This slide discussed what Nitinol is, what special properties Nitinol offers, the current and potential application of this awesome material, and how KRL can help you utilize this material to the best potential for your applications.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of nanotechnology. It discusses key early developments like Richard Feynman's 1959 talk envisioning atomic engineering. It also covers the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of buckyballs in 1985. The document then discusses the growth of the nanotechnology industry and funding increases over time. It provides examples of potential applications of nanotechnology and how properties become size-dependent at the nanoscale. Finally, it defines integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems to provide context around miniaturization.
Experimental Analysis of Orthopedic Staple Pin made by Nickel Titanium AlloyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the development and experimental analysis of an orthopedic staple pin made from nickel titanium shape memory alloy. Key points:
1. Nickel titanium shape memory alloy has properties like elastic modulus close to human bone, superior elasticity, and biocompatibility making it suitable for orthopedic staples.
2. Various types of nitinol bone staples are discussed based on their activation temperature - room temperature activated, body temperature activated, and heat activated staples.
3. Experimental analysis was performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the chosen nitinol alloy to ensure safety for human use in orthopedic staple pins.
This document discusses shape memory alloys (SMAs), specifically focusing on nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys. It defines SMAs as materials that can return to a predetermined shape after deformation through heating or cooling. SMAs exist in two phases, austenite and martensite, and transition between the phases through temperature changes, allowing the material to change shape. Common applications of Ni-Ti SMAs include uses in biomedical devices, robotics, and sensors due to properties like biocompatibility and high strain recovery. The document compares Ni-Ti SMAs to other materials like copper-based SMAs and stainless steel.
The document discusses NiTi endodontic files, specifically the HyFlex CM file. It describes how NiTi files work using shape memory properties to improve flexibility and reduce problems like ledges. The HyFlex CM file uses controlled memory processing to further increase flexibility without rebound. This allows for superior canal tracking and reduces procedural errors. Studies show the HyFlex CM files have up to 339% higher fatigue resistance than standard NiTi files and less debris extrusion and dentinal cracks compared to other file types.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation describes about evolution of nitinol (NiTi), its properties, manufacturing, metallurgy and various rotary systems in the field of endodontics.
This document provides an overview of smart materials. It defines smart materials as materials that can significantly change one or more properties in a controlled manner due to external stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, pH, or electric/magnetic fields. The major types of smart materials discussed are piezoelectric, electrostrictive, shape memory alloys, and magnetostrictive materials. Examples of applications include smart glass, mirrors, sensors, and actuators. Both advantages like high energy density and simplified packing and disadvantages like high costs and unknown long term effects are outlined.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of nanotechnology. It discusses key early developments like Richard Feynman's 1959 talk envisioning atomic engineering. It also covers the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of buckyballs in 1985. The document then discusses the growth of the nanotechnology industry and funding increases over time. It provides examples of potential applications of nanotechnology and how properties become size-dependent at the nanoscale. Finally, it defines integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems to provide context around miniaturization.
Experimental Analysis of Orthopedic Staple Pin made by Nickel Titanium AlloyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the development and experimental analysis of an orthopedic staple pin made from nickel titanium shape memory alloy. Key points:
1. Nickel titanium shape memory alloy has properties like elastic modulus close to human bone, superior elasticity, and biocompatibility making it suitable for orthopedic staples.
2. Various types of nitinol bone staples are discussed based on their activation temperature - room temperature activated, body temperature activated, and heat activated staples.
3. Experimental analysis was performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the chosen nitinol alloy to ensure safety for human use in orthopedic staple pins.
This document discusses shape memory alloys (SMAs), specifically focusing on nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys. It defines SMAs as materials that can return to a predetermined shape after deformation through heating or cooling. SMAs exist in two phases, austenite and martensite, and transition between the phases through temperature changes, allowing the material to change shape. Common applications of Ni-Ti SMAs include uses in biomedical devices, robotics, and sensors due to properties like biocompatibility and high strain recovery. The document compares Ni-Ti SMAs to other materials like copper-based SMAs and stainless steel.
The document discusses NiTi endodontic files, specifically the HyFlex CM file. It describes how NiTi files work using shape memory properties to improve flexibility and reduce problems like ledges. The HyFlex CM file uses controlled memory processing to further increase flexibility without rebound. This allows for superior canal tracking and reduces procedural errors. Studies show the HyFlex CM files have up to 339% higher fatigue resistance than standard NiTi files and less debris extrusion and dentinal cracks compared to other file types.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation describes about evolution of nitinol (NiTi), its properties, manufacturing, metallurgy and various rotary systems in the field of endodontics.
This document provides an overview of smart materials. It defines smart materials as materials that can significantly change one or more properties in a controlled manner due to external stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, pH, or electric/magnetic fields. The major types of smart materials discussed are piezoelectric, electrostrictive, shape memory alloys, and magnetostrictive materials. Examples of applications include smart glass, mirrors, sensors, and actuators. Both advantages like high energy density and simplified packing and disadvantages like high costs and unknown long term effects are outlined.
Nanotechnology has wide applications across many industries such as food, agriculture, oil and gas, consumer goods, aerospace, chemicals, construction, biotechnology, electronics and energy. In the energy sector, nanotechnology can contribute to energy production through applications in solar energy like photovoltaics and hydrogen production, biofuels, and thermoelectricity. It can enable energy savings through applications like catalysis, advanced materials, and insulators. Nanotechnology may also transform energy distribution using quantum wires and support energy storage in areas like ultracapacitors and hydrogen storage. While offering benefits, nanotechnology risks need assessment regarding potential impacts of nanoparticles on human health through inhalation and ingestion and on the environment if released.
Ionblox has developed high-performance lithium-ion battery cells using a proprietary pre-lithiated silicon-based anode that can deliver up to 400 Wh/kg. Their cells have been validated by US National Labs and Lilium, a leading eVTOL company. Ionblox has received $32M in funding to commercialize their technology. Their silicon anode solves issues like swelling through pre-lithiation and can provide fast charging, high energy, power and long cycle life simultaneously. Ionblox's cells are the only ones that can meet the demanding requirements for electric aerial vehicles and vehicles in general.
Nanotechnology involves engineering materials at the nanoscale, around 1 to 100 nanometers. Richard Feynman is considered the father of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has applications in many fields including electronics, computing, medicine, cosmetics, foods, the military, and energy. By 2020, products with nanotechnology components could be worth $1 trillion. Materials behave differently at the nanoscale compared to larger scales due to statistical mechanics and quantum effects. Nanotechnology is approached through top-down methods like lithography or bottom-up methods like self-assembly.
This document discusses using Al2O3/water nanofluid as a coolant in a double-tube heat exchanger. Nanofluids are discussed as a promising new class of heat transfer fluids made by dispersing nanoparticles in conventional fluids to enhance thermal conductivity. Mathematical models are developed to analyze heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluids flowing as coolant in the heat exchanger. Results show that nanofluids can increase heat transfer coefficients and reduce wall temperatures, heat transfer area, and coolant flowrates required compared to using water alone. However, nanofluids also increase friction factors and pressure drops, especially at higher nanoparticle concentrations.
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04 - Army-MPR and Stevens Collaboration to Design and Build the Smallest Twin...SEHER OZKAN
The document describes the design and development of the world's smallest twin screw extruder for processing nanoparticles into nanoenergetics and nanocomposites. The extruder was designed using mathematical modeling and finite element analysis to optimize screw configuration and processing parameters for a propellant material. Key features include three sealed mixing and vacuum zones, temperature control zones, and a slit die. The design addresses challenges of conserving nanoparticle size and selecting proper binders for mixing nanoparticles at very small processing rates. The extruder will support Army research on developing highly energetic and less sensitive explosives.
The document discusses shape memory alloys, specifically nitinol. It explains that nitinol is an alloy made of nickel and titanium that remembers its original shape and can return to it after being bent, even when heated to 500 degrees C. The document lists applications of nitinol such as eyeglass frames, medical devices, and robotic joints. It encourages activities where students can research uses of nitinol and design art sculptures that move or change with temperature using the shape memory property.
This document summarizes a presentation on nanofluids given by Bhaskar Sudhakanth. It discusses how nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids that can enhance heat transfer properties. Nanofluids do not settle or clog like conventional suspensions due to the nanoparticles' small size. Their unique properties are due to interactions between different nanoparticles and base fluids. Research at Argonne National Lab pioneered the concept and production of stable nanofluids using various nanoparticle materials and base fluids. Nanofluids show unprecedented increases in thermal conductivity even at low nanoparticle concentrations.
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids that have been shown to have enhanced thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties compared to conventional fluids. Nanoparticles are smaller than 100nm and do not settle out of suspension like larger particles. Research at Argonne National Lab developed the concept of nanofluids and two methods for producing them - a two-step process for oxides and a one-step process for metals. Nanofluids have four key features - increased thermal conductivity at low nanoparticle concentrations, strong temperature dependence, nonlinear increases with concentration, and increased critical heat flux. Further research is needed to understand nanofluid structure and dynamics at the nanoscale.
This document discusses nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids have been shown to have enhanced thermal conductivity compared to conventional fluids. They have been produced using one-step and two-step methods. Research at Argonne National Laboratory and Northern Illinois University has characterized the thermal properties of various nanofluids and found nonlinear increases in thermal conductivity with nanoparticle concentration and significant increases in critical heat flux compared to conventional fluids. Nanofluids show promise for applications requiring advanced heat transfer such as cooling of electronic devices.
The document discusses the history and development of nanotechnology. It begins with key early milestones like Richard Feynman's 1959 talk envisioning atomic engineering and the 1981 invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. The 1985 discovery of buckyballs also represented an important early discovery. The document then discusses topics like integrated circuits, nanotechnology funding levels, applications of nanotechnology, and how properties change at the nanoscale.
Self-Assembling Materials: Revolutionizing the world around us.
The document discusses how materials science has advanced, with researchers now able to customize new materials. It describes several emerging technologies like nanotechnology, biomaterials, and adaptronics that can create materials that adapt to their environments. Examples are given of potential applications in areas like construction, transportation, and medicine. The future of materials is presented as one of "intelligent materials" with continued innovation in adapting materials to new uses.
Decarbonising Australia’s Electricity Supply: The role for Small Modular Reac...Ben Heard
I delivered this presentation to the Australian Frontiers in Science conference in late 2012. This presentation makes the case for the important role of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) in the decarbonisation of Australia electricity
An overview of solar cell technology was presented. Silicon solar cells continue to improve in efficiency through both conventional and multijunction approaches. Thin film technologies like cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, and emerging materials offer alternatives. Organic solar cells are a promising new approach that could allow low-cost printing on flexible substrates. The photovoltaic industry is growing rapidly but also facing challenges of changing policies and prices of traditional electricity sources. Continued advances across materials and manufacturing are needed to further reduce costs and increase the adoption of solar power.
This document discusses advancements in root canal cleaning and shaping techniques and instrumentation. It begins by outlining the disadvantages of conventional filing techniques and introduces rotary endodontic instruments as a newer technology. The document then covers the classification, history, metallurgy including nickel-titanium, and advantages of rotary instruments. It also discusses developments in nickel-titanium alloys and the components, dynamics, and importance of rotational speed for rotary instruments.
Nickel titanium alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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4. Discovery of Nitinol’s
double state
195
9
By Buehler working with
alloys for a ICBM nose cones at
Naval Ordinance Labs
196
1Discovery of shape
memory effect
Again by Naval Ordinance Labs, they
realized that low-grade thermal energy can
be converted to high-grade mechanical
energy
197
4
National Heat Engine
Conference
Determined more material
science knowledge of Nitinol
was needed
199
5 Nike releases Flexon
eyewear
Featuring superelastic Nitinol
frames that could take extreme
abuse and bounce right back
200
5
Nitinol is ready to hit
the world market
By this time the material science
knowledge was developed enough
for widespread commercial use
6. Shape Memory
• What is a Shape Memory Alloy?
• Material that recovers its shape upon
heating
• Atomic structures of Nitinol
• Martensite: atomic lattice is a
“herring bone” shape
• Austenite: atomic lattice is cubic
• One-way and Two-way shape
memory
8. Superelastic
• What does Superelastic mean?
• When stress is removed, the strain is
recovered
• Superelastic Nitinol exhibits
austenite structure
• Closer to transition temperature
= more superelastic
• Due to stress induced martensite
• Used in high strain applications
10. Concepts of Application
Vibration Dampening
» Superelastic nitinol
» Dampening properties of silicone
» Strength of titanium
Actuators
» Shape memory nitinol
» Linear, rotary, or complex
» Single use actuator recover
from extreme deformations
Temperature Control
» Shape memory nitinol
» Activates at specific temperature
» 1-way or 2-way shape memory
Medical Devices
» Superelastic or shape memory
nitinol
» Biocompatibility is exceptional
» Numerous other beneficial qualities
11. Current Applications
Nitinol Antennas for Satellites
» Nitinol packs tightly in martensite state
» Electricity initiates transformation to austenite state
» Extended antenna has magnitudes larger surface
area
Nitinol Stent Implants
» Nitinol is compressed to fit into small arteries
» Body temperature initiates transformation
» Superelasticity allows for up to 50 million cycles
Nitinol Thermo-static valve
» Nitinol spring is used as an actuator
» Spring expands or contracts to control flow of hot
and cold water
» Water temperature is thus accurately controlled
14. Hysteresis
100%
Austenite
100%
Martensite
Temperature
𝑴 𝒇
𝑴 𝒔
𝑨 𝒔
𝑨 𝒇
• Hysteresis is defined as a “lag”
• Important mostly in Shape Memory applications
• Hysteresis can be a design constraint or a benefit
• Example: Actuators
• Constraint: limits speed
• Benefit: power savings
15. Fatigue
• Fatigue is the inability of the nitinol to
return to its preset shape
• Number of cycles affects the
amount of deformation
• 12% deformation → 1 cycle
• 5% deformation → 10,000 cycles
• 3% deformation → 10 million cycles
• Fatigue can be reset using heat
retreatment
The unique characteristics of nitinol’s double phase was first discovered by William J. Buehler while he was working on ICBM nose cones at Naval Ordinance Labs in 1959
And of course the unique properties of nitinol were discovered by accident like many other revolutionary discoveries.
The shape memory effect was not discovered until 1961, 2 years later by the same Naval Ordinance Labs group.
And with this they realized that low grade thermal energy could be converted to high grade mechanical energy.
Scientists continued to experiment with nitinol trying to determine the mechanism behind the shape memory effect.
Leading up until the National Heat Engine Conference in 1974 where the top scientists gathered to discuss their discoveries around nitinol.
Following the conference, they determined that the material science knowledge of nitinol was not extensive enough for commercial use.
Until nitinol started to make a reemergence when it was used in Nike’s line of Flexon Eyewear in 1995
These glasses could be bent to extreme lengths but would snap right back when released
This was the first application of superelastic nitinol.
By 2005, the Materials Science knowledge had been developed to the point where nitinol could finally be used in widespread commercial use.
Since then, nitinol has been used in a variety of different ways from surgical stents to the long sought after heat engines.
- First, we will delve one of the more interesting characteristics of nitinol: shape memory
- SMA: an alloy that when cold it is malleable, but recovers it shape when it is heated.
*pass out springs for listeners to distract themselves*
This phenomenon is due to the special characteristics rooted in the atomic structure of the Nitinol
Nitinol has 3 different atomic structure phases: Austenite, Martensite, and R-phase.
Martensite’s crystal structure allows the bonds to rotate giving the appearance of malleability.
Austenite is the phase where the nitinol is rigid and elastic. Since the bonds rotated without breaking, when it transforms to austenite, it returns to its original form.
The R-phase is another crystal structure, but most applications ignore it. (sensor applications because its non-hysteretic)
The most common forms of SM Nitinol are designed to display 1-way SM, although 2-way SM is possible
With one way shape memory, the nitinol is malleable when cold and can be distorted. When heated it will return to it preset shape. That’s the extent of 1-way SM.
Although with 2-way SM, the nitinol will have a preset shape for when its cold as well. So when heated, it will exhibit one shape, and when it’s cold, it will exhibit a different shape
The other classification of nitinol is superelastic.
Superelastic refers to a material that when the stress on it is removed, the strain it underwent is completely recovered. Essentially when the material is deformed, it will return to its original shape when there’s no force being applied to it.
Superelastic nitinol still has a transition temperature. Although, it will not reach that temperature because its application environment will always remain above the transition temperature.
With that being said, the closer the nitinol is to its transition temperature, the more superelastic it will be.
When its close the Af temperature, the nitinol will experience stress induced martensite when a stress is applied to it.
This transformation between the martensite and austenite phases is what makes the nitinol exhibit superelasticity
Super elastic nitinol is especially useful for applications that have a high amount of strain.
Let’s talk about the concepts on application that nitinol can fit in.
First is vibration dampening. In these applications, nitinol is exceptionally special because it has dampening properties similar to that of silicone rubber but the strength of titanium.
Then we have actuators, which can be linear, rotary, or complex. Our single use actuators have proven to recover from extreme deformations
Next is temperature control valves, where nitinol can activate at a specific temperature or even specific temperatures by utilizing the 2-way shape memory effect.
Lastly we have medical devices. Nitinol, with its great biocompatibility, also has good shock dissipation, high deformation, and a long fatigue life which makes it great for a variety of implants.
Some projects we have worked on recently include:
Designing antennas for satellites.
The nitinol antenna is packed tightly in the satellite until the sunlight activates the shape memory effect of the nitinol allowing it to extend out.
Another project was to design prosthetic stents.
Using the shape memory effect, we were able to have a condensed nitinol stent expand just with the thermal energy of body heat. Being superelastic, they are also able to withstand over 50 million cycles.
Lastly, we are currently working to develop a nitinol mesh.
The current role of the mesh for this project is to hold open small incisions made during a surgery. The nitinol mesh will be rolled to reduce its size then the body temperature will activate the mesh, opening it up and opening the incision.
Nitinol is classified by 11 critical temperatures.
So to explain this concept we have an atomic structure vs. temperature graph
Each phase has a start and a finish temperature.
There is also a peak temperature, which represents the temperature that produces the highest rate of change of atomic structure in the nitinol.
Which on the graph would be the points of inflection on the graph between Ms and Mf as well as between As and Af
The temperature we refer to the most is the transition temperature of the nitinol which is represented by the austenite finish temperature
An equilibrium temperature is possible only if Ms > As which can be attributed to the Gibb’s free energy of he system
There is currently no method for measuring the Mo and therefore must be calculated.
Last is the martensite difficult temperature which represents the temperature where producing stress induced martensite is extremely difficult.
Not being able to form stress induced martensite hinders the superelasticity of the nitinol
Above the martensite difficult temperature nitinol acts as a linear elastic
As you can see by the graph and from my explanation, there is a temperature range where the metal has a mixture of both martensite and austenite atomic structures which leads me into the next technical concept…
Hysteresis.
We define hysteresis as a lag, specifically a lag in the transformation of the nitinol atomic structure when shifting from martensite to austensite or vice versa.
There is a temperature gap to overcome before inducing a thermal atomic structure transformation
As you can see on the graph, this range between Mf and Af is what we call thermal hysteresis.
Hysteresis is a concern mostly in shape memory applications
Hysteresis can be a design liability, where the presence of hysteresis may impede on the functionality of the nitinol.
Although, it could also be a benefit.
Take for example an actuator.
Hysteresis can limit the speed of the actuator because it has to either cool down or heat up entirely through the hysteresis.
But on the other hand it can help with saving power by allowing you to reduce the temperature in a steady state application.
An equilibrium temperature is possible only if Ms > As which can be attributed to the Gibb’s free energy of he system
There is currently no method for measuring the Mo and therefore must be calculated.
Last is the martensite difficult temperature which represents the temperature where producing stress induced martensite is extremely difficult.
Not being able to form stress induced martensite hinders the superelasticity of the nitinol
Above the martensite difficult temperature nitinol acts as a linear elastic
As you can see by the graph and from my explanation, there is a temperature range where the metal has a mixture of both martensite and austenite atomic structures which leads me into the next technical concept…
Fatigue is an important characteristic of metals that withstand cycles of stress.
Fatigue is essentially the inability of the nitinol to completely return back to its preset shape.
For one-time use applications, fatigue is not a worry.
But for applications where the nitinol will under go 10,000 or even 10 million cycles, fatigue has to be considered.
The number of cycles can impact the amount the nitinol can be deformed and still recover to its set shape.
For instance, a nitinol can recover approximately 12% deformation once, which is great for a one-time use application
However, we have produced a single-use actuator that recovered from 250% deformation.
On the other hand, nitinol can recover 3% over a course of about 10 million cycles
What’s great about nitinol fatigue though is that it can be completely rehabilitated with a heat treatment!
Another option for fighting fatigue is adding a 3rd element which can allow you to push up to a billion cycles..
Ternary Alloys
Adding a 3rd metal could benefit the function of your nitinol.
Some examples of ternary alloys include adding the following metals to nitinol:
Aluminum: which increases fatigue life and flexibility, while also reducing the weight for weight sensitive applications.
Cobalt: can increase stiffness but suppresses SM effect, so using it in products such as high stiffness springs is beneficial.
Copper: can drastically decrease hysteresis and also increases the fatigue life. Although it is much more difficult to machine.
Hafnium: raises the transition temperature as high as 150°C.
Iron: drives the transition temperature down while also stabilizing it and also increases tensile strength.
Magnesium: reduces the stiffness and improves fatigue life, similarly to the aluminum alloy but w/o the density reduction.
Niobium: increases the hysteresis as large as 100°C, which is useful in applications where transformation is not desired (F-16).
Palladium: drives transition temperature up to as high as 600°C, but its very expensive.
Platinum: also drive the transition temperature up, even higher than Palladium can, but again is very expensive.
KRL is the fastest growing business in NH but we stick right by our customers throughout every step of the process.
We will work directly with your engineering team to produce a product specifically tailored to your application
There are a number of different manufacturing services that KRL can provide for you:
Vacuum melting allows us to manufacture our own nitinol instead of importing it.
With our in house equipment we can draw and roll wires and rods from nitinol ingots.
Our manufacturing facility allows us to mass produce products that you may require for your products.
We offer physical vapor deposition which allows us to coat your product with a number of inorganic and organic coatings.
There are 3 electrochemical processes that we provide which are electropolishing, electroplating, and passivation
Lastly, we are establishing our vacuum sputtering technologies and hope to have them functional soon.
Not only do we offer a number of manufacturing services, we also provide multiple engineering services which allows us to customize the nitinol to fit your exact needs
Heat treatment is required to establish and optimize the shape memory effect in nitinol but it can also alter mechanical and thermal properties.
We also offer surface treatment which determines how the nitinol will interact with its environment. Possible surface treatments include coating, polishing, and other chemical treatments.
With our thermomechanical testing equipment we can provide you with a complete, temperature dependent, mechanical profile of your nitinol system.
We do provide shape setting services for your nitinol, making everything from simple shapes for proof of concepts to complex systems.
Attaching nitinol to itself or other materials can be difficult, but with our high quality fiber and YAG lasers strong attachments can be made.
We also have equipment to perform stress free tests (DSC), stressed tests (Bend and Free Recovery), and even active tests to further characterize your nitinol.