HEALTHY NUTRITIONAL STATUS
THEREBY IMPROVING OVERALL HEALTH.
ENSURE THAT BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND HBA1C ARE
WITHIN TARGET RANGE OR NEAR NORMAL RANGES AS
POSSIBLE.
MAINTAIN A HEALTHY BODY MASS INDEX(BMI:
18.5 – 24.9).
PREVENT, DELAY AND TREAT THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF
INSULIN SUCH AS HYPOGLYCEMIA, AND LONG TERM
COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS FATTY LIVER DISEASE.
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19. Carbohydrates are primarily the direct cause of rise in blood glucose
levels. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are detrimental to our
health.
Glycemic Index(GI) is a measure of how quickly a carbohydrate is
digested and absorbed into the bloodstream after ingestion. This
concept is useful during meal planning for people living with
diabetes. The lower the GI the better the carbohydrate food.
It’s advisable for diabetic to focus regularly on the complex
carbohydrate which are high in fibre, nutrient dense with low-to-
medium GI.
DIABETES MELLITUS
AND CARBOHYDRATES
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20. VARIETIES OF
CARBOHYDRATE FOODS
VARIETIES OF CARBOHYDRATE FOODS
TOP CLASS: LOW-TO-
MEDIUM GI
MIDDLE CLASS: MEDIUM
TO HIGH GI
LOW CLASS: HIGH GI
WHEAT
UNRIPE PLANTAIN
OATS
LOCAL/BROWN RICE
WATER YAM
WHITE RICE/BREAD
YAM, CASSAVA,
POTATOES
MAIZE PRODUCTS
REFINED FLOUR
PRODUCTS
NATURAL FRUITS
SWEETENED BEVERAGES:
CHOCOLATE DRINKS, SOFT
DRINKS
HONEY
TABLE SUGAR
SWEETENED
CONFECTIONARIES: CAKE
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21. VARIETIES OF
CARBOHYDRATE FOODS
SOME CHO PORTION SIZES SUITABLE FOR
DIABETIC PER MEAL
CHO CATEGORIES COMMON “MODEL SIZES" FOR MEDIUM QUANTITY
SOLID
SEMI SOLID
GRAINS
BREAD
OTHERS
One fist size of ANY cooked CHO: wheat, eba ….
250mls of ANY semi solid CHO: pap, oat….
½ cup / one SERVICE SPOON of any beans inclusive.
2-4 slices / 50 naira worth of Agege bread
One mature length of unripe plantain, a wrap of
“eko” #30 worth or a wrap of moimoi #100 worth.
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22. The recommended calorie intake for a healthy adult is 45-65% CHO, 20-25% fat
and 10-35% protein.
People living with diabetes are advised to consume medium sized CHO
portions regularly because total amount of CHO consumed has influence on
GI.
All fruits contain sugar and loads of vitamins and minerals and should be
taken in required quantities as part of healthy diet.
Vegetables contain mainly vitamins, mineral with high fibres which aid
digestion and reduce sugar absorption in the body thereby reducing the GI.
WHO recommends 25-35g (144/1000calories) of fibres daily and this is
equivalent to 3-5 servings of vegetables daily.
SERVING SIZE AND
PORTION SIZES
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24. One serving of bread, grains and tubers: One slice of bread, half cup of
cooked rice, 6-10 tablespoon of cereal, two small potatoes
One serving of vegetables: Two hand full of raw vegetables or a cup of
full cooked vegetables.
One serving of fruit: One medium apple, orange or one mature length
banana.
One egg, one matchbox size of cheese, a deck card for fish and meat.
Oils and fats and sugars should be taken sparingly.
EXPLANATION
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25. TAKE HOME NOTE
Eat variety of foods to get a wide array of nutrients daily.
Avoid overeating, eat moderate size of food regularly especially CHO portion.
No FEASTING! No FASTING!
Ensure you eat fruits cautiously
Avoid sugary foods and sweets, limit refined foods.
Limit intake of foods with high cholesterol such as egg yolk and organ meat, use lean cut of meat.
Meal spacing should between 4-5 hours apart.
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26. TAKE HOME NOTE
INCLUDE
VEGETABLES(CUCU
MBER, GARDEN EGG)
AND NUTS(CASHEW
NUT, WALNUTS,
TIGER NUT) AS PART
OF YOUR SNACKS.
AVOID LATE NIGHT
MEAL PAST 8:00PM,
IF YOU MUST EAT
MAKE IT HALVE OF
THE DAYTIME
PORTION.
DRINK PLENTY
OF WATER PER
DAY.
KEEP TRACK OF
FBS AND RBS
WITH
GLUCOMETER AS
RECOMMENDED.
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27. A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF NCDS ARE
PREVENTABLE THROUGH THE
REDUCTION OF THEIR FOUR MAIN
BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS: TOBACCO
USE, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, HARMFUL
USE OF ALCOHOL AND UNHEALTHY
DIET.
CONCLUSION
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Except during hypoglycaemia emergency, people living with diabetes are advised to keep watch of their intake of carbohydrate foods in the low class variety as they give off glucose into the blood stream rapidly thereby leading to blood glucose spike. Proteins and fats do not affect blood glucose levels significantly.
Except during hypoglycaemia emergency, people living with diabetes are advised to keep watch of their intake of carbohydrate foods in the low class variety as they give off glucose into the blood stream rapidly thereby leading to blood glucose spike. Proteins and fats do not affect blood glucose levels significantly.
The food pyramid represents the optimal servings to be eaten daily from each of the basic food groups. Understanding the food pyramid and its use is key to staying healthy.