1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime?  Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face 2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?  3. According to the CFR, what is one of the greatest challenges of utilizing these mechanisms? (300 Words) ------- INFORMATION  https://www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6QQTiAnOVM ------- sTUDENT EXAMPLES 2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?  The United Nations is known as the central global authority for developing standards on issues and laws all across the world. They are known for being able to develop international norms and find legitimate ways to be able to enforce those standards in countries. In order for all of these standards, norms, and laws to be enforced, there are many different mechanisms within the United States placed there to make sure that everything runs smoothly and that the standards are reached. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the mechanisms within the United Nation include the UNSC Action, UN Human Rights Council, committees of elected experts, various rapporteurs, special representatives and working groups. Together, all of these mechanisms work together to attempt to enforce human rights. What all of these have in common is that they all have the same goals of raising political will as well as public awareness, they also seek to evaluate the ways that states assess issues dealing with human rights, and offer technological advice to states on how to improve how they deal with human rights. In addition to these mechanisms, there are also war crime tribunals such as the International Criminal Court, tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and hybrid courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia. The war crime tribunals also aid the United Nations in making sure that human rights are being enforced in all of these nations, and if there is a legal issue between two nations on whether the standards are being kept or not, one nation may bring legal action against another. References:  “The Global Human Rights Regime.” Council on Foreign Relations , Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime. ------------- In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime? Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face? INGOs and NGOs have become a prominent part of global society. Starting from the UN Charter and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, several countries have now joined various organizations to promote human rights. HRINGOs are motivated by their principles and are powered by their committed constituencies. Hence why they are.

1. 1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society)
participate within the International Human Rights Regime?
Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they
face
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what
mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human
rights? Are they effective?
3. According to the CFR, what is one of the greatest challenges
of utilizing these mechanisms?
(300 Words)
-------
INFORMATION
https://www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6QQTiAnOVM
-------
sTUDENT EXAMPLES
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what
mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human
rights? Are they effective?
The United Nations is known as the central global authority for
developing standards on issues and laws all across the world.
They are known for being able to develop international norms

2. and find legitimate ways to be able to enforce those standards in
countries. In order for all of these standards, norms, and laws to
be enforced, there are many different mechanisms within the
United States placed there to make sure that everything runs
smoothly and that the standards are reached. According to the
Council on Foreign Relations, the mechanisms within the
United Nation include the UNSC Action, UN Human Rights
Council, committees of elected experts, various rapporteurs,
special representatives and working groups. Together, all of
these mechanisms work together to attempt to enforce human
rights. What all of these have in common is that they all have
the same goals of raising political will as well as public
awareness, they also seek to evaluate the ways that states assess
issues dealing with human rights, and offer technological advice
to states on how to improve how they deal with human rights. In
addition to these mechanisms, there are also war crime tribunals
such as the International Criminal Court, tribunals for the
former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and hybrid courts in Sierra
Leone and Cambodia. The war crime tribunals also aid the
United Nations in making sure that human rights are being
enforced in all of these nations, and if there is a legal issue
between two nations on whether the standards are being kept or
not, one nation may bring legal action against another.
References:
“The Global Human Rights Regime.”
Council on Foreign Relations
, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/report/global-
human-rights-regime.
-------------
In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society)

3. participate within the International Human Rights Regime? Are
they effective and what are some of the challenges they face?
INGOs and NGOs have become a prominent part of global
society. Starting from the UN Charter and the UN Declaration
of Human Rights, several countries have now joined various
organizations to promote human rights. HRINGOs are motivated
by their principles and are powered by their committed
constituencies. Hence why they are not afraid to document and
publicize human rights violations across the world. This is very
important because human rights research documents a world-
level process in which oppressed citizens use international
channels to publicize human rights violations and pressure their
governments and multinational corporations. According to
Tsutsui and Min, “At the international level, political
opportunities open up for local populations when their
governments join intergovernmental human rights organizations
via international human rights treaties. By ratifying these
treaties, governments expressed their willingness to be judged
by a series of benchmarks and to be held ac-countable for
failing to live up to their promises. Commitment to these
organizations renders the governments more vulnerable to
criticism from abroad about their domestic human rights
practices, thus providing local populations with in-ternational
level opportunities to pressure their governments.” This
demonstrates that in order for these countries to be a part of
these organizations, they are expected to fit a certain human
rights profile. Some of the challenges they face are state
sovereignty, global human rights poses a threat to governmental
actors because they tend to constrain state behavior in domestic
political affairs. A lot of the time, stronger governments such as
the United States who fund these organizations don't want to
comply with the rules. Also, there are some governments who
choose not to join or sign treaties enabling them not to be
punished. Unlike non governmental organizations,

4. governmental agencies tend to be more averse to commit to
human rights causes because they are concerned about
undermining state sovereignty, which global human rights
almost inevitably do. However, because of their flexibility and
lack of concern for state sovereignty, NGOs have been able to
aggressively push the international human rights government
forward. “Global civil society plays a key role in this
evolutionary process, as it sustains political life outside
governmental networks and enhances progressive movements
that governments tend to abhor. With increasing participation of
activists in developing countries as well as those in developed
countries in global civil society, the potential for more global
progressives social movement is growing, as is the potential for
real social change in important issue areas such as global
inequality and environmentalism”( Tsutsui and Min).
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3. According to the CFR, what is one of the greatest challenges
of utilizing these mechanisms?
The international human rights system has made many welcome
strides, including stronger response in the Muslim world and a
lesser degree of commitment to deterrence and responsibility of
massacres and major powers. The key processes include UNSC
action, the UN Human Rights Council, elected advisory groups,
numerous rapporteurs and special delegates as well as working
parties. War crimes trials also contribute to standards growth
and compliance. All of them aim to increase political will and
public opinion, evaluate state and warring parties' human rights-
related actions, and provide states professional guidance on
human rights progress. However, these mechanisms are far from
consistent. Generally, when they are effective, they change
states' conduct by publicizing abuses rather than by providing
technical advice or applying punitive measures. Capacity

5. building—especially for human rights—is often expensive and
daunting, viewed with suspicion, and the success of assistance
is notoriously hard to measure. In many cases, national
governments have signed international commitments to promote
and protect human rights, and earnestly wish to implement
them, but are incapable of doing so. Myriad treaties,
agreements, and statements have enshrined human rights on the
international community's agenda, and some regional
organizations have followed suit.
These agreements lack binding clauses to ensure that action
matches rhetoric, however, and many important violators have
not signed on. Meanwhile, organizations in the Middle East and
Asia, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) and the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation, focus primarily on economic cooperation and have
historically made scant progress on human rights. Corruption
continues to hamper implementation throughout Latin America
and Africa, and a dearth of leadership in African nations has
slowed institutionalization. =In addition, states often attach
qualifiers to their signatures that dilute their commitments. On
the other hand, states are under are no binding obligation to
observe or implement rights resolutions unless passed—without
a veto—through the UN Security Council or one of the few
regional bodies with binding authority over member states.
Capacity building—especially for human rights—is often
expensive and daunting, viewed with suspicion, and the success
of assistance is notoriously hard to measure. In many cases,
national governments have signed international commitments to
promote and protect human rights, and earnestly wish to
implement them, but are incapable of doing so.
Sources:
“The Global Human Rights Regime.”
Council on Foreign Relations

6. , Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/report/global-
human-rights-regime.