Nheser- Thmus dependest artigert- Thetrus insepensient andigeta- both.pdf
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Nheser: Thmus dependest artigert. Thetrus insepensient andigeta. both for Thyerus desendent anbgers, and toymus indeptridert artigens. none of de above. jestlen 17 Senctes Ainer Al of the above. A of the ahtive Cobe verom faders Teminal manhose tresuet epresped by aome pathegens Antigen-entoody compleies In the immune tolerance mechanim, B-cells develops anergy due to the lack co-stimulatory signals (between CD40 \& CD40L) for. Selected Arswer: both for Tiymus dependent antigens, and Thymus independent antigens. Answers: Thymus dependent antigens. Thymus independent antigens. both for Thymus dependent antigens, and Thymus independent antigens. none of the above. lestion 17 are the major activators of the classical complement activation pathwoy. Selected Answer: All of the above Arawers: All of the above Cobra venom factors Terminal mannose residues expressed by some pathogens Antigen- antibody complexes.
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Immunology v t-ly
T-lymphocytes can only be activated by antigen complexes with HLA antigens from the person the lymphocytes originated from. During development in the thymus, lymphocytes that react with self-antigens presented by HLA die while those that recognize foreign antigens with a low affinity survive in a process called positive selection. Negatively selecting eliminates lymphocytes that react strongly to self-antigens. This results in a T-cell population that can recognize foreign peptides bound to self-HLA molecules.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Antigen
Cell mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes and is stimulated by intracellular antigens. T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC molecules on cell surfaces. There are several types of T cells including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells. Helper T cells activate macrophages and induce cytotoxic T cells and B cell antibody production. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells. Cell mediated and humoral immunity work together, with T cells assisting B cell antibody production against T-dependent antigens like proteins.
Immunological tolerance
PowerPoint file for topic "Immunological Tolerance"
Made by a student of Zoology at University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Antigen
The document discusses antigens and the immune system's response. It defines antigens as foreign substances that stimulate an immune response, such as proteins or polysaccharides from microbes. Antigens interact with antibodies at epitope sites. T cells recognize antigens combined with MHC proteins on cell surfaces and carry out cell-mediated immunity through cytokines. There are several types of T cells, including helper T cells which activate immune responses and cytotoxic T cells which destroy infected cells. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity work together, with T cells assisting B cell antibody production in response to T-dependent antigens.
Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseases
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Adaptive immunity
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the specific immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity provides lifelong protective immunity through antigen-specific responses that are mediated by lymphocytes, including B cells, T cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Lymphocytes have antigen receptors like the B cell receptor and T cell receptor that provide specificity. The adaptive immune response develops over a person's lifetime through somatic recombination and clonal selection that generates a diverse repertoire of lymphocytes each with a unique receptor.
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Central tolerance in the thymus involves negative selection of T cells that strongly bind self-antigens, including tissue-specific antigens, through the action of the AIRE protein. Some self-reactive T cells escape into the periphery where additional mechanisms maintain tolerance, including lack of co-stimulation when encountering self-antigens, failure to encounter hidden self-antigens, induction of regulatory T cells, and receipt of death signals from FasL-expressing cells. Peripheral tolerance helps prevent autoimmunity by controlling self-reactive T cells that avoided deletion in the thymus.
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Immunology v t-ly
T-lymphocytes can only be activated by antigen complexes with HLA antigens from the person the lymphocytes originated from. During development in the thymus, lymphocytes that react with self-antigens presented by HLA die while those that recognize foreign antigens with a low affinity survive in a process called positive selection. Negatively selecting eliminates lymphocytes that react strongly to self-antigens. This results in a T-cell population that can recognize foreign peptides bound to self-HLA molecules.
Cell mediated immune response
This document discusses cellular immune response and the roles of its key components. It describes how antigen presenting cells present antigens to T lymphocytes via MHC molecules, providing the necessary stimulatory and co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. Activated T cells then differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells induce apoptosis of infected cells, while effector CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines to activate macrophages. The interactions between these immune cells are regulated by cytokines. The document also discusses antigen presentation pathways, T cell maturation in the thymus, and the roles of superantigens and cytokines in the immune response.
Antigen
Cell mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes and is stimulated by intracellular antigens. T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC molecules on cell surfaces. There are several types of T cells including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells. Helper T cells activate macrophages and induce cytotoxic T cells and B cell antibody production. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells. Cell mediated and humoral immunity work together, with T cells assisting B cell antibody production against T-dependent antigens like proteins.
Immunological tolerance
PowerPoint file for topic "Immunological Tolerance"
Made by a student of Zoology at University of Sargodha, Pakistan
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Tolerance & autoimmunity and organ specific autoimmune diseases
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Adaptive immunity
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the specific immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity provides lifelong protective immunity through antigen-specific responses that are mediated by lymphocytes, including B cells, T cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Lymphocytes have antigen receptors like the B cell receptor and T cell receptor that provide specificity. The adaptive immune response develops over a person's lifetime through somatic recombination and clonal selection that generates a diverse repertoire of lymphocytes each with a unique receptor.
Immunological tolerance by Arad Boustan
Central tolerance in the thymus involves negative selection of T cells that strongly bind self-antigens, including tissue-specific antigens, through the action of the AIRE protein. Some self-reactive T cells escape into the periphery where additional mechanisms maintain tolerance, including lack of co-stimulation when encountering self-antigens, failure to encounter hidden self-antigens, induction of regulatory T cells, and receipt of death signals from FasL-expressing cells. Peripheral tolerance helps prevent autoimmunity by controlling self-reactive T cells that avoided deletion in the thymus.
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T Cell Repertoire & Self Tolerance
This document discusses T cell development and the mechanisms of repertoire selection and self tolerance in the thymus. It describes how T cells undergo positive and negative selection to ensure they are useful for recognizing foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to self. During positive selection in the thymus, T cells learn to recognize antigen only in the context of self MHC molecules. Negative selection removes self-reactive T cells that could cause autoimmunity. The thymus plays a key role in central tolerance and generation of a useful T cell repertoire restricted to self MHC.
Immunological tolerance and mechanisms involved
Immunological tolerance is the unresponsiveness of the immune system to antigens that have been encountered before. Tolerance to self-antigens, called self-tolerance, is important so the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues. Self-tolerance is achieved through central tolerance in the thymus and peripheral tolerance in mature lymphocytes. Central tolerance eliminates self-reactive T cells, while peripheral tolerance uses regulatory T cells, cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, and apoptosis to control self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
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The document discusses various aspects of antigens and the immune system. It defines antigens as substances that can induce an immune response and react specifically with immune system products like antibodies or T cells. It describes the key functions of the immune system in protecting against infections, removing abnormal cells, and promoting normal body functioning. It also outlines the components of the immune system including lymphoid organs, immune cells, and immune molecules. It distinguishes between innate and adaptive immunity and their roles in response to pathogens.
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The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
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The document discusses T cell development and selection in the thymus. Immature T cells enter the thymus with a random T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that includes receptors harmful to the body. The thymus subjects these cells to positive and negative selection to purge harmful self-reactive cells and retain those useful for foreign antigen recognition in a process that establishes T cell tolerance. Positively selected cells have TCRs that recognize self-MHC molecules, making their recognition MHC-restricted and useful for the immune response.
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Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
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ELITE CONTROLLERS
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No 13 immunological_tolerance
The document discusses the history and mechanisms of immunological tolerance. It describes how Owen first observed that sharing a blood system in utero led to tolerance between non-identical twins. Burnet then postulated that there is a window during immune system immaturity where antigens can induce tolerance. Medawar found lifelong tolerance could be induced by transferring cells in early life but not later. The document also discusses the "danger hypothesis" and controlled cell death in preventing autoimmunity.
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Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
G.2014-immuno~ (8.adaptive immunity'tcell'-jyh)
1. T cells develop in the thymus through rearrangement of TCR genes and positive and negative selection which results in MHC restriction and self-tolerance.
2. Mature T cells express the TCR-CD3 complex and either CD4 or CD8 as co-receptors. They also express accessory molecules like CD28, CTLA-4, LFA-1 which regulate activation.
3. T cells are classified as naive or memory based on activation status, and as CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, or regulatory T cells based on surface markers.
Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc.).
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This presentation contains principle, etiology and, clinical and lab diagnosis of various autoimmune disease.
Antigens, hapteins, immunogens lectures 10.1.06
An antigen is any substance that reacts with lymphocytes, while immunogens generate immune responses. Haptens are small molecules that require coupling to carriers to induce responses. Antibody-antigen binding depends on weak interactions between sites on antibodies and epitopes on antigens. Antibodies are produced with a wide variety of binding sites to recognize different antigenic determinants. Factors like foreignness, size, structure, and route of administration influence a substance's immunogenicity.
Adaptive immunity
The document summarizes key principles of the adaptive immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity arose due to limitations of innate immunity, including lack of specificity and memory. The adaptive response involves T and B lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens through cell surface receptors. Activation of T and B cells requires recognition of antigen along with costimulatory signals. This leads to clonal expansion and generation of effector cells and immunological memory. Adaptive immunity allows for tailored, amplified responses with self/non-self discrimination and immunological memory.
1 immunology-csbrp
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Central immunological tolerance
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Basic Features of Autoimmune Diseases
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases and immunologic tolerance. It discusses several key points:
- Autoimmune diseases result from immune reactions against self antigens and can affect connective tissues/blood vessels.
- Normal tolerance to self antigens occurs through central tolerance in the thymus and bone marrow and peripheral tolerance in tissues.
- Breakdown of tolerance and autoimmunity are caused by genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers that alter self antigen display/responses.
- Many autoimmune diseases are associated with specific HLA alleles, though they generally have complex, multigenic inheritance.
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Management System. This system also considers the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic situation
and wants to have a special monitoring for COVID-19 patients. After conducting a series of
interviews with a number of hospital administrators and employees, you have identified the
following entity types for the EER Model: - EMPLOYEE - is any person employed in the
hospital. Each employee has an EmployeeID (identifier), Name, and DateHired. There are
different types of EMPLOYEES and these are: DOCTORS, NURSES, and there are also other
types of employees in the hospital. But, an employee must belong to only one type where an
employee cannot do to the job of an employee with different job type. - DOCTOR - is an
EMPLOYEE in the hospital. A doctor has a LicenseNo attribute. - NURSE - is an EMPLOYEE
in the hospital. CareLevel needs to be recorded for each nurse. - CARE_UNIT - is a care center
or station within the hospital. Each CARE_UNIT has a UnitID (identifier), and a UnitName. -
ROOM - is a room in a certain care unit. A ROOM has a RoomNo (identifier), RoomType, and
RoomPrice. - BED - is a hospital bed that may be assigned to a patient that will be admitted to
the hospital. A BED cannot exist without being assigned to a ROOM, so that a BED depends on
the ROOM. A BED has a BedNo (identifier), and a BedType. - PATIENT - a person who is
either admitted to the hospital, or not. With special consideration to the COVID-19 pandemic,
the hospital has only two patient classifications as COVID patients, or NON COVID patients. A
patient must belong to only one classification. Each PATIENT has the following attributes:
PatientID (identifier), PName (which is composed of FName, and LName), BirthDate, Gender,
and ContactNo. - COVID - is a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 illness. For each COVID
patient, the Status, ExistingCondition (can have many existing conditions), and TravelHistory is
recorded. - NON COVID - is a patient diagnosed with other illnesses which is not COVID-19.
Each NON COVID patient has an IllnessType attribute. - COVID_TEST - is a laboratory test
given only to COVID patients. Each COVID TEST has a TestID (identifier), and a Description.
Your team also noted the following information about relationships among entities: An
EMPLOYEE supervises many employees, or may not supervise at all. But an EMPLOYEE must
be supervised by exactly one employee. A DOCTOR must treat as a minimum one PATIENT;
while, a PATIENT is treated by one or more DOCTORS. Every time a doctor treats a patient, th.
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shows a significant increase in her taxable income and tax payable. She thinks the ATO is being
very heavy-handed in their approach to her and is treating her unfairly. Required: What options
does Nikke have to challenge this amended assessment - she wants to claim that it is invalid and
excessive. In relation to each avenue of challenge, what does Nikke need to show at a basic
level? (Maximum 300 words).
Orange- Below is a sequence alignment with fixed differences for speci.pdf
Orange: Below is a sequence alignment with fixed differences for species A-D. Create a pairwise
genetic distance matrix, and construct a neighbor-joining tree where clades are represented by
parentheses. In parentheses, always list the species alphabetically, like ( A B ) C ) D ) E ) F (.
Nordic Multinationals Nordic countries have small populations ( 6 mill.pdf
Nordic Multinationals Nordic countries have small populations ( 6 million in Denmark, 9 million
in Sweden, 5 million in Finland, and 5 million in Norway). But they are big in breeding
multinational enterprises (MNEs) that actively invest abroad and compete globally, Nordic
multinationals often collaborate and sometimes merge with each other. Small domestic markets
have propelled many Nordic firms to go international at a relatively young age. While most of
them export aggressively, they often find that merely exporting is not enough to help penetrate
new markets and facilitate growth. Therefore, it is not unusual to see Nordic firms directly invest
abroad and manage operations in areas ranging from neighboring Western European countries to
distant shores such as Australia, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. Explain the three
common characteristics that make Nordic multinationals stand out among global peers. ( 2 marks
for each point)..
Nordic countries have small populations (6 million in Denmark- 9 milli.pdf
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in Finland, and 5 million in Norway). But they are big in breeding multinational enterprises
(MNEs) that actively invest abroad and compete globally. Nordic multinationals often
collaborate and sometimes merge with each other. Small domestic markets have propelled many
Nordic firms to go international at a relatively young age. While most of them export
aggressively, they often find that merely exporting is not enough to help penetrate new markets
and facilitate growth. Therefore, it is not unusual to see Nordic firms directly invest abroad and
manage operations in areas ranging from neighboring Western European countries to distant
shores such as Australia, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. Explain the three common
characteristics that make Nordic multinationals stand out among global peers. (2 marks for each
point)..
Ontinostatic typotension Vazodepressor Syncope Shuazanat SyncopeMoveme.pdf
Ontinostatic typotension Vazodepressor Syncope Shuazanat Syncope Movement of oxygen and
carbon dioxide inte and out of capiliaries is normaly accomplished vla which of the foliowine
mechanisme? Transcytosis Bulk Flow Inilitration Ditugsion Someone who has hypotension is at
risk for a (increase or decrease) in nutriont delivary via bulk tlowe QUESTION7 A largor vessel
dameter can rethult in an increased resistance to blood low True False.
One of the concerns in severe ankle sprain is that the patient has sus.pdf
One of the concerns in severe ankle sprain is that the patient has sustained
A.
Colle's fracture
B.
rupture of the hamstrings
C.
fracture of the lateral malleolus
D.
fracture of the lateral epicondyle
E.
scaphoid bone fracture
One of the concerns in severe ankle sprain is that the patient has sustained
A.
Colle's fracture
B.
rupture of the hamstrings
C.
fracture of the lateral malleolus
D.
fracture of the lateral epicondyle
E.
scaphoid bone fracture.
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Given the system represented by the equations: x 1 = x 2 2 x 1 3 x 2 = x 1 x 2 1. Determine
whether the origin is an equilibrium point and 2. Study the stability by linearizing the system
equations..
On June 13- the board of directors of Siewert Incorporated declared a.pdf
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50 million, $1 par, common shares, to be distributed on July 1 . The market price of Siewert
common stock was $19 on June 13. Prepare a journal entry that summarizes the declaration and
distribution of the stock dividend. Note: If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No
journal entry required" in the first account field. Enter your answers in millions (i.e., 10,000,000
should be entered as 10). Journal entry worksheet Record the declaration and distribution of the
stock dividend..
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On May 1, 2023, Romy and Vic formed a partnership contributing assets with the following
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loan on Building and that vic will contribute additional cash to make his capital balances equal to
40% of the total partnership equity. How much cash should Vic contribute?.
On January 1- 2020- Fisher Corporation purchased 40 percent (90-000 sh.pdf
On January 1, 2020, Fisher Corporation purchased 40 percent (90,000 shares) of the common
stock of Bowden, Inc., for $974 , 000 in cash and began to use the equity method for the
investment. The price paid represented a $60 , 000 payment in excess of the book value of
Fisher's share of Bowden's underlying net assets. Fisher was willing to make this extra payment
because of a recently developed potent held by Bowden with a 15-year remaining life. All other
assets were considered appropriately valued on Bowden's books. Bowden deciares and pays a
$92.000 cash dividend to its stockholders each year on September 15 . Bowden reported net
income of $386 , 000 in 2020 and $344 , 000 in 2021 . Each income figure was earned evenly
throughout its respective years. On July 1, 2021, Fisher soid 10 percent (22,500 shares) of
Bowden's outstanding shares for $326 , 000 in cash. Although it sold this interest, Fisher
maintained the ability to significantly influence Bowden's decision-making process. Prepare the
journal entries for Fisher for the years of 2020 and 2021. (If no entry is required for a
transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field. Do not round
intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar.).
need asap- thank you Symbols for Relational Aleebra Expressions and Ot.pdf
need asap, thank you
Symbols for Relational Aleebra Expressions and Other Symbots Symbals for relation schemasi R
, 5. T Syrubots for relations: R , S , T Symbols forilogical connectives 0 , v , , Symbols for
comparison preditates: ,, ? , , 4 , 2 , + Symbols for set-theoretical operations e 1 v 2 C , c i , 2 , 7
Other mathertatical symbolst i. . , 3 , v , + , t , AIl names (for example, for relations and
attributes) should be written in normal font (no italics) to increase readability. Ali symbols
should be surrounded by blanks to increase readability. Database schema Library(IID, name,
foundationYear) Branch(bID, branchiName, dddress, phoneNuijer, totalBooks, IID) Book(ISBN,
title, publicationYear, aID, NoID) Author (aID, name, birthDate, nationality) Patron(pID, name,
address, phoneNumber, library(ardNumber, fine) Publisher (pbID, name, address,
phoneNumber) Genre(gID, name, description) Member(bID, PID) BranchBooks(bID, ISBN)
BookGenre(ISBN, gID) BookRent (ISBN, RID, startDate, dueDate, returnStatus) Query Find the
names, phone numbers, and fines of patrons who have the highest amount of fines at "branchA"
(name and unique)..
On December 30- 2020- Inge Co-'s Board of Directors declared a 10- sto.pdf
On December 30, 2020, Inge Co.'s Board of Directors declared a 10% stock dividend far ite
rommon stock. when the market value of the common of shareholders' equity for Inge Co., as of
December 31, 2U2U..
On December 10- YR08 the board of directors of Apple Inc- declared a c.pdf
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share on its common stock to holders of record on December 20, YR08. At this date (December
10) the company had 2,000 authorized, 1,000 shares issued, 900 shares outstanding, and 100
shares were held as treasury stock. The board specified that the dividend would be paid on
January 20, YR09. The general ledger entry on December 10, YR08 (date of declaration) would
be: The general ledger entry on January 20 , YR09 (date of payment) would be:.
Objective- Write syntactically correct while-for loops Given a list of.pdf
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the list. For example, given [ 1 , 1 , 1 , 5 ] and n = 3 , the function should return 3. (i.e. 1 + 1 + 1 ).
Observe the Psilotum photos above- and the fern photos below- On what.pdf
Observe the Psilotum photos above, and the fern photos below. On what ways are Psilotum
similar to ferns? In what ways are they different? Psilotum: Ferns: Examples of ferns: From left
to right: Boston fern button fern, staghorn fern (Image credit: H. Dietz),.
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