Basic concept of structural health assessment of the structure or structural evaluation is mainly based on visual examination and NDT. The purpose of visual examination is to know the status of structures under applied load and other environmental. Structural health assessments can be made with NDT methods to provide important information for the structural performance of the concrete, rebar location etc. There are different NDT Techniques for assessment of concrete quality e.g. Rebound Hammer, Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity, Impact-echo etc. Sonic-Integrity Test (SIT) & Pile Integrity Tester is based on principle of Impact-Echo. Rebound hammer can be used to find hardness of the concrete structure surface, and its strength is related using inbuilt calibration curve in the instrument. Ultra-sonic Pulse Velocity Equipment can be used to observe wave transmission through Concrete structure. The Present paper includes the study of correlation of experimental studies with laboratory results. The objective of overall investigation is to assess the existing quality, integrity and compressive strength of concrete in the raft, beam, column and superstructure element. This can be utilized for overall structural safety appraisal of the structure. Besides, in case of any inadequacy in the concrete quality being revealed, suitable remedial measures can also be suggested.
Experimental Evaluation of Metal Composite Multi Bolt Radial Joint on Laminat...IJERA Editor
Longitudinal tensile load exerted due to internal hydraulic pressure, on bolted radial joints between large size PAN carbon epoxy filament wound composite cylindrical section and small size 15CDV6 steel cylindrical sections, were simulated and tested on flat laminate level, mainly to check the strength of PAN carbon epoxy helical wound laminate made by wet winding method. Small segmental portion of circumference of cylindrical sections was considered as width of composite laminate and of metallic plates, necessary to accommodate 5 rows of fasteners in transverse direction with specified pitch distance. Bolted radial joints between carbon epoxy helical wound flat laminate and 15CDV6 steel plates were realized with 8 numbers of steel fasteners distributed in 3 longitudinal and 5 transverse rows at each joint. Helical angle of winding, length and thickness of carbon epoxy laminate was ±22.5°, 458mm and 11mm respectively. Length and structural thickness of radial joints, total length and width of assembly test specimen were 98mm, 18mm, 870mm and 169.43mm respectively. Joints were tested under uni-axial tensile load up to failure. Joints failed at 18 tonnes (1.7 times of design load). Failure mode was observed as initiation of bearing failure at all 8, countersink fastener holes in laminate and shear out failure at edge hole. Strains in fibre direction, at 45°and at transverse to fibre direction were found very less. Maximum compressive strain and residual strain, near fastener holes were found as -1423 and -136 micro strain respectively. Test was successful.
Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Opening for Combi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of reinforced concrete beams with openings. Beams were cast with different sized circular openings in various locations and tested under two-point bending loads. Concrete cubes were also tested to determine compressive strength. Finite element models of beams with openings were also created in ANSYS to analyze stresses and deflections. Results showed that deflection increased with larger opening size. Additional reinforcement is needed around openings to prevent cracking. Future work will involve testing reinforced beams to validate analytical models and determine optimal reinforcement designs.
The document outlines inspection procedures and tolerances for pre-casting and post-concreting works. It aims to ensure quality, measure constructed works against standards and specifications, and address any issues. Key aspects to check include formwork, embedded items, dimensions of elements, alignment/levels, and exposed concrete surfaces. Tolerances are provided for dimensions, locations, and defects. The procedures seek to establish a systematic quality process within reasonable time and cost constraints.
Presentation on steel, fabrication & erection Munger Ganga BridgeAshish Kumar Yadav
Presentation on Steel Fabrication work and Erection of girder by Cantilever erection method.
One of the largest bridge in India (Bridge Length 3.690 Km)
Similar Bridge 1. Patna- Sonpur (Digha Bridge) across the river Ganga, Bihar
2. Bogibeel across river Brahmaputra in Assam
The document describes a point connection system called Greenflex for precast insulated sandwich panels. Greenflex is made of glass fiber reinforced polymer and connects the two layers of insulated sandwich panels. It comes in three heights and thicknesses to fit various panel geometries up to 13 meters long and 3.5 meters wide. Greenflex allows for fast and flexible installation, reduces thermal bridging, and permits thermal expansion of the external panel layer while keeping the layers connected as a composite panel. It enhances insulation and reduces costs.
Fabrication and Quality Control of structural steelAhmed Allam
Fabrication is the process of assembling steel structures after production in mills. It involves receiving raw materials like steel sections, plates, and fasteners then preparing them through cutting, drilling holes, and rolling plates. The main fabrication procedures are production using cold forming, welding together components after edge preparation, and applying surface protection through methods like blasting and painting. Non-destructive testing techniques help ensure quality by identifying any defects in welds. Quality control focuses on maintaining standards while quality assurance establishes how well quality will be achieved.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold-Form Steel Section wi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel closed built-up channel sections with and without square perforations. Beams were tested under two-point loading to measure deflection. Results showed that sections with and without perforations had similar load capacities, indicating perforations do not significantly reduce strength. Theoretical calculations using design codes were also conducted and found to match experimental results reasonably well. It was concluded that incorporating perforations into cold-formed steel sections could reduce material costs without compromising structural performance.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
Experimental Evaluation of Metal Composite Multi Bolt Radial Joint on Laminat...IJERA Editor
Longitudinal tensile load exerted due to internal hydraulic pressure, on bolted radial joints between large size PAN carbon epoxy filament wound composite cylindrical section and small size 15CDV6 steel cylindrical sections, were simulated and tested on flat laminate level, mainly to check the strength of PAN carbon epoxy helical wound laminate made by wet winding method. Small segmental portion of circumference of cylindrical sections was considered as width of composite laminate and of metallic plates, necessary to accommodate 5 rows of fasteners in transverse direction with specified pitch distance. Bolted radial joints between carbon epoxy helical wound flat laminate and 15CDV6 steel plates were realized with 8 numbers of steel fasteners distributed in 3 longitudinal and 5 transverse rows at each joint. Helical angle of winding, length and thickness of carbon epoxy laminate was ±22.5°, 458mm and 11mm respectively. Length and structural thickness of radial joints, total length and width of assembly test specimen were 98mm, 18mm, 870mm and 169.43mm respectively. Joints were tested under uni-axial tensile load up to failure. Joints failed at 18 tonnes (1.7 times of design load). Failure mode was observed as initiation of bearing failure at all 8, countersink fastener holes in laminate and shear out failure at edge hole. Strains in fibre direction, at 45°and at transverse to fibre direction were found very less. Maximum compressive strain and residual strain, near fastener holes were found as -1423 and -136 micro strain respectively. Test was successful.
Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Opening for Combi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of reinforced concrete beams with openings. Beams were cast with different sized circular openings in various locations and tested under two-point bending loads. Concrete cubes were also tested to determine compressive strength. Finite element models of beams with openings were also created in ANSYS to analyze stresses and deflections. Results showed that deflection increased with larger opening size. Additional reinforcement is needed around openings to prevent cracking. Future work will involve testing reinforced beams to validate analytical models and determine optimal reinforcement designs.
The document outlines inspection procedures and tolerances for pre-casting and post-concreting works. It aims to ensure quality, measure constructed works against standards and specifications, and address any issues. Key aspects to check include formwork, embedded items, dimensions of elements, alignment/levels, and exposed concrete surfaces. Tolerances are provided for dimensions, locations, and defects. The procedures seek to establish a systematic quality process within reasonable time and cost constraints.
Presentation on steel, fabrication & erection Munger Ganga BridgeAshish Kumar Yadav
Presentation on Steel Fabrication work and Erection of girder by Cantilever erection method.
One of the largest bridge in India (Bridge Length 3.690 Km)
Similar Bridge 1. Patna- Sonpur (Digha Bridge) across the river Ganga, Bihar
2. Bogibeel across river Brahmaputra in Assam
The document describes a point connection system called Greenflex for precast insulated sandwich panels. Greenflex is made of glass fiber reinforced polymer and connects the two layers of insulated sandwich panels. It comes in three heights and thicknesses to fit various panel geometries up to 13 meters long and 3.5 meters wide. Greenflex allows for fast and flexible installation, reduces thermal bridging, and permits thermal expansion of the external panel layer while keeping the layers connected as a composite panel. It enhances insulation and reduces costs.
Fabrication and Quality Control of structural steelAhmed Allam
Fabrication is the process of assembling steel structures after production in mills. It involves receiving raw materials like steel sections, plates, and fasteners then preparing them through cutting, drilling holes, and rolling plates. The main fabrication procedures are production using cold forming, welding together components after edge preparation, and applying surface protection through methods like blasting and painting. Non-destructive testing techniques help ensure quality by identifying any defects in welds. Quality control focuses on maintaining standards while quality assurance establishes how well quality will be achieved.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Cold-Form Steel Section wi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel closed built-up channel sections with and without square perforations. Beams were tested under two-point loading to measure deflection. Results showed that sections with and without perforations had similar load capacities, indicating perforations do not significantly reduce strength. Theoretical calculations using design codes were also conducted and found to match experimental results reasonably well. It was concluded that incorporating perforations into cold-formed steel sections could reduce material costs without compromising structural performance.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
Comparative Study on Flexural Strength of M-40 Grade with Lapping of BarsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the flexural strength of M-40 grade concrete beams with different percentages of lapping (overlapping) of reinforcement bars. Cubes and beams were cast and tested according to Indian standards. The compressive strength of cubes increased with the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand. Beams with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% lapping of bars were tested under two-point loading. Cracking and ultimate loads increased with higher lapping percentages, with 0% lapping exhibiting the highest strength. Higher lapping percentages led to higher deflections at given loads. In conclusion, manufactured sand can be used as a replacement for natural sand in concrete with similar properties. Higher lapping
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
This document discusses different types of gauges used for measurement and quality control, including plug gauges, ring gauges, snap gauges, feeler gauges, and limit gauges. It describes the purpose and design of each type of gauge. For example, it states that plug gauges consist of two cylindrical wear-resistant plugs - a GO plug matching the minimum hole size and a NO-GO plug matching the maximum hole size. The document also covers Taylor's principle of gauge design, wear allowance, and includes assignment questions related to gauge design.
Research on the influence of sagging and continuous undercut on the capacityIAEME Publication
This document discusses research on the influence of sagging and undercut imperfections on the capacity of butt-welded joints. Standard probes were made from steel S235JR using prescribed welding techniques. Sagging was simulated on one side of a probe, while undercut was simulated on both sides of another probe. The probes underwent visual examination, radiographic testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and toughness testing. Results from these tests were used to analyze the stress distribution and behavior of the imperfect welded joints compared to a standard welded joint without imperfections using finite element analysis software. The purpose of the research was to better understand how such imperfections affect welded joint design to optimize safety and cost.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Steel SlagIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of m-sand (natural sand) with steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing m-sand with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel slag by volume. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mix without steel slag. The results showed that replacing up to 30% of m-sand with steel slag did not negatively impact the strength of the concrete and can be a viable way to utilize an industrial waste product in construction.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Characteristic Behaviour of CFDSST, CFDSSAT &...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the behavior of concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST), concrete filled double skin steel aluminum tube (CFDSSAT), and concrete filled double skin steel PVC tube (CFDSSPT) columns with and without external steel rings. A series of axial compression tests were performed on 18 column specimens - 6 of each type. The results showed that the load carrying capacity and ductility of the CFDSST, CFDSSAT, and CFDSSPT specimens increased with the addition of external steel rings compared to those without rings. Of the three types, the CFDSSAT specimens exhibited the highest ultimate load values.
Finite Element Analysis of the Composite Patch Repairs of the PlatesIJERA Editor
Adhesively-bonded patches are used for repair of different types of damages such as holes, notches, scratches, cracks etc. occurring in metallic as well as composite structures. The composite patching is the most widely used method of restoring the load-carrying capacity of the weakened structure. Due to the rapid growth of aerospace industry, analysis of adhesively-bonded patches to repair cracked structures have been the focus for many years. Most of these studies investigated repaired structures using linear analysis and demonstrated the viability of adhesively-bonded patch-repairs as a means to improve the durability and damage tolerance of cracked metallic structures efficiently and economically.Many researchers performed more intensive research on the method and presented the advantages of a composite material patch used for the cracked plate repairing. It was found that the bonded patch method not only reduces the weight but also increases the service life.In this research work, the analysis of cracked metallic and composite plates which are repaired by bonded-composite patches is performed using Finite Element Analysis package FRANC2D/L. This package is available with its corresponding mesh generating program CACSA. They are developed by Cornel Fracture Group, Cornel University.In this study, various fracture parameters for the structures are found out. It revealed that, the application of the bonded composite patches effectively reduces the stress intensity factor (SIF) near the crack tip and hence retards or eliminates the crack propagation. As the chances of fracture are almost reduced, the life of the structures increases by almost double of the initial. The main advantage of this patch repair technology is that, it doesn’t increase the weight of the structure too much.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper investigates tool wear and surface quality in hard turning of 52100 steel hardened to 58-62 HRC. Experiments were conducted using polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools under five different cutting conditions. Tool wear was analyzed by measuring flank wear and crater wear over the life of each tool. A power law relationship was observed between flank wear and material removed. Surface roughness values were also measured and compared to theoretical values based on cutting geometry. The goal was to determine the effect of cutting parameters on tool wear, tool geometry changes, and resulting surface quality of the hardened steel workpieces.
The document summarizes the facilities, capabilities, and products of JSPL Structural Steel Division. It has two major plants located in Raigarh and Angul, India with a total annual capacity of 180,000 metric tons. The plants are equipped with state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities for plate processing, beam welding, drilling, shot blasting, painting, and quality inspection. JSPL Structural Steel Division provides a wide range of structural steel products including heavy industrial structures, light buildings, pre-engineered buildings, and light gauge structures. It services major customers in sectors like power, mining, and construction.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the formability and wrinkling limits of various high strength steel sheets supplied by TATA Steel. Dr. R. Narayanasamy is the principal investigator, studying properties like tensile strength, forming limit diagrams, strain distribution, fractography, and texture. Tests were conducted on interstitial free steel, dual phase steel, and other varieties in thicknesses from 0.6mm to 2.0mm. Charts of chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and forming limit diagrams are presented for each steel type.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (LM-13) REINFORCED WITH NANO-ZrO2 MA...ijiert bestjournal
In the present investigation,aluminum alloy (LM 13) is dispersed with Nano-ZrO 2 particles by stir casting technique followed by the hot extru sion process. Particulate size dispersed varies from 50-80 nm and the amount of addiction va ries from 2 to 10wt% in steps of 2%. The wear characteristics of the developed nano meta l matrix composite are analyzed by pin- on-disc dry sliding wear test against hardened stee l under varying loads. Nano ZrO 2 particulates have an excellent load bearing capacit y under applied load in sliding process,thus enhancing the wear resistance of nano metal ma trix composites. The wear resistance increases as the wt. % of reinforcement content inc reases in the matrix material and wear resistance decreases as the applied load increases. Wear resistance is more in nano composites as compared to the LM13 matrix material.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Canister testing chamber design & analysis using femIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and finite element analysis of a canister testing chamber. The chamber is used to test canisters that must withstand internal pressures of 45 bar and external pressures of 9 bar. The analysis focuses on determining the appropriate bolt size to prevent leakage between the hinged door and shell. A 3D model of the chamber was created and analyzed in ANSYS. The results showed that while M22 bolts resulted in acceptable stresses, there was a 0.0034 mm gap indicating potential leakage. M36 bolts eliminated this gap while keeping stresses below limits. Therefore, the summary concludes that M36 bolts should be used to prevent pressure leakage during testing.
Experimental Study of Improvement in Confinement of Reinforced Concrete ColumnIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on improving confinement of reinforced concrete columns. 12 square reinforced concrete column specimens were tested with and without an additional layer of expanded metal mesh confinement. The columns were categorized based on their slenderness ratios and tie spacing. Test results showed that columns confined with the additional expanded metal mesh layer had significant improvements in strength and ductility compared to columns without the mesh. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software also showed similar behavior. The results indicate that an expanded metal mesh layer can improve load capacity while allowing for reductions in the volume of traditional tie reinforcement.
Shear Strengthening of RC Beams using Embedded Through Section (ETS) TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document studies the use of embedded through-section (ETS) steel bars to strengthen reinforced concrete beams against shear failure. ETS involves inserting steel bars through holes drilled in the beam. The study tests beams with varying ETS bar diameters (8mm, 10mm, 12mm) and spacings (220mm, 146.7mm) under three-point bending. The results show that increasing the ETS bar diameter or decreasing the spacing increases the beam's ultimate load-carrying capacity. Beams strengthened with the ETS technique failed in shear.
This document summarizes a research study on strengthening reinforced concrete one-way slabs. It tested 21 slab specimens with different strengthening schemes including concrete overlay with various thicknesses and strengths, as well as the addition of carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets. The experimental results showed that thicker and stronger concrete overlays increased cracking and ultimate loads compared to control specimens. Using bonding materials between the old and new concrete further improved load capacity. The combination of concrete overlay and CFRP sheets performed the best, increasing ultimate load by 164% compared to controls. The document provides details on the slab and strengthening specifications, materials used, test setup and results.
Comparative Study on Flexural Strength of M-40 Grade with Lapping of BarsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the flexural strength of M-40 grade concrete beams with different percentages of lapping (overlapping) of reinforcement bars. Cubes and beams were cast and tested according to Indian standards. The compressive strength of cubes increased with the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand. Beams with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% lapping of bars were tested under two-point loading. Cracking and ultimate loads increased with higher lapping percentages, with 0% lapping exhibiting the highest strength. Higher lapping percentages led to higher deflections at given loads. In conclusion, manufactured sand can be used as a replacement for natural sand in concrete with similar properties. Higher lapping
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
This document discusses different types of gauges used for measurement and quality control, including plug gauges, ring gauges, snap gauges, feeler gauges, and limit gauges. It describes the purpose and design of each type of gauge. For example, it states that plug gauges consist of two cylindrical wear-resistant plugs - a GO plug matching the minimum hole size and a NO-GO plug matching the maximum hole size. The document also covers Taylor's principle of gauge design, wear allowance, and includes assignment questions related to gauge design.
Research on the influence of sagging and continuous undercut on the capacityIAEME Publication
This document discusses research on the influence of sagging and undercut imperfections on the capacity of butt-welded joints. Standard probes were made from steel S235JR using prescribed welding techniques. Sagging was simulated on one side of a probe, while undercut was simulated on both sides of another probe. The probes underwent visual examination, radiographic testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and toughness testing. Results from these tests were used to analyze the stress distribution and behavior of the imperfect welded joints compared to a standard welded joint without imperfections using finite element analysis software. The purpose of the research was to better understand how such imperfections affect welded joint design to optimize safety and cost.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Steel SlagIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of m-sand (natural sand) with steel slag as fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared by replacing m-sand with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel slag by volume. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mix without steel slag. The results showed that replacing up to 30% of m-sand with steel slag did not negatively impact the strength of the concrete and can be a viable way to utilize an industrial waste product in construction.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Characteristic Behaviour of CFDSST, CFDSSAT &...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the behavior of concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST), concrete filled double skin steel aluminum tube (CFDSSAT), and concrete filled double skin steel PVC tube (CFDSSPT) columns with and without external steel rings. A series of axial compression tests were performed on 18 column specimens - 6 of each type. The results showed that the load carrying capacity and ductility of the CFDSST, CFDSSAT, and CFDSSPT specimens increased with the addition of external steel rings compared to those without rings. Of the three types, the CFDSSAT specimens exhibited the highest ultimate load values.
Finite Element Analysis of the Composite Patch Repairs of the PlatesIJERA Editor
Adhesively-bonded patches are used for repair of different types of damages such as holes, notches, scratches, cracks etc. occurring in metallic as well as composite structures. The composite patching is the most widely used method of restoring the load-carrying capacity of the weakened structure. Due to the rapid growth of aerospace industry, analysis of adhesively-bonded patches to repair cracked structures have been the focus for many years. Most of these studies investigated repaired structures using linear analysis and demonstrated the viability of adhesively-bonded patch-repairs as a means to improve the durability and damage tolerance of cracked metallic structures efficiently and economically.Many researchers performed more intensive research on the method and presented the advantages of a composite material patch used for the cracked plate repairing. It was found that the bonded patch method not only reduces the weight but also increases the service life.In this research work, the analysis of cracked metallic and composite plates which are repaired by bonded-composite patches is performed using Finite Element Analysis package FRANC2D/L. This package is available with its corresponding mesh generating program CACSA. They are developed by Cornel Fracture Group, Cornel University.In this study, various fracture parameters for the structures are found out. It revealed that, the application of the bonded composite patches effectively reduces the stress intensity factor (SIF) near the crack tip and hence retards or eliminates the crack propagation. As the chances of fracture are almost reduced, the life of the structures increases by almost double of the initial. The main advantage of this patch repair technology is that, it doesn’t increase the weight of the structure too much.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper investigates tool wear and surface quality in hard turning of 52100 steel hardened to 58-62 HRC. Experiments were conducted using polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools under five different cutting conditions. Tool wear was analyzed by measuring flank wear and crater wear over the life of each tool. A power law relationship was observed between flank wear and material removed. Surface roughness values were also measured and compared to theoretical values based on cutting geometry. The goal was to determine the effect of cutting parameters on tool wear, tool geometry changes, and resulting surface quality of the hardened steel workpieces.
The document summarizes the facilities, capabilities, and products of JSPL Structural Steel Division. It has two major plants located in Raigarh and Angul, India with a total annual capacity of 180,000 metric tons. The plants are equipped with state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities for plate processing, beam welding, drilling, shot blasting, painting, and quality inspection. JSPL Structural Steel Division provides a wide range of structural steel products including heavy industrial structures, light buildings, pre-engineered buildings, and light gauge structures. It services major customers in sectors like power, mining, and construction.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the formability and wrinkling limits of various high strength steel sheets supplied by TATA Steel. Dr. R. Narayanasamy is the principal investigator, studying properties like tensile strength, forming limit diagrams, strain distribution, fractography, and texture. Tests were conducted on interstitial free steel, dual phase steel, and other varieties in thicknesses from 0.6mm to 2.0mm. Charts of chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and forming limit diagrams are presented for each steel type.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (LM-13) REINFORCED WITH NANO-ZrO2 MA...ijiert bestjournal
In the present investigation,aluminum alloy (LM 13) is dispersed with Nano-ZrO 2 particles by stir casting technique followed by the hot extru sion process. Particulate size dispersed varies from 50-80 nm and the amount of addiction va ries from 2 to 10wt% in steps of 2%. The wear characteristics of the developed nano meta l matrix composite are analyzed by pin- on-disc dry sliding wear test against hardened stee l under varying loads. Nano ZrO 2 particulates have an excellent load bearing capacit y under applied load in sliding process,thus enhancing the wear resistance of nano metal ma trix composites. The wear resistance increases as the wt. % of reinforcement content inc reases in the matrix material and wear resistance decreases as the applied load increases. Wear resistance is more in nano composites as compared to the LM13 matrix material.
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
Canister testing chamber design & analysis using femIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and finite element analysis of a canister testing chamber. The chamber is used to test canisters that must withstand internal pressures of 45 bar and external pressures of 9 bar. The analysis focuses on determining the appropriate bolt size to prevent leakage between the hinged door and shell. A 3D model of the chamber was created and analyzed in ANSYS. The results showed that while M22 bolts resulted in acceptable stresses, there was a 0.0034 mm gap indicating potential leakage. M36 bolts eliminated this gap while keeping stresses below limits. Therefore, the summary concludes that M36 bolts should be used to prevent pressure leakage during testing.
Experimental Study of Improvement in Confinement of Reinforced Concrete ColumnIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on improving confinement of reinforced concrete columns. 12 square reinforced concrete column specimens were tested with and without an additional layer of expanded metal mesh confinement. The columns were categorized based on their slenderness ratios and tie spacing. Test results showed that columns confined with the additional expanded metal mesh layer had significant improvements in strength and ductility compared to columns without the mesh. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software also showed similar behavior. The results indicate that an expanded metal mesh layer can improve load capacity while allowing for reductions in the volume of traditional tie reinforcement.
Shear Strengthening of RC Beams using Embedded Through Section (ETS) TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document studies the use of embedded through-section (ETS) steel bars to strengthen reinforced concrete beams against shear failure. ETS involves inserting steel bars through holes drilled in the beam. The study tests beams with varying ETS bar diameters (8mm, 10mm, 12mm) and spacings (220mm, 146.7mm) under three-point bending. The results show that increasing the ETS bar diameter or decreasing the spacing increases the beam's ultimate load-carrying capacity. Beams strengthened with the ETS technique failed in shear.
This document summarizes a research study on strengthening reinforced concrete one-way slabs. It tested 21 slab specimens with different strengthening schemes including concrete overlay with various thicknesses and strengths, as well as the addition of carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets. The experimental results showed that thicker and stronger concrete overlays increased cracking and ultimate loads compared to control specimens. Using bonding materials between the old and new concrete further improved load capacity. The combination of concrete overlay and CFRP sheets performed the best, increasing ultimate load by 164% compared to controls. The document provides details on the slab and strengthening specifications, materials used, test setup and results.
This document summarizes a research study on strengthening reinforced concrete one-way slabs. It tested 21 slab specimens with different strengthening schemes including concrete overlay with various thicknesses and strengths, as well as the addition of carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets. The experimental results showed that thicker and stronger concrete overlays increased cracking and ultimate loads compared to control specimens. Using bonding materials between the old and new concrete further improved load capacity. The best performing specimens combined a concrete overlay with externally bonded CFRP sheets, increasing ultimate load by 164% compared to controls.
IRJET- Experimental Evaluation of Strength of Damaged RCC Beam Repaired us...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study that evaluated the strength of reinforced concrete beams that were damaged and repaired. Control beams and beams with modeled damage involving cover spalling were tested. The damaged beams were repaired using a steel mesh oriented at 45 or 90 degrees, epoxy bonding agent, and modified concrete mortar. The repaired beams were tested and their strength, deflection, and crack patterns were compared to the control beams. The results showed that beams repaired with steel mesh at 45 degrees and modified mortar achieved higher strengths than the control beams, indicating that this repair method was effective at restoring and potentially increasing the beam capacity.
IRJET- Construction of Hollow Reinforced Concrete BlockIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on constructing hollow reinforced concrete blocks. It describes testing conducted on raw materials used to make concrete blocks of varying thickness and with or without reinforcement. The testing showed that block thickness, not concrete grade, determines whether the blocks withstand stresses, with a minimum thickness of 40mm required. Reinforced blocks of all thicknesses failed, while unreinforced blocks sustained stresses only at 40mm thickness or more. The research aims to develop structurally efficient hollow concrete blocks for load-bearing masonry construction.
IRJET-Experimental Study on the Effect of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete in...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of adding basalt fiber to concrete filled steel tube columns. Sixteen column specimens with varying diameters, lengths, and concrete mixes were tested under uniaxial compression. The concrete mixes included normal concrete and basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Test results showed that the addition of basalt fiber increased the compressive strength of the concrete. Columns with basalt fiber concrete cores exhibited higher strength and ductility than comparable columns with normal concrete cores. The study evaluated the behavior of concrete filled steel tube columns and hollow steel tube columns under varying diameter-to-thickness ratios and length-to-diameter ratios.
Structural Health Monitoring of Aluminium Stiffened Sandwich Plate using Ultr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses structural health monitoring of an aluminum stiffened sandwich plate using ultrasonic guided wave signals. It analyzes the plate under different stiffener configurations to determine the optimal configuration. The objectives are to simulate the plate subjected to transient load using finite element modeling software, model various stiffener placement types, and analyze deformation for different configurations. Rectangular, hexagonal, and triangular stiffener configurations are considered. The plate is fixed on all sides and subjected to a 1000N amplitude, 100 kHz frequency transient load. Deformation results are compared to determine the best stiffener configuration.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Structural Behaviour of Double Skin Hollow –...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the structural behavior of double skin hollow concrete filled steel tubular (DSH-CFST) columns under axial compressive loading. 36 specimens were tested with varying hollowness ratios. Test results showed that DSH-CFST columns can provide higher strength and ductility than solid CFST columns. Stress-strain curves and load-deformation curves were compared for different specimen types. The study found that DSH-CFST columns exhibited up to 77% higher compressive stresses than solid CFST columns. DSH-CFST columns also demonstrated improved ductility compared to solid CFST columns. The results provide information on optimizing the strength and structural performance of DSH-CFST columns
Experimental Performance, Mathematical Modelling and Development of Stress Bl...IRJET Journal
This document discusses experimental testing and mathematical modeling of ferrocement beams with rectangular trough shaped steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study the effect of this reinforcement shape on moment capacity, shear capacity, and deflection compared to conventional reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams and conventional RC beams will be cast and tested under two-point loading. Their behavior will also be modeled using ANSYS. Test results will be used to develop stress block parameters for the ferrocement beams with the novel reinforcement shape. The document provides background on ferrocement and details the materials, beam casting, and flexural strength testing methodology.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by C...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental study that partially replaces coarse aggregate with coconut shells in concrete. Various percentages of replacement (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were used to make M25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexural strength. The results will help identify the optimum replacement percentage of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell waste. Testing included slump tests, compressive strength tests of cubes, splitting tensile tests of cylinders, and flexural tests of beams.
INVESTIGATION REPORT ON PRELIMINARY TESTS ON FAILURE OF STRUCTURE AND MONITORINGIRJET Journal
This document presents an investigation report on preliminary tests conducted to study structural failures and rehabilitation methods. Ten concrete beams were cast and tested under loading to study their failure modes. Three beams were kept as control specimens and tested up to ultimate failure. The remaining beams were cracked and then repaired using various methods like GFRP, jute fiber, and steel jacketing. After curing, the repaired beams were load tested to failure. The results found that steel jacketing was the most effective and economical rehabilitation method. Preliminary material tests were also conducted on cement, aggregates, and concrete to verify their properties.
Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with 50 percentage fly ashIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with 50% fly ash replacement of cement. Nine beams were tested with and without fly ash at 28, 56, and 75 days. Beams were instrumented with strain gauges and LVDTs to measure deflections, cracks, and material stresses. Results showed that beams with 50% fly ash replacement exhibited significant improvements in flexural strength beyond 28 days compared to beams without fly ash.
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Curtailed reinforcement in R.C beamsIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the effect of curtailed reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. Six beams were cast - three with curtailed reinforcement and three without. The beams were subjected to static compressive loading. Beams with curtailed reinforcement showed similar deflection levels to those without curtailment, while using 10.65% less steel. Cracks developed earlier in beams with curtailed reinforcement, but failure modes were similar between beam types. In conclusion, curtailed reinforcement can reduce steel usage without compromising structural performance, providing a more cost-effective design.
IRJET- Enhancing the Performance of Concrete by using Nano SilicaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of adding nano silica to reinforced concrete beams. The researchers created concrete cubes and beams with different percentages of nano silica added (0-2.5%) and tested their compressive and flexural strengths. They found that cubes and beams with 1.5-2% nano silica exhibited the highest strengths. Specifically, cubes with 1.5% nano silica showed around 37.6 MPa compressive strength, 37% higher than plain concrete. Beams with 1.5% nano silica also demonstrated around 17.6 MPa flexural strength for beams with stirrups and 21.1 MPa for beams with rebar only in the tension zone,
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
IRJET- Effect of Steel Ratio and Mineral Admixtures on Short ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of lateral reinforcement and mineral admixtures on short concrete columns. In the first phase, short columns were cast with varying volumetric ratios and spacing of lateral steel reinforcement. In the second phase, rice husk ash (RHA) was used as a mineral admixture in short columns. The columns were tested to determine their ultimate load capacity. Test results showed that increasing the volumetric ratio of steel reinforcement and using 10% RHA both increased the strength and ductility of the columns. Brittle failure was observed in columns without RHA or tightly spaced reinforcement. Zones of rupture at the top and bottom decreased with less reinforcement spacing. Compressive strength generally increased with the
Analysis of Concrete Filled Double Skin Steel Tube (CFDST) column with FRP wr...IRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the behavior of concrete-filled double skin steel tube (CFDST) columns wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) under axial loads through finite element modeling.
2. Eighteen CFDST column models were created with variations in FRP type (carbon or glass), number of FRP layers, spacing between layers, and column length.
3. The analysis found that deformation decreased with closer FRP spacing, more layers, and longer columns. Stress also decreased with more layers but increased with closer spacing and longer columns. Carbon FRP confined columns better than glass FRP.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Splices in Fiber Reinforc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental investigation on the use of mechanical splices and basalt fibers in fiber reinforced concrete beams. Mechanical splices are more reliable than traditional lap splices as they do not depend on bond with concrete to transfer loads. Basalt fibers are added to concrete in percentages from 0-1.5% to study their effect on the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of the concrete. Beams made with different basalt fiber contents and spliced with mechanical couplers or laps are tested to determine their strength properties. The results provide data on the optimum basalt fiber dosage for improved concrete strength.
This document summarizes an assessment of strengthening work done on a residential building in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Non-destructive testing was conducted before and after strengthening to evaluate the building's condition. Testing found some columns to be weak. Strengthening recommendations included grouting columns with micro fine cement and epoxy resin, as well as applying micro concrete jacketing to weak columns. Post-strengthening testing saw improvements but some columns still needed strengthening. The work aimed to repair deficiencies and retrofit the structure to protect lives and extend its structural life.
Similar to Non Destructive Investigation of ESR for Structural Health Assessment (20)
Lithological Investigation at Tombia and Opolo Using Vertical Electrical Soun...IJLT EMAS
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out in Opolo and Tombia all in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria to understand the resistivity distribution of its subsurface which serves as a tool in investigating subsurface lithology. All VES sounding were stacked together to generate 1D pseudo tomogram and was subsequently interpreted. The interpreted VES curve results shows that Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with mixture of silt make up the first layer (Top layer) with resistance value ranging from 24-63Ωm. The second layer is made up of thick clay with very low resistivity values ranging from 3-19Ωm. The third layer is sandyclay with its resistance value ranging from 26-727Ωm.Tombia also reveals that the area is in three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with a mixture of fine sand made up the first layer (Top soil) with its resistance values ranging from 40-1194Ωm. The second layer is made up of fine sand with resistivity value ranging from 475-5285Ωm. The third layer is made up of sandy clay/sand with its resistance value ranging from 24-28943Ωm.The results of the 1D pseudo tomogram also reveals that Tombia and Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation and pseudo tomograms serves as a basis tool for interpreting lithology and identifying lithological boundaries for the subsurface
Public Health Implications of Locally Femented Milk (Nono) and Antibiotic Sus...IJLT EMAS
The study is to determine the PH and moisture content
of Nono sold in Port Harcourt , the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Fura da nono and finally the antibiotic resistance
pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the fermented
products. nono samples were purchased from Borikiri in
portharcourt township. A total of 20 samples were assessed to
determine their microbiological quality and to conduct antibiotic
susceptibility test. Moisture content and pH of the samples were
also assessed. Enumeration of the total viable bacterial count
(TVBC), Total coliform count (TCC) and Total Pseudomonal
count (TPC) were also assessed to determine the sanitary quality
of the product. The PH ranges between 2.99 to 3.89 while the
moisture content ranges between 80% to 88%. The result
obtained from the microbial culture indicated that a wide array
of microorganism were present in Fura da nono including species
of Bacilu, klebsiella, Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.. The highest
TVBC, TCC and TPC were 9.8x103
cfu/ml, 10x103
cfu/ml and
9.7x103
cfu/ml respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was
conducted using 12 broad spectrum antibiotics and compared
against a standard provided by the Clinical laboratory standard
institute (CLSI). Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin
recorded 100% resistance , while Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin,
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Azithromycin
recorded 100% susceptibility as indicated by the complete clear
zone of inhibition.It was discovered that the absence of
regulatory agencies like National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the regulation of the
quality of the product was the cause of the high contamination,
since there were no quality control measures in its production
line .It was recommended that NAFDAC should provide a
standard operating procedure for local food producers and
should include them in their scope for regulation.
Bioremediation Potentials of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria Indigenous in the O...IJLT EMAS
Hydrocarbon pollution Remediation by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation method was adopted to remediate the
hydrocarbon impacted site in Ogoniland Rivers State, Nigeria .
The research lasted for 6 months. Samples were collected at
monthly intervals . samples were collected intermittently
between Feb 2019 to July 2019 . Mineral salt medium containing
crude oil was used as a sole source of carbon and energy for the
isolation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. Samples were
collected from the four (4) local government that made up
Ogoniland and they includes Khana(k), Gokana (G),Tai (T),
Eleme (E) and transported immediately to the laboratory for
analysis. The microbial and physicochemical properties of the
soil samples varied with the different local government areas.
Seven bacteria genera were isolated from the samples from the
four locations, viz, Pseudomonas, Lactobacter, Micrococcus,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium and Mycobacterium
were isolated and identified. the seven isolate were indigenous in
the study area. Nutrient were added to identified plots of
hydrocarbon pollution polluted site within the four local
government and they were able degrade hydrocarbon within a
short of period of time. Reassessment of physicochemical
parameter impacted site was used to judge the bioremediation
potentials of microorganism
Comparison of Concurrent Mobile OS CharacteristicsIJLT EMAS
It is challenging for the mobile industry to supply the best features of the devices with its increasing customer requirements. Among the progress of technologies, the mobile industry is the fastest growing; as it keeps pace with rapidly changing market demands. This paper compares between the currently available mobile devices based on its user interface, security, memory utilization, processor, and device architecture. The mobile products launched from 2015-19 are used for comparison. Current results after comparison with earlier study found that many mobile devices and features became obsolete in a short time span supporting the aggressive growth of mobile industry.
Design of Complex Adders and Parity Generators Using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows efficient design of an odd and even parity generator, a 4-bit ripple carry adder, and a 2-bit carry look ahead adder using reversible gates. Number of reversible gates used, garbage output, and percentage usage of outputs in implementing each combinational circuit is derived. The CLA used 10 reversible gates with 14 garbage outputs, with 50% percentage performance usage.
Design of Multiplexers, Decoder and a Full Subtractor using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows an effective design of combinational circuits such as 2:1, 4:1 multiplexers, 2:4 decoder and a full subtractor using reversible gates. This paper also evaluates number of reversible gates used and garbage outputs in implementing each combinational circuit.
Multistage Classification of Alzheimer’s DiseaseIJLT EMAS
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that destroys
memory and other mental functions. During the progression of
the disease certain proteins called plaques and tangles get
deposited in hippocampus which is located in the temporal lobe
of brain. The disease is not a normal part of aging and gets
worsen over time. Medical imaging techniques like Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) play significant role in the
disease diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a method for
classifying MRI into Normal Control (NC), Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease(AD). An overall
outline of the methodology includes textural feature extraction,
feature reduction process and classification of the images into
various stages. Classification has been performed with three
classifiers namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) and k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN)
Design and Analysis of Disc Brake for Low Brake SquealIJLT EMAS
Vibration induced due to friction in disc brake is a
theme of major interest and related to the automotive industry.
Squeal noise generated during braking action is an indication of
a complicated dynamic problem which automobile industries
have faced for decades. For the current study, disc brake of 150
cc is considered. Vibration and sound level for different speed
are measured. Finite element and experimentation for modal
analysis of different element of disc brake and assembly are
carried out. In order to check that precision of the finite element
with those of experimentation, two stages are used both
component level and assembly level. Mesh sensitivity of the disc
brake component is considered. FE updating is utilized to reduce
the relative errors between the two measurements by tuning the
material. Different viscoelastic materials are selected and
constrained layer damping is designed. Constrained layer
damping applied on the back side of friction pads and compared
vibration and sound level of disc brake assembly without
constrained layer damping with disc brake assembly having
constrained layer. It was observed that there were reduction in
vibration and sound level. Nitrile rubber is most effective
material for constrained layer damping.
The aim of this article is to device strategies for
establishing and managing tomato processing industry, which
aims to enhance the taste experiences on different tomato
products for the people. Management needed for a successful
business is analyzed in each and every aspect. The five important
steps in management- planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling are applied in management of the industry. Planning-
In the planning process, activities required to achieve desired
goals are thought about. This process involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, those include psychological aspects that
require conceptual skills. Organizing- Organizing is a systematic
processing in order to attain objectives of structuring,
integrating, co-ordinating task, and activities. Staffing- Staffing is
the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of
sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the
organization’s effectiveness. Leading- Communicating,
motivating, inspiring and encouraging employees are key aspects
of process of leading, task of which is towards a higher level of
productivity of organization. Controlling- Controlling measures
the deviation of actual performance from the standard
performance, discovers the causes of such deviations and helps in
taking corrective actions.
This paper deals with the functioning of a Propylene
Recovery Unit (PRU) in a chemical industry and the various
Managerial and Human Resource considerations that need to be
accounted for, in this process. This report discusses various
aspects that are to be considered, before initializing the setup of
PRU, ranging from a Management perspective. Mission and
objective was decided and subsequently the managerial model
was developed. Propylene is an indispensible raw material that
has a variety of end use. A detailed analysis pertaining to
propylene demand in the market along with major sources has
been incorporated in this paper. Emphasis has been placed on
the type of departmentation required. Managerial aspects of
various functions ranging from warehousing to quality control
have also been taken into consideration. Delegations of functional
departments have been defined to prevent redundancy of duties
and major managerial functions of Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Leading and Controlling has also been discussed.
Internal and External factors that affect the company have been
analyzed through SWOT Analysis and MBO strategies are also
broadly classified. Finally, Total Quality Management and
strategies for adoption of Lean Manufacturing as also touched
upon briefly.
This business model is intended to provide an online
platform connecting the general public customers with the
producers of groceries and food products such as fruits,
vegetables, meat and dairy products. The producers are selected
based on their production methods and their quality. The model
obtains the demand from the customers and the supply is found
from the producers. The prices of the products are fixed
according to the supply and demand. The customers' orders can
be classified into two different categories: 1. Bulk orders and 2.
Recipe based. The orders are obtained in a bulk quantity or for a
certain period of time and the products are delivered
periodically as per the customer's need. This model eliminates
the requirements of conventional storage units and also controls
the quality of the products using scientific devices. This model
reduces the wastage of resources as it enables the customer to
estimate their requirements using the help of recipe based
ordering system and also keeps the price constant for the bulk
orders.
Home textile exports are market driven, which implies that they deal with what the foreign market wants and how the home textile exporter could fulfil it, or product driven, where they deal with what the exporter has to offer and how can an appropriate strategy be applied to find the targeted buyers in the foreign market. The requisites of these are that the exporter must know the export plan, production procedure and export documentations. Exporter also must know his/her operational capacity, organizational nature and structure. An attempt is made in this project to understand and examine the nature and structure of the organization of the S3P exports.
Almost 80% of the population are coffee lovers.
Kaffinite sunshine café is guaranteed to become the daily
necessity for all the coffee addicts. A place with good ambience
where people can escape from their daily stress and cherish with
a morning cup of coffee. Our café offers home style delicious
breakfast and snacks. We focus on finding the most aromatic
and exotic coffee beans. We have our branches in many cities of
Tamil Nadu. We have a romantic ambience which attracts youth.
Our café has spectacular interior designs with stupendous taste
of coffee. We have attached our menu which contains multicuisines
at attractive prices. In this paper, we have done SWOT
analysis of our café to know our strengths and weaknesses. We
have also analyzed our opportunities and threats from the
external environment
Management of a Paper Manufacturing IndustryIJLT EMAS
This project focuses on how a paper manufacturing industry looks like and how it operates. For better understanding purpose, we have taken a hypothetical situation here. We have discussed on various factors that are to be considered before constructing a plant. For example, what kind of proprietorship is suitable for this case? We have developed a SWOT Analysis for the plant, thinking about the pros and cons. This project can be a guide for a person who is willing to start up a new manufacturing plant. This report can be used to streamline your approach to planning by outlining the responsibilities of plant managers and external factors, as well as identifying appropriate resources to assist you with the construction of plant.
Application of Big Data Systems to Airline ManagementIJLT EMAS
The business world is in the midst of the next
revolution following the IT revolution – the Big Data revolution.
The sheer volume of data produced is a major reason for the big
data revolution. Aviation and aerospace are typical areas that
can apply big data systems due to the scale of data produced, not
only by the plane sensors and passengers, but also by the
prospective passengers. Data that need to be considered include,
but are not limited to, aircraft sensor data, passenger data,
weather data, aircraft maintenance data and air traffic data.
This paper aims at identifying areas in aviation where big data
systems can be utilized to enhance operational performances
improve customer relations and thereby aiding the ultimate goal
of increased profits at reduced costs. An improved management
model built on a strong big data infrastructure will reduce
operation costs, improve safety, bring down the cost and time
spent on maintenance and drastically improve customer
relations.
Impact of Organisational behaviour and HR Practices on Employee Retention in ...IJLT EMAS
I. INTRODUCTION
Roads are constituted as the most significant component of
India‟s Logistics Industry, accounting for 60 percent of
the total freight movement in the country. A majority of
players in this industry are small entrepreneurs running their
family businesses. As a result, Man Power Development
Investments that pay off in the longer term, have been
minimised respectively. Moreover, these businesses are
typically controlled severely by the proprietor and his / her
family and consequently, making it unattractive for the
professionals. Poor working conditions, Low pay scales
relative to alternate careers, poor or non-existent Manpower
Policies and prevalence of unscrupulous practices have added
to the segment's woes for seeking employment. Thus, it could
be rightly stated that the Transportation, Logistics,
Warehousing and Packaging Sector is considered an
unattractive career option and fails to attract and retain skilled
manpower. Many Organizations have failed to recognize that
Human Resources play an important role in gaining an
immense advantage in today‟s highly competitive Global
Business Environment. While all aspects of managing Human
Resources is important, Employee Retention continues to be
an essential part of Human Resource Management activity
that help the Organizations to achieve their goals and
objectives.
Sustainable Methods used to reduce the Energy Consumption by Various Faciliti...IJLT EMAS
The purpose of this article is to identify the energy
challenges faced by airports especially with regards to the energy
consumed by the terminal building and suggest suitable energy
conservation techniques based on what has already been
implemented in few airports around the world.
We have identified the various facilities and systems which are
responsible for a major share of the consumption of energy by
airport terminals and we have suggested measures to effectively
overcome these problems.
Cake Walk is India's largest confectionery manufacturer known for innovative candy products. It aims to expand globally while contributing positively through social initiatives. The document discusses Cake Walk's vision, products, marketing environment analysis including PESTEL, SWOT and competitive strategies. Market research methods like blind testing and surveys are used to develop new products and improve existing ones. Cake Walk targets a wide customer segment with its diverse product range and strong brand image.
This document discusses the planning and organization of a tours and travel company called MACH Tours and Travels. It begins by outlining their mission and vision, which is to provide enjoyable and memorable experiences for customers by focusing on ease, luxury, quality time, and value. It then provides details on their planning process, including developing customized packages to meet different customer needs. It also discusses their application of Henri Fayol's management principles and considers decision making, risk management, organizational structure, and the business environment factors affecting the tourism industry.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general
terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the
intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering.
It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological
phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the
categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial
vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine
the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation,
effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols
involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements.
It also talks about the relation between airport construction and
Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of
Meteorology in the field of Aerospace.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...
Non Destructive Investigation of ESR for Structural Health Assessment
1. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
2nd
Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 19
Non Destructive Investigation of ESR for Structural
Health Assessment
Mahipal Burdak, A K Gupta, S S Sankhla
Department of Structural Engineering, MBM Engineering College, JNV University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract- Basic concept of structural health assessment of the
structure or structural evaluation is mainly based on visual
examination and NDT. The purpose of visual examination is to
know the status of structures under applied load and other
environmental. Structural health assessments can be made with
NDT methods to provide important information for the
structural performance of the concrete, rebar location etc. There
are different NDT Techniques for assessment of concrete quality
e.g. Rebound Hammer, Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity, Impact-echo
etc. Sonic- Integrity Test (SIT) & Pile Integrity Tester is based
on principle of Impact-Echo. Rebound hammer can be used to
find hardness of the concrete structure surface, and its strength
is related using inbuilt calibration curve in the instrument. Ultra-
sonic Pulse Velocity Equipment can be used to observe wave
transmission through Concrete structure.
The Present paper includes the study of correlation of
experimental studies with laboratory results. The objective of
overall investigation is to assess the existing quality, integrity and
compressive strength of concrete in the raft, beam, column and
superstructure element. This can be utilized for overall
structural safety appraisal of the structure. Besides, in case of
any inadequacy in the concrete quality being revealed, suitable
remedial measures can also be suggested.
Keywords- Structural Health Assessment, Rebound Hammer,
Ultra Sonic Pulse Velocity, ESR/Elevated Service Reservoir
I. INTRODUCTION
DT of concrete is a relatively immature discipline.
Because of the two main reasons, the first is the
heterogeneous nature of concrete, which makes detection of
defects difficult to separate from naturally occurring
inclusions and the second reason is immature nature of
concrete.
Non-destructive test methods are used to determine
hardened concrete properties and to evaluate the condition of
concrete in deep foundations, super structure element, bridges,
buildings, pavements, dams and other concrete constructions.
Non-destructive testing is defined as testing that causes no
structurally significant damage to concrete. It does not
damage the intended performance of the element or member
under investigation. NDT has the ability to determine the
strength and durability of critical construction without
damaging them and test can be carried out on site.
NDT of concrete becomes necessary under many
circumstances, such as a natural calamity, fire or an
aggregative environment may damage the structure and
residual strength may need to be ascertained. NDT methods
can be used to estimate the in place strength, quality of
concrete and degree of deterioration due to overloading,
failure, chemical etc. or environmental attack etc. NDT
methods are applied to concrete construction for four primary
reasons i.e. Condition evaluation of older concrete for
rehabilitation purpose, Quality control of new construction,
troubleshooting of problems with new construction and
Quality assurance of concrete repairs.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The ESR1
at Jimme Ki Dhani, Ramsar, Barmer India
started in about July 2016. The ESR designed, vetted and
approved at competent level for staging of 20 m and capacity
of 250 KL. It was planned as an Intze type tank. Bottom ring
beam reinforcement cage prepared by the firm and still
awaited for checking from the competent level and further
construction is stopped. According to Tender stipulation stair
case from first bracing and first braced with roof slab is
constructed at site. It was reported that the construction of
ESR up to fourth bracing was taken up in August 2016. The
height of bracing (c/c) from bottom level is 4.42, 4.12, 4.12,
and 4.12 & 3.57 m. Every bracing height was completed in
three lifts. Reinforcement Detail and Quality of Concrete
Pertaining to ESR is suspected, Copy of SBC, mix design and
record of site testing were made available.
During site testing some of data which could be gathered
are: 6 columns in plan, Size of brace beam 450 mm x 300
mm, Height of first brace (from its bottom) 4.42 m, Dia of
Column 450 mm. In the SBC test report value of SBC in t/m2
by shear failure criteria at 1.5m is given as 8.43 t/m2
, by
settlement criteria 9.74 t/m2
(Peck et al) & 8.93 t/m2
(IS
:8009). Recommendation of foundation depth is not available
and SBC at 02 Boreholes conduced. Strata of subsoil is
defined as dune sand up to 8.00m. Seismic Zone III
considered for design purpose. .
In the mix design report value of parameter K is taken as
1.65, stating that not more than 5 % of results are expected to
fall below fck. The proportion recommended is
N
2. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
2nd
Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 20
0.44:1.00:1.62:2.90. The report clearly mentions that no
admixture has to be used.
ESR at Jeeme Ki Dhani is constructed at sloped ground.
No plinth protection is proposed in drawing.
III. OBJECTIVE OF NONDESTRUCTIVE
INVESTIGATION
To assess the existing quality, integrity and allowable
compressive strength of concrete in the raft, beam, column
and foundation and super structure element which can be
utilized for overall structural safety. Besides, in case of any
inadequacy in the concrete quality being revealed, suitable
remedial measures can also be suggested.
IV. NDT RESULTS
Non Destructive Test results are given below on the
randomly selected elements accessed easily on the structure.
Table-I Results of Bar Locater Test at Jimme Ki Dhani ESR
Member
Details of Reinforcement as
Per Drawing
Details of
Reinforcement as Per
Investigation
TB 3/1 C2-C3
25 mm#03, Nos at Top &
Bottom Near to Support
with 2 legged strips of 8mm
@150mm C/C
02 Rebars at Side face
(1-Top +1-Bottom) at
support with 2 legged
strips
@148,155,160,135 mm
C/C
TB 3/1 C2-C3
25 mm#03, 20 mm#02 Nos
at Top & Bottom Near to
Mid Span with 2 legged
strips of 8mm @100mm
C/C
04 Rebars at Side face
(2-Top +2-Bottom) at
Mid Span with 2
legged strips of
@100,90,110,110 mm
C/C
TB 3/2 C3-C4
25 mm#03, Nos at Top &
Bottom Near to Support
with 2 legged strips of 8mm
@150mm C/C
03 Rebars at Top face
at support with 2
legged strips
@160,140,146 mm C/C
TB 3/2 C3-C4
25 mm#03, 20 mm#02 Nos
at Top & Bottom Near to
Mid Span with 2 legged
strips of 8mm @100mm
C/C
04 Rebars at Side face
(2-Top +2-Bottom) at
Mid Span with 2
legged strips of 3 bars
in 320mm
TB 3/2 C3-C4
25 mm#03, 20 mm#02 Nos
at Top & Bottom Near to
Mid Span with 2 legged
strips of 8mm @100mm
C/C
03 Rebars at Top face
at Mid Span with 2
legged strips of 3 bars
in 300mm
TB 3/2 C6-C1
25 mm#03, 20 mm#02 Nos
at Top & Bottom Near to
Mid Span with 2 legged
strips of 8mm @100mm
C/C
03 Rebars at Top face
at Mid Span with 2
legged strips of 3 bars
in 310mm
Column-1/5th 20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@185mm, 188mm
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
c/c at Mid Span
Column-1/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@153mm, 137mm
c/c at Mid Span
Column-2/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@189mm, 186mm
c/c at Mid Span
Column-2/3rd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@184mm, 191mm
c/c at Mid Span
Column-2/5th
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos
Column-3/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@190mm, 185mm
c/c at Mid Span
Column-3/3rd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@190mm,
200mm, 205mm,
186mm c/c at Mid
Span
Column-3/5th
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos
Column-4/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@170mm, 195mm
c/c at Mid Span &
8mm@95mm,105 mm
c/c at Corner
Column-4/3rd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos
Column-5/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@178mm, 195mm
c/c at Mid Span
Column-6/2nd
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos
Column-6/4th
20mm# 12 Nos with strips
of 8mm@190mm c/c at Mid
Span & 8mm@100mm c/c
at Corner
12 Nos with strips of
8mm@160mm, 170mm
c/c at Mid Span
Table-II Results of Rebound Hammer Test at Jimme Ki Dhani ESR
Member
Minim
um
Reboun
d No.
Maximu
m
Rebound
No.
Standar
d
Deviati
on
Averag
e
Reboun
d No.
Related
fck
3. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
2nd
Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 21
P-1 Vertical 23 27 1.8 25.4 17.8
P-1 Horizontal 32 41 3.6 37.2 37.4
P-2 Vertical 23 26 1.4 24 15.7
P-2 Horizontal 17 22 2.1 20.4 10.5
P-2 Horizontal 19 22 1.2 20 9.9
P-2 Vertical 24 29 1.8 26.4 19.4
Table-III Results of Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Test at Jimme Ki
Dhani ESR
Member
ESR Raft
Length mm
Time µ
sec
Velocity
m/sec
Value of R
considered
from RH
Position 1 (ID) 300 107.2 2800 24
Position 2 (ID) 300 106.9 2810 24
Table-IV Results of Rebound Hammer Test at Jimme Ki Dhani ESR
Member ESR
Super Structure
Minim
um
Reboun
d No.
Maxim
um
Reboun
d No.
Standar
d
Deviati
on
Averag
e
Reboun
d No.
Related
fck
TB-3/1 (C1-C2) 34 40 2.4 37.2 37.4
TB-3/1 (C2-C3) 36 40 1.5 38.4 39.5
C-2/3 36 43 2.6 39.2 41
C-3/3 35 41 2.3 37.2 37.4
C-4/3 32 48 5.9 38.2 39.2
C-4/3 40 47 3.9 42.6 47.4
TB-3/2 (C3-C4) 44 51 2.9 48.2 58.4
TB-3/2 (C3-C4) 43 52 4.0 47.4 56.8
TB-3/2 (C3-C4) 40 46 2.8 43.4 48.9
TB-3/2 (C4-C5) 35 41 2.7 38.4 39.5
C-5/2 35 43 3.2 39.6 41.7
TB-3/2 (C5-C6) 25 38 5.1 33.6 31.1
TB-3/2 (C5-C6) 29 37 3.0 32.8 29.7
C-6/2/2nd
Lift 37 48 4.7 39.8 42.1
C-6/2/2nd
Lift 33 37 1.7 34.4 32.5
C-5/2/2nd
Lift 31 39 3.5 35.4 34.2
C-4/2/2nd
Lift 35 38 1.3 36.6 36.3
C-4/2/2nd
Lift 26 42 6.3 36 35.2
C-4/2/2nd
Lift 37 40 1.5 38.4 39.5
TB-3/1 (C6-C1) 27 44 6.5 38.2 39.2
TB-3/1 (C6-C1) 34 40 2.4 37.2 37.4
C-1/1/1st
Lift 33 39 2.3 35.0 37.5
TB-3/1 (C1-C2) 35 43 3.1 37.6 38.1
C-3/1/2nd
Lift 35 45 3.9 41.8 45.8
C-3/1/2nd
Lift 40 43 1.3 41.2 44.7
C-4/1/3rd
Lift 29 37 3.6 32.8 29.7
C-4/1/3rd
Lift 36 48 4.8 40.8 44.0
C-4/1/3rd
Lift 35 46 4.0 40.8 44.0
C-4/1/3rd
Lift 39 45 2.3 41.2 44.7
Table-V Results of Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Test at Jimme Ki
Dhani ESR
Member
Len
gth
mm
Time µ
sec
Veloc
ity
m/sec
Value of
R
consider
ed from
RH
Combined
Compress
ive
Strength σ
N/mm 2
C-4/2/2nd
Lift (D) 450 105.7 4260 35 28.1
C-4/2/2nd
Lift (ID) 300 104.7 2870 35 -
TB-3/1 (C1-C2) (D) 300 73.4 4090 37
TB-3/1 (C1-C2)
(ID)
300 87.6 3430 37
V. RESULTS BY PHOTOMETER
At TB3/2 C4-C5 (Near to Junction Upper Face) bar
diameter is traced as 24.9.
At TB3/2 C4-C5 (Near to Mid Span Bottom Side
Face) bar diameter is traced as 28.5 which indicates
overlap of 20mm & 8mm bars.
At TB3/2 C4-C5 (Near to Mid Span Bottom Side
Face) bar diameter is traced as 41.5 which indicates
overlap of 20mm & its development bars.
At C5/3-4 (Near to Mid Hieght) bar diameter is
traced as 18.2.
At C5/3-4 (Near to Mid Hieght) bar diameter is
traced as 9.1mm.
VI. TESTS AT LABORATORY
Few sample casted at actual time of construction provided
by your team tested at laboratory to establish the correlation
between NDT results and actual destructive test. Rebound
Hammer, UPV and Compressive strength test carried out at
our laboratory and test results are as follows.
Table-VI Results of Rebound Hammer Test at Laboratory
Laboratory
Specimen
Minimu
m
Reboun
d No.
Maxim
um
Reboun
d No.
Standar
d
Deviati
on
Averag
e
Reboun
d No.
Related
fck
Cube 1/ Raft /
14.07.16
28 37 4.1 31.8 28.0
Cube 2/ Raft /
14.07.16
25 36 4.0 31.2 27.0
4. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
2nd
Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 22
Cube 3/ Raft /
14.07.16
25 31 2.4 28.0 21.9
Cube 3/ Raft /
14.07.16
25 35 4.6 28.6 22.8
Cube1/Column/1
3.08.16
27 34 2.5 30.6 26.1
Cube2/Column/1
3.08.16
29 34 2.0 31.0 26.7
Cube3/Column/1
3.08.16
25 37 5.2 30.8 26.4
Cube3/Column/1
3.08.16
24 32 3.4 30.0 25.1
Cube1/Beam/
08.08.16
30 36 2.6 32.6 29.4
Cube2/Beam/
08.08.16
27 32 2.3 30.0 25.1
Cube3/Beam/
08.08.16
28 37 3.4 32.4 29.0
Table-VII Results of Ultrasound Pulse Velocity Test at Laboratory
Laboratory
Specimen
Length
mm
Time µ
sec
Velocit
y m/sec
Value of
R
consider
ed from
RH
Combined
Compress
ive
Strength σ
N/mm 2
Cube 1 / Raft /
14.07.16 (D)
150 35.6 4210 30 25.1
Cube 2 / Raft /
14.07.16 (D)
150 35.3 4250 30 26.2
Cube 3 / Raft /
14.07.16 (D)
150 37.2 4030 30 19.8
Cube
1/Column /
13.08.16 (D)
150 38.4 3910 30 17.3
Cube
2/Column /
13.08.16 (D)
150 35.6 4210 30 25.1
Cube
3/Column /
13.08.16 (D)
150 35.4 4240 30 25.9
Cube 1 / Beam
/ 08.08.16
150 34.1 4400 31 30.8
Cube 2 / Beam
/ 08.08.16 (D)
150 35.7 4200 31 25.1
Cube 3 / Beam
/ 08.08.16 (D)
150 34.9 4300 31 27.9
Table-VIII Results of Rebound Hammer Test at Laboratory
Laboratory Specimen Cube Compressive
Test Result
Cube 1/ Raft / 14.07.16 30.22
Cube 2/ Raft / 14.07.16 33.55
Cube 3/ Raft / 14.07.16 27.55
Cube1/Column/13.08.16 30.86
Cube2/Column/13.08.16 29.55
Cube3/Column/13.08.16 32.02
Cube1/Beam/ 08.08.16 31.42
Cube2/Beam/ 08.08.16 28.68
Cube3/Beam/ 08.08.16 31.18
Some Citations:-
With reference to IS 456-2000, Clause 16
Acceptance Criteria and Clause 16.1 for Compressive
Strength, The Concrete shall be deemed to comply with the
strength requirements when both the following conditions are
met:-
(a) The mean strength determined from any group of four
consecutive test results complies with the appropriate limits in
column 2 of table 11
(b) Any individual test results complies with the appropriate
limits in column 3 of table 11
Clause 16.3 Quantity of Concrete Represented by
Strength Test Results
Clause 16.3 states ie the quantity represented by a
group of four consecutive test results shall include the batches
from which the first and last were taken together with all
intervening results.
Clause 16.6 Concrete is liable to be rejected if it
porous or honey combed, its placing has been interrupted
without providing a proper construction joint, the
reinforcement has been displaced beyond the tolerances
specified, or construction tolerances have been met, However,
the hardened concrete may be accepted after carrying out
suitable remedial measures to the satisfaction of the Engineers
In charge.
Clause 17.3 Testing Clause 17.4.3, Concrete in the
member represented by a core test shall be considered
acceptable if the average equivalent cube strength of cores is
equal to at least 85 percent of the cube strength of the grade of
concrete specified for the corresponding age and no individual
core has a strength less than 75 percent.
VII. THE PURPOSE OF THE INSPECTION
The purpose of the inspection is to provide advice to a
prospective or other interested party regarding the condition
of the structure at the time of the inspection. The advice is
limited to the reporting of the condition of the structure in
accord with IS 456. This report is limited to (unless otherwise
noted) the main structure on the site. This report is not
intended as a certificate of compliance of the structure within
the requirements of any act, regulation, and ordinance or by
law, or, as a warranty or an insurance policy against problems
developing with the building in the future.
Assumptions & Limitations-
5. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Any person who relies upon the contents of this
report does so acknowledging that the following
clauses, which define the Scope and Limitations of
the inspection, form an integral part of the report.
This NDT inspection is limited to those areas and
sections of the structure fully accessible and visible
to the Inspector at the time and on the date of
Inspection.
The inspection didn’t include breaking apart,
dismantling, removing or moving objects including,
but not limited to, foliage, moldings, sparking
membrane, appliances or personal possessions.
Provisions of IS 13311 part I and part II 1992 applies
in addition to provisions of IS 516 latest version
applies. So far as mix design is concerns provisions
of IS 10262 and SP 23 latest versions shall comply.
Needless to say that Provisions of IS 456-2000 also
applies.
The visiting team DID NOT dig, gouge, force or
perform any invasive procedures.
Nothing contained in the Report implies that any
inaccessible or partly inaccessible area(s) or
section(s) of the structure being inspected by the
Inspector on the date of the inspection were free
from defects latent or otherwise.
No responsibility can be accepted for defects which
are latent or otherwise not reasonably detected on
limited requirement.
Durability of exposed finishes.
Photographic evidence taken on the day of inspection
is given as an example of the NDTs found to the
structure for reporting purposes only. These photos
within the report are to assist, and May not show all
the tests and/or the areas noted on the day of
inspection.
Any person who relies upon the contents of this
Report does so acknowledging that the above
clauses, definitions and disclaimers that follow
define the Scope and Limitations of the inspection
and form an integral part of the report.
Disclaimer of Liability: No liability shall be accepted
on account of failure of the Report to notify any
problems in any area(s) or section(s) of the subject
structure physically inaccessible for testing purpose,
or to which access for testing is denied by or to the
visiting team (including but not limited to any area(s)
or section(s) so specified by the Report.
Disclaimer of Liability To Third Parties: This report
is made solely for the use and benefit of the Client
named on the front of this report. No liability or
responsibility whatsoever, in contract or tort, is
accepted to any third party who may rely on the
Report wholly or in part. Any third party acting or
relying on this Report, in whole or in part does so at
their own risk.
As requested in letter referred above of the party,
care has been taken not dig out a core however
combined method of Rebound hammer and Ultra
Sonic Pulse Velocity meter were applied.
VIII. SUGGESTIONS
It is suggested that the construction should not be
discontinued for so long time as it can hamper quality of
construction. Other agencies can further deteriorate quality of
materials used and part of the construction which has made
the progress.
IX. RECOMMENDATIONS
All process should be including testing, witnessed by either
the contractor or the agency owning the construction. The
matter may be referred to a competent authority as per norms
of NDMA considering Qualification and experience of the
expert concerned. Ultimately onus lies on the agency owning
the construction later on.
X. CONCLUSION
Unnecessary obstacles should be avoided. Looking to
provisions of table 11 of IS 456-200 the case reported falls
under individual category i.e. fck - 4 N/sq mm should be
criteria for acceptance. So far as the citation quoted and visit
at the site including other parameters, reported and generated,
it is felt that there should not be an issue so far quality of
Concrete is concerned.
REFERENCES
[1]. ACI 228.1R-95, In-Place Test Methods for Determination of
Strength of Concrete.
[2]. ACI 364.1R-94, Guide for the Evaluation of Concrete Structures
Prior to Rehabilitation.
[3]. ACI Manual, December 2007, Inspection Instruments Inc.
[4]. Gupta A.K. and Sharma Ravi Kumar, “Short term course on
Non-destructive Assessment of Structure (NONDAS)”.
Department of Structural Engineering, M.B.M. Engineering
College, Jodhpur
[5]. Gambhir, M.L. (2000), “Concrete Technology”, Tata McGraw
Hill, N. Delhi.
[6]. IS: 10262:2000, Recommended guide line for concrete mix
design", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[7]. IS: 13311 – (Part 1) 1992, "Non Destructive Testing of Concrete –
Methods of Test – Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity", Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[8]. IS: 13311-(Part 2) 1992, "Non Destructive Testing of Concrete –
Methods of Test – Rebound Hammer", Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[9]. IS: 456-2000, "Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced
Concrete", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[10]. IS: 516-1959, "Method of Test for Strength of Concrete", Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
6. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
2nd
Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 24
[11]. Kaushik, S.K. (1996), “Non-destructive testing in Civil
Engineering”, Dec., Indo-US workshop on N.D.T., I.C.I., U.P.,
Roorkee.
[12]. Malhotra V.M. and NaikTarun, "The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Method". CRC Handbook on NDT of concrete, CRC Press
[13]. Malhotra, V., "Testing Hardened Concrete: Nondestructive
Methods," ACI Monograph No. 9, 1976, 188 pages.
[14]. Neville A.M. and Brooks J.J., "Concrete Technology", Third
edition reprint, Pearson Education P. Ltd., Indian branch, New
Delhi.
[15]. Neville A.M., "Properties of Concrete", Fourth Edition, Pearson
Education, 2008.
[16]. Smart NDT System, Investigation of a Fire Damaged Structure: A
Report (1999), 203, Signature- 1, Productivity Road, Vadodara.
[17]. Smart NDT System, NDT of Earth quake Affected Structure,@
Cement Plant , Kutch. : A Report, June 2001, 203, Signature- 1,
Productivity Road, Vadodara.
[18]. V.M. Malhotra, Testing Hardened Concrete: Nondestructive
Methods, Published jointly by The Lowa State University Press,
Lowa and ACI, Michigan, 1976.