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The document discusses transcription and translation. Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus. This involves RNA polymerase making pre-mRNA that is then edited to mRNA. Translation is the process by which the information in mRNA is used by the ribosome in the cytoplasm to synthesize proteins with the assistance of tRNA and other agents. Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
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Gene expression is a tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond to its changing environment. It acts as both an on/off switch to control when proteins are made and also a volume control that increases or decreases the amount of proteins made.
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The central dogma of biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It involves two main processes - transcription, where the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a gene's promoter and produces messenger RNA from the DNA sequence, and translation, where the mRNA is read as codons that specify amino acids which join together to form a polypeptide chain that later folds into a functional protein.
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Central dogma
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It first defines DNA, genes, and the central dogma. It then explains the key processes involved - DNA replication, transcription, translation, DNA methylation, pseudogenes, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA through 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. The central dogma provides the framework for how genetic information in DNA is used to direct protein synthesis and expression of genes.
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This document summarizes the process of transcription in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It discusses the importance of transcription in using DNA to make proteins. The key steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds the DNA. Elongation involves RNA polymerase synthesizing mRNA using one DNA strand as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and releases the mRNA. The document contrasts transcription between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, noting differences such as transcription occurring in the nucleus versus cytoplasm and the number of RNA polymerases involved.
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Gene expression.pptx
Gene expression is a tightly regulated process that allows a cell to respond to its changing environment. It acts as both an on/off switch to control when proteins are made and also a volume control that increases or decreases the amount of proteins made.
Ci 350 poster
The central dogma of biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It involves two main processes - transcription, where the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a gene's promoter and produces messenger RNA from the DNA sequence, and translation, where the mRNA is read as codons that specify amino acids which join together to form a polypeptide chain that later folds into a functional protein.
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This document discusses protein synthesis, which consists of two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA. During translation, the mRNA provides instructions to assemble a polypeptide chain through interactions with tRNA and ribosomes. The process occurs differently between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but ultimately genes are transcribed to mRNA and then translated to produce proteins according to the genetic code.
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Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is read by RNA polymerase to produce mRNA. Transcription includes initiation, elongation, and termination. In translation, ribosomes in the cytoplasm use mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. Translation occurs through activation, initiation, elongation, and termination. Together, transcription and translation allow the information encoded in genes to be used to direct the synthesis of proteins.
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The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It explains the key processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. DNA replication involves initiation, elongation, and termination to produce identical DNA molecules. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, while translation involves activating amino acids and using mRNA to assemble proteins according to the genetic code. Post-translational modifications regulate protein activity and stability and are implicated in hereditary diseases.
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The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It first defines DNA, genes, and the central dogma. It then explains the key processes involved - DNA replication, transcription, translation, DNA methylation, pseudogenes, and post-transcriptional modification of RNA through 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. The central dogma provides the framework for how genetic information in DNA is used to direct protein synthesis and expression of genes.
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This document summarizes the process of transcription in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It discusses the importance of transcription in using DNA to make proteins. The key steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds the DNA. Elongation involves RNA polymerase synthesizing mRNA using one DNA strand as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and releases the mRNA. The document contrasts transcription between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, noting differences such as transcription occurring in the nucleus versus cytoplasm and the number of RNA polymerases involved.
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This document discusses transcription in eukaryotes. It begins with definitions of transcription and describes the basic process of RNA being synthesized from a DNA template. It then covers the mechanisms of transcription, including initiation involving RNA polymerase and transcription factors, elongation, and termination. The key similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are that DNA acts as a template and RNA polymerase facilitates RNA synthesis. Key differences are that eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, is carried out by three classes of RNA polymerase, and RNAs are processed in the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm.
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This document summarizes the process of gene expression in three main steps: transcription, post-transcriptional modification, and translation. It first defines a gene as a stretch of DNA that encodes information. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes post-transcriptional modification like capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. The mature mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation by ribosomes into proteins. Additional post-translational modifications can occur to proteins after translation. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, translation and protein degradation.
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
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Translation-Initiation, elongation, termination, post-translation.
Gene regulation, transcription factors.
Gene expression models, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, signal transduction, gene expression technology
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This document discusses transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by explaining the central dogma and gene expression. It then defines key terms like gene, transcription, RNA polymerase, template strand, and primary transcript. The document outlines the steps of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the transcription bubble and pre-initiation complex. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and RNA editing. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are briefly compared.
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The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. It describes how the template strand of DNA is read to produce mRNA. A transcription unit includes promoter signals for transcription initiation, elongation and termination. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction on the template strand from 3' to 5'. The primary transcript undergoes post-transcriptional modifications like capping, polyadenylation and splicing before becoming a mature mRNA.
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Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
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The document summarizes transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes. It describes the central dogma where DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into protein. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation involves initiator tRNAs bringing amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain. Eukaryotic transcription and translation are more complex than prokaryotes with mRNA processing and separate transcription/translation.
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The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the three main stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and how they differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported from the nucleus, while in prokaryotes the mRNA is used directly for translation. The structures of RNA polymerases also differ between the two systems.
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Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
transcription
In biology, transcription is the first step in the process of gene expression, in which the information stored in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. The process of transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
The transcription process starts when the enzyme RNA polymerase recognizes a specific DNA sequence, called a promoter, which indicates the starting point of transcription. RNA polymerase then unwinds the double helix of the DNA molecule and uses one strand as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.
During transcription, RNA polymerase adds nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA, to the 3' end of the RNA molecule, following the base-pairing rules of A-U and C-G. The newly synthesized RNA molecule is called a primary transcript, which may undergo further processing, including splicing and capping, to form a mature RNA molecule.
In eukaryotes, the mature RNA molecule is usually transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into a protein. In prokaryotes, the RNA molecule can be translated immediately into a protein without leaving the cytoplasm.
Transcription is a complex process that is regulated by various factors, including DNA-binding proteins and small regulatory RNA molecules, to ensure that the correct genes are expressed at the appropriate times and in the appropriate cells.
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This document summarizes the process of gene expression in three main steps: transcription, post-transcriptional modification, and translation. It first defines a gene as a stretch of DNA that encodes information. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes post-transcriptional modification like capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. The mature mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation by ribosomes into proteins. Additional post-translational modifications can occur to proteins after translation. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, RNA processing, translation and protein degradation.
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
Gene exp-expression models-techniques.pdf
Gene expression-Transcription and translation. Transcription: Initiation, elongation, termination, processing. Splicing, exon, intron, promoter, enhancer, silencers or repressors.
Translation-Initiation, elongation, termination, post-translation.
Gene regulation, transcription factors.
Gene expression models, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, signal transduction, gene expression technology
Transcription
This document discusses transcription and post-transcriptional modification. It begins by explaining the central dogma and gene expression. It then defines key terms like gene, transcription, RNA polymerase, template strand, and primary transcript. The document outlines the steps of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the transcription bubble and pre-initiation complex. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, splicing, and RNA editing. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are briefly compared.
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The document discusses the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to protein. It describes how the template strand of DNA is read to produce mRNA. A transcription unit includes promoter signals for transcription initiation, elongation and termination. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction on the template strand from 3' to 5'. The primary transcript undergoes post-transcriptional modifications like capping, polyadenylation and splicing before becoming a mature mRNA.
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Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
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The document summarizes transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes. It describes the central dogma where DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into protein. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation involves initiator tRNAs bringing amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain. Eukaryotic transcription and translation are more complex than prokaryotes with mRNA processing and separate transcription/translation.
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The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the three main stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - and how they differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being exported from the nucleus, while in prokaryotes the mRNA is used directly for translation. The structures of RNA polymerases also differ between the two systems.
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Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
transcription
In biology, transcription is the first step in the process of gene expression, in which the information stored in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. The process of transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
The transcription process starts when the enzyme RNA polymerase recognizes a specific DNA sequence, called a promoter, which indicates the starting point of transcription. RNA polymerase then unwinds the double helix of the DNA molecule and uses one strand as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.
During transcription, RNA polymerase adds nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA, to the 3' end of the RNA molecule, following the base-pairing rules of A-U and C-G. The newly synthesized RNA molecule is called a primary transcript, which may undergo further processing, including splicing and capping, to form a mature RNA molecule.
In eukaryotes, the mature RNA molecule is usually transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into a protein. In prokaryotes, the RNA molecule can be translated immediately into a protein without leaving the cytoplasm.
Transcription is a complex process that is regulated by various factors, including DNA-binding proteins and small regulatory RNA molecules, to ensure that the correct genes are expressed at the appropriate times and in the appropriate cells.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
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Real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, gene expression methods and microarrays. The document discusses various methods for studying gene expression including real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, microarrays, and other related topics. Real-time PCR allows for quantification of gene expression in real-time and has advantages like a wide dynamic range and little inter-assay variation. Reverse transcriptase PCR is used to detect RNA expression by first converting RNA to cDNA then amplifying it with PCR. Microarrays allow studying the activity patterns of thousands of genes simultaneously on a DNA chip.
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This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
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Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
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The document discusses sodium and water balance in the kidneys and kidney disease. The kidneys filter blood and reabsorb sodium and water to maintain fluid balance, regulated by hormones like aldosterone. Kidney diseases like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and polycystic kidney disease can impair this balance. Treatment for kidney disease may include medication, lifestyle changes, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.
Muhammad Saleem Physiology pbl.pptx
The document summarizes the functions of different organs in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). It discusses 11 organs including the mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sphincters, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Each organ plays an important role in ingesting, digesting, absorbing nutrients from, and eliminating food and waste from the body.
Muhammad Saleem pbl Physiology.pptx
The document summarizes the functions of the gastrointestinal tract organs. It describes the roles of the mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus in ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion of food. It also briefly discusses the types of peptic ulcers that can develop in the stomach, esophagus and duodenum.
quiz 3.pptx
A cover letter explains why an applicant is qualified for a specific position, highlights relevant experiences from their resume, and demonstrates that the letter is tailored to the specific company. A cover letter should clearly communicate the applicant's qualifications and skills, provide an example of their strong written communication abilities, and explain how the applicant will benefit the organization. Cover letters must be proofread for errors and focus on highlighting an applicant's strongest qualifications for the role in a concise manner.
AREEB CH_RESUME (1).docx
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QATADA ROLLNO; 076.pptx
This document provides information about simple epithelial tissue. It discusses three main types of simple epithelial tissue: simple squamous, simple columnar, and simple cuboidal. For each type, it describes the shape and arrangement of cells, as well as examples of locations where each tissue type can be found in the body. It also provides more detail on simple columnar epithelial tissue, describing non-ciliated and ciliated subtypes and their functions in organs like the stomach, trachea, fallopian tubes, and small intestine.
lecture.pptx
The document discusses intensive and extensive reading. It states that intensive reading focuses on close analysis, note-taking, and comprehension testing. It aims to understand grammar, syntax, and details. Extensive reading is done quickly for pleasure and overall comprehension rather than perfection. It involves reading large quantities with an emphasis on fluency over analyzing every word. The goal is increased exposure leading to stronger language skills through seeing structure, idioms, and vocabulary in context.
practice.pptx
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Presentation1 [Recovered].pbl .saleemphysiology.pptx
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Presentation1 [Recovered].pbl ^Jphysiology.pptx
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Presentation1 [Recovered].pbl .saleemphysiology.pptx
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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New_Microsoft_PowerPoint_Presentation SHAHBAZ.pptx
- 2. PRESENTED TO: Dr. Sania Munir TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION PRESENTED BY: Shahbaz Niaz 090(B)
- 3. OBJECTIVES Make RNA copies of individual genes. Make proteins from mRNA and tRNA. Genetic information flow within a cell from genes in DNA to proteins.
- 4. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION STAGES OF TRANSLATION REFERENCE
- 5. TRANSCRIPTION The first step of protein synthesis. Process in which RNA is synthesized from DNA. DNA (Double Stranded) RNA(Single Stranded). It involves two steps: Pre messenger RNA is formed using the enzyme RNA polymerase. mRNA is edited from Pre messenger RNA using splicing.
- 6. TRANSLATION • The mRNA formed in transcription is transported out of the nucleus , into the cytoplasm. • In translation information contained in mRNA is used to make the polypeptide. • Here , it directs protein synthesis: • Agents involved: • Transfer RNA is required for translation. • Ribosomes • Release factor
- 7. The process by which mRNA directs protein synthesis with the assistance of tRNA is called Translation.
- 8. STAGES OF TRANSLATION • There are three main stages in translation process: •Initiation •Elongation •Termination
- 9. INITIATION: