Critical Thinking Fall 2016 Essay AssignmentArgue one of t.docxannettsparrow
Critical Thinking
Fall 2016
Essay Assignment
Argue one of the following:
1. Drug legalization is morally acceptable.
2. Drug legalization is not morally acceptable.
3. Prostitution is morally acceptable.
4. Prostitution is not morally acceptable.
5. Abortion is morally acceptable.
6. Abortion is not morally acceptable.
7. Euthanasia is morally acceptable.
8. Euthanasia is not morally acceptable.
9. Capital punishment is morally acceptable.
10. Capital punishment is not morally acceptable.
11. Corporate social responsibility is a moral obligation.
12. Corporate social responsibility is not a moral obligation.
13. We are obligated to protect animal welfare.
14. We are not obligated to protect animal welfare.
15. Affirmative action is a moral obligation.
16. Affirmative action is not a moral obligation.
In making your argument, you are required to:
A. Include the following:
I. An introduction that includes your thesis statement
a. for example, say I’m writing an essay on the value of reading books and my thesis statement is about the value of reading books over watching movies. My introduction could simply be “In this essay, I argue that it is better to read a book than to watch a movie.”
II. Reason(s) that support your thesis statement (In other words, what are the reasons why should we agree with your thesis statement?)
a. for example: “Reading books gives the reader an advantage of having more detail in exposition that simply watching a movie cannot. For example, a five-second pan of the camera in a movie scene loses all of the important detail—even occasionally the narrator’s inner monologue—that can be expounded on for several pages in a novel. All of this information can make a difference in both one’s understanding and one’s appreciation of the story being told. Movies all too often are incapable of capturing fully that information the way the artfully-crafted written word can.”
NOTE: The above is simply a brief example of what supporting reasons for a thesis might look like. This is not, however, an example of an appropriate or recommended length for this particular section of your essay. You want your essay to be as strong as possible—after all, you are trying to convince us of your position, right? Therefore, you should spend an ample amount of room explaining exactly why it is we should agree with you.
III. A strong objection to your thesis
a. for example: “Some may argue that watching a movie is better than reading a book because movies can present a story in around two hours, while reading a book usually takes much more time.”
IV. A response to that objection
a. For example: “Especially when so many of us have busy lives and are pressed for time, the idea of watching a two-hour movie may seem more appealing than taking the time to read a 450-page book. However, I will argue that the benefits of taking the time to read a book far outweigh any benefit gained from lazily watching a two-hour flick. For example, .
Critical Thinking Fall 2016 Essay AssignmentArgue one of t.docxannettsparrow
Critical Thinking
Fall 2016
Essay Assignment
Argue one of the following:
1. Drug legalization is morally acceptable.
2. Drug legalization is not morally acceptable.
3. Prostitution is morally acceptable.
4. Prostitution is not morally acceptable.
5. Abortion is morally acceptable.
6. Abortion is not morally acceptable.
7. Euthanasia is morally acceptable.
8. Euthanasia is not morally acceptable.
9. Capital punishment is morally acceptable.
10. Capital punishment is not morally acceptable.
11. Corporate social responsibility is a moral obligation.
12. Corporate social responsibility is not a moral obligation.
13. We are obligated to protect animal welfare.
14. We are not obligated to protect animal welfare.
15. Affirmative action is a moral obligation.
16. Affirmative action is not a moral obligation.
In making your argument, you are required to:
A. Include the following:
I. An introduction that includes your thesis statement
a. for example, say I’m writing an essay on the value of reading books and my thesis statement is about the value of reading books over watching movies. My introduction could simply be “In this essay, I argue that it is better to read a book than to watch a movie.”
II. Reason(s) that support your thesis statement (In other words, what are the reasons why should we agree with your thesis statement?)
a. for example: “Reading books gives the reader an advantage of having more detail in exposition that simply watching a movie cannot. For example, a five-second pan of the camera in a movie scene loses all of the important detail—even occasionally the narrator’s inner monologue—that can be expounded on for several pages in a novel. All of this information can make a difference in both one’s understanding and one’s appreciation of the story being told. Movies all too often are incapable of capturing fully that information the way the artfully-crafted written word can.”
NOTE: The above is simply a brief example of what supporting reasons for a thesis might look like. This is not, however, an example of an appropriate or recommended length for this particular section of your essay. You want your essay to be as strong as possible—after all, you are trying to convince us of your position, right? Therefore, you should spend an ample amount of room explaining exactly why it is we should agree with you.
III. A strong objection to your thesis
a. for example: “Some may argue that watching a movie is better than reading a book because movies can present a story in around two hours, while reading a book usually takes much more time.”
IV. A response to that objection
a. For example: “Especially when so many of us have busy lives and are pressed for time, the idea of watching a two-hour movie may seem more appealing than taking the time to read a 450-page book. However, I will argue that the benefits of taking the time to read a book far outweigh any benefit gained from lazily watching a two-hour flick. For example, .
Law & CultureProfessor BannerLaw in ActionASSIGNMENT FOU.docxmanningchassidy
Law & Culture
Professor Banner
Law in Action
ASSIGNMENT FOUR
Each of these assignments asks you to apply the course material by completing a project or providing advice similar to what an actual law student or lawyer might do. You will conduct research, counsel a client, and outline points of law. Often these assignments require you to review additional, short assigned videos or documents, which are available in the Law in Action folder located in the Files section on Canvas.
In each case, unless specified otherwise, your answers should be as short as possible and as long as necessary.
The assignments must be submitted in a Word document on Canvas by the Due Date listed on the syllabus.
50 points—Excellent (professionally presented, no errors in legal analysis)
40 points—Satisfactory (solid legal analysis; small grammatical or proofreading issues)
30 points—OK (ideas are good but not fully formed; assignment is sloppy)
20 points—Assignment was submitted but includes multiple errors of law and/or grammar and proofreading issues
0 points—Assignment contains multiple mistakes and is not professionally presented or assignment was not submitted
There are 8 LIA assignments in all, each worth 50 points, for a total of 400 course points.
You have seven days to complete each of these assignments. Late assignments will not be accepted without a documented medical or religious excuse. Being sick for one or two days of seven is not an excuse.
Assignment Four
Assume that you are a reporter on the “legal beat” for a national newspaper. You have been asked to write an opinion piece discussing whether Michelle Carter’s appeal to the US Supreme Court of her criminal conviction for involuntary manslaughter* of her boyfriend, Conrad Roy is likely to succeed.
Based on the criminal law principles discussed in Chapter 5 and any criminal procedure or constitutional argument you wish to add, outline your strongest and best arguments as to why Carter is likely to succeed or fail on appeal. Consider, in your answer, whether the prosecution failed to prove she committed the crime beyond a reasonable doubt based on the elements of the crime, and whether, if the elements were met, there should have been any affirmative defenses available to Carter.
* Should you take a criminal law class, you will learn that the common law crime of homicide is divided into four categories:
· First Degree Murder (requires knowing intent and premeditation)
· Second Degree Murder (requires knowing intent but not premeditation)
· Voluntary Manslaughter (Second Degree Murder committed after being Provoked)
· Involuntary Manslaughter (Reckless Homicide, meaning that the defendant knew the risk of their actions and proceeded to act)
· Negligent Homicide (The defendant should have been aware of the risk of their actions and proceeded to act)
Here, the accusation is that Carter acted recklessly in causing the death of Roy.
Claim: College Should Not Be Free
Writing Requireme.
Arguments Are SupportWhile being open-minded and playing the be.docxjustine1simpson78276
Arguments Are Support
While being open-minded and playing “the believing game” is a great starting place whenever you're having a discussion, the remainder of the webtext will focus on what Peter Elbow calls “the doubting game.” To filter through all the ideas presented to you and decide what to believe, it's important to turn a skeptical eye to every argument you encounter.
The first step is to understand exactly what makes up an argument. To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus, all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. Premise: one or more reasons or pieces of evidence to support the claim
2. Conclusion: the claim being supported
Arguments make the process of thinking visible. The logical leap from the premises to the conclusion is known as an inference. Whenever you draw a conclusion based on a piece of information, such as seeing a threateningly dark sky and deciding that there’s a good chance of rain, you’re making an inference. When these inferences are articulated with premises and conclusions, they make an argument.
Recognizing Arguments
Not every piece of text or spoken speech you encounter is necessarily an argument. Unless it has both premises and a conclusion, it’s not an argument.
If no support is offered, it’s not an argument. It might be true. It might be a fact. It might be an opinion. But if there are no reasons to back it up, its not an argument. Consider the following passage:
People say I'm angry. I am. I'm angry that our president started an unnecessary war. I'm upset that our military got away with torturing people. I'm mad that an insurance company sold policies that my government had to cover, and they're still open. I'm upset that companies like Countrywide and Washington Mutual collapsed the housing market. I'm totally disgusted in Congress. 1
This could be the beginning of an argument—maybe the author goes on to support his opinions with reasons and evidence. But as it stands, this piece of text is merely a list of assertions of belief.
Narratives are also not arguments:
I remember being paid $5.75 an hour at my first job as a host at Hobee’s, a brunch restaurant in the East Bay town of Fremont where I grew up. The dismal pay rate felt like a significant amount of money at the time, but then again it was the year 2000, I was living with my parents, and I was only 14. … It’s hard to imagine how my coworkers at Hobee’s were surviving on $5.75 an hour all those years ago, many of them with families to support. 2
The text above is also not an argument. The writer is reflecting upon his memories, and his feelings about his memories, but because he doesn’t make any definitive claim, it’s not an argument.
Finding Premises and Conclusions
When you’re spelling out arguments, the standard form is to list the premises first, and then state the conclusion that the premises lead to. But arguments in real life are often not as tid.
Easiest Way to Write a Thesis StatementCustomWriting
This useful and detailed guide will help you create great thesis statements easily and without any trouble at all!
Great tips created by our academic professionals with over 6 years of experience.
Looking for more academic help?
Check out our website: www.custom-writing.org
Make Your IELTS Essay Sound More Academic with HEDGINGBen Worthington
IELTS essays have to be academic, one facet of this is avoiding over-generalisations and making assumptions.
Use this easy technique to 'hedge' your essays and score higher. Then sign up for the IELTSPodcast weekly email to guarantee your success.
Writing a philosophy essayWriting for philosophy is a little dif.docxericbrooks84875
Writing a philosophy essay
Writing for philosophy is a little different from writing in other subject areas. The key to a successful a philosophy essay is making an argument. An argument is a proposition that is supported by logic and evidence. A good argument is persuasive. It convinces the reader that your proposition is sound, or at least reasonable. It is not important that your argument be true or that you believe what you are writing. Your task is simply to make the case that your proposition has enough support to be taken seriously.
For this course your task is to take a discussion question response and develop it into an argument. Each of the course discussion questions given to you by your instructor is a topic area. For your essay your task is to choose one of those topic areas and develop a proposition, called a thesis statement. The thesis statement should be a clear statement of something you wish to or believe you can prove.
Example DQ (week 3):
Moral relativism is a very popular ethic in North America. Canadians in particular are proud of its variant called multiculturalism. But relativism has serious logical and practical problems. What is your perspective on relativism, especially multiculturalism? Do you support or oppose it? What is your evidence or rationale for your position?
You might want to take a position regarding some aspect of this DQ such as
Moral relativism is a good principle for organizing a nation and multiculturalism is an excellent example of how it is best applied.
This latter statement is your proposition, or thesis. Your essay will prove this thesis. (Note that this is simply an example. Any other proposition in relation to any of the DQs will work just as well.) Your task is then to build a good essay around this proposition.
A good essay is composed of an introduction, a body and a conclusion. In a short essay such as those for this course the introduction and the conclusion are usually a single paragraph each. The body can run as many paragraphs as necessary to make your argument. Typically this is not less than three paragraphs, but it may be as long seven or eight in this assignment.
Introduction
Your introduction is typically three to five sentences, one of which is your thesis statement. Generally a good introduction begins with a background sentence that sets the framework or context for your argument. That is followed by enough detail to let your reader understand what you are planning to accomplish and how you will go about it. For example, in the case above, an introductory paragraph might run as follows:
Governing in pluralistic nation states is difficult, a balancing act of interests and values where nothing is ever clear. For pluralistic nation states moral relativism is a good operating principle and policies of multiculturalism are among the best way to ensure the social good. Canada is an excellent example of how multiculturalism functions this way and my experience as an immig.
Reference Link:
https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/death-penalty-essay/
For Order: https://myassignmenthelp.com/Home/
Email id:
contact@myassignmenthelp.com
Let’s face it; essay writing doesn’t have many fans among students, more so if it’s a death penalty essay. They are long, they are boring, and demand too much research, time and effort. Hardly any awe-inspiring features right? To write death penalty essays is like being sentenced to one. They would much prefer to be facing the firing squad than having to write the essay.
Law & CultureProfessor BannerLaw in ActionASSIGNMENT FOU.docxmanningchassidy
Law & Culture
Professor Banner
Law in Action
ASSIGNMENT FOUR
Each of these assignments asks you to apply the course material by completing a project or providing advice similar to what an actual law student or lawyer might do. You will conduct research, counsel a client, and outline points of law. Often these assignments require you to review additional, short assigned videos or documents, which are available in the Law in Action folder located in the Files section on Canvas.
In each case, unless specified otherwise, your answers should be as short as possible and as long as necessary.
The assignments must be submitted in a Word document on Canvas by the Due Date listed on the syllabus.
50 points—Excellent (professionally presented, no errors in legal analysis)
40 points—Satisfactory (solid legal analysis; small grammatical or proofreading issues)
30 points—OK (ideas are good but not fully formed; assignment is sloppy)
20 points—Assignment was submitted but includes multiple errors of law and/or grammar and proofreading issues
0 points—Assignment contains multiple mistakes and is not professionally presented or assignment was not submitted
There are 8 LIA assignments in all, each worth 50 points, for a total of 400 course points.
You have seven days to complete each of these assignments. Late assignments will not be accepted without a documented medical or religious excuse. Being sick for one or two days of seven is not an excuse.
Assignment Four
Assume that you are a reporter on the “legal beat” for a national newspaper. You have been asked to write an opinion piece discussing whether Michelle Carter’s appeal to the US Supreme Court of her criminal conviction for involuntary manslaughter* of her boyfriend, Conrad Roy is likely to succeed.
Based on the criminal law principles discussed in Chapter 5 and any criminal procedure or constitutional argument you wish to add, outline your strongest and best arguments as to why Carter is likely to succeed or fail on appeal. Consider, in your answer, whether the prosecution failed to prove she committed the crime beyond a reasonable doubt based on the elements of the crime, and whether, if the elements were met, there should have been any affirmative defenses available to Carter.
* Should you take a criminal law class, you will learn that the common law crime of homicide is divided into four categories:
· First Degree Murder (requires knowing intent and premeditation)
· Second Degree Murder (requires knowing intent but not premeditation)
· Voluntary Manslaughter (Second Degree Murder committed after being Provoked)
· Involuntary Manslaughter (Reckless Homicide, meaning that the defendant knew the risk of their actions and proceeded to act)
· Negligent Homicide (The defendant should have been aware of the risk of their actions and proceeded to act)
Here, the accusation is that Carter acted recklessly in causing the death of Roy.
Claim: College Should Not Be Free
Writing Requireme.
Arguments Are SupportWhile being open-minded and playing the be.docxjustine1simpson78276
Arguments Are Support
While being open-minded and playing “the believing game” is a great starting place whenever you're having a discussion, the remainder of the webtext will focus on what Peter Elbow calls “the doubting game.” To filter through all the ideas presented to you and decide what to believe, it's important to turn a skeptical eye to every argument you encounter.
The first step is to understand exactly what makes up an argument. To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus, all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. Premise: one or more reasons or pieces of evidence to support the claim
2. Conclusion: the claim being supported
Arguments make the process of thinking visible. The logical leap from the premises to the conclusion is known as an inference. Whenever you draw a conclusion based on a piece of information, such as seeing a threateningly dark sky and deciding that there’s a good chance of rain, you’re making an inference. When these inferences are articulated with premises and conclusions, they make an argument.
Recognizing Arguments
Not every piece of text or spoken speech you encounter is necessarily an argument. Unless it has both premises and a conclusion, it’s not an argument.
If no support is offered, it’s not an argument. It might be true. It might be a fact. It might be an opinion. But if there are no reasons to back it up, its not an argument. Consider the following passage:
People say I'm angry. I am. I'm angry that our president started an unnecessary war. I'm upset that our military got away with torturing people. I'm mad that an insurance company sold policies that my government had to cover, and they're still open. I'm upset that companies like Countrywide and Washington Mutual collapsed the housing market. I'm totally disgusted in Congress. 1
This could be the beginning of an argument—maybe the author goes on to support his opinions with reasons and evidence. But as it stands, this piece of text is merely a list of assertions of belief.
Narratives are also not arguments:
I remember being paid $5.75 an hour at my first job as a host at Hobee’s, a brunch restaurant in the East Bay town of Fremont where I grew up. The dismal pay rate felt like a significant amount of money at the time, but then again it was the year 2000, I was living with my parents, and I was only 14. … It’s hard to imagine how my coworkers at Hobee’s were surviving on $5.75 an hour all those years ago, many of them with families to support. 2
The text above is also not an argument. The writer is reflecting upon his memories, and his feelings about his memories, but because he doesn’t make any definitive claim, it’s not an argument.
Finding Premises and Conclusions
When you’re spelling out arguments, the standard form is to list the premises first, and then state the conclusion that the premises lead to. But arguments in real life are often not as tid.
Easiest Way to Write a Thesis StatementCustomWriting
This useful and detailed guide will help you create great thesis statements easily and without any trouble at all!
Great tips created by our academic professionals with over 6 years of experience.
Looking for more academic help?
Check out our website: www.custom-writing.org
Make Your IELTS Essay Sound More Academic with HEDGINGBen Worthington
IELTS essays have to be academic, one facet of this is avoiding over-generalisations and making assumptions.
Use this easy technique to 'hedge' your essays and score higher. Then sign up for the IELTSPodcast weekly email to guarantee your success.
Writing a philosophy essayWriting for philosophy is a little dif.docxericbrooks84875
Writing a philosophy essay
Writing for philosophy is a little different from writing in other subject areas. The key to a successful a philosophy essay is making an argument. An argument is a proposition that is supported by logic and evidence. A good argument is persuasive. It convinces the reader that your proposition is sound, or at least reasonable. It is not important that your argument be true or that you believe what you are writing. Your task is simply to make the case that your proposition has enough support to be taken seriously.
For this course your task is to take a discussion question response and develop it into an argument. Each of the course discussion questions given to you by your instructor is a topic area. For your essay your task is to choose one of those topic areas and develop a proposition, called a thesis statement. The thesis statement should be a clear statement of something you wish to or believe you can prove.
Example DQ (week 3):
Moral relativism is a very popular ethic in North America. Canadians in particular are proud of its variant called multiculturalism. But relativism has serious logical and practical problems. What is your perspective on relativism, especially multiculturalism? Do you support or oppose it? What is your evidence or rationale for your position?
You might want to take a position regarding some aspect of this DQ such as
Moral relativism is a good principle for organizing a nation and multiculturalism is an excellent example of how it is best applied.
This latter statement is your proposition, or thesis. Your essay will prove this thesis. (Note that this is simply an example. Any other proposition in relation to any of the DQs will work just as well.) Your task is then to build a good essay around this proposition.
A good essay is composed of an introduction, a body and a conclusion. In a short essay such as those for this course the introduction and the conclusion are usually a single paragraph each. The body can run as many paragraphs as necessary to make your argument. Typically this is not less than three paragraphs, but it may be as long seven or eight in this assignment.
Introduction
Your introduction is typically three to five sentences, one of which is your thesis statement. Generally a good introduction begins with a background sentence that sets the framework or context for your argument. That is followed by enough detail to let your reader understand what you are planning to accomplish and how you will go about it. For example, in the case above, an introductory paragraph might run as follows:
Governing in pluralistic nation states is difficult, a balancing act of interests and values where nothing is ever clear. For pluralistic nation states moral relativism is a good operating principle and policies of multiculturalism are among the best way to ensure the social good. Canada is an excellent example of how multiculturalism functions this way and my experience as an immig.
Reference Link:
https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/death-penalty-essay/
For Order: https://myassignmenthelp.com/Home/
Email id:
contact@myassignmenthelp.com
Let’s face it; essay writing doesn’t have many fans among students, more so if it’s a death penalty essay. They are long, they are boring, and demand too much research, time and effort. Hardly any awe-inspiring features right? To write death penalty essays is like being sentenced to one. They would much prefer to be facing the firing squad than having to write the essay.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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3. The Introduction
Tell the reader what you are going to tell them
The Body Paragraph:
Tell them
The Conclusion:
Tell the reader what you told them
4. Question Prompt:
• In some countries, most people prefer to rent their
houses rather than buy their houses.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of renting
a home?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages
of renting home?
• Advantage of renting a house
You can move house whenever you want.
• Disadvantage of renting:
Waste of money because you’re not paying off the house
6. The 3 steps Introduction Structure:
• 1. Write a broad background statement
• 2. Rewrite the question prompt in your own words
• 3. Write your thesis statement
7. In some countries, most people prefer to rent their houses rather than buy their houses.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of renting a home?
Background Statement:
For some people, the dream of owning a home
is not possible or is unfavorable
9. Rewritten Prompt
In some countries, most people prefer to rent their houses rather than
buy their houses.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of renting a home?
• In some countries, many people decide that renting their home is
preferable to buying it
10. “Thesis” Statement
•This essay will discuss why renting can allow for
more flexible lifestyle, but it can eventually be
financially disadvantageous.
11. The 4 Step Body Paragraph Structure:
• 1. a topic sentence
• 2. A sentence where you give a reason or example
• 3. A sentence where you give another reason or example
• A sentence where you summarize your idea
12. Body Paragraph 1:
• The main benefit of renting a house, rather than buying one , is
because you can move at any time . If you change
13. The example paragraph shown below comes
from an essay discussing capital punishment.
• The main arguments in favour of restoring the death penalty are those of deterrence and
retribution; the theory is that people will be dissuaded from violent crime if they know
they will face the ultimate punishment and that people should face the same treatment
that they gave out to others. Statistics show that when the death penalty was
temporarily withdrawn in Britain between 1965 and 1969 the murder rate increased by
125% (Clark, 2005). However, we need to consider the possibility that other reasons
might have lead to this rise. Amnesty International (1996) claims that it is impossible to
prove that capital punishment is a greater deterrent than being given a life sentence in
prison and that “evidence….gives no support to the evidence hypothesis theory.” It
seems at best that the deterrence theory is yet to be proven. The concept of ‘retribution’
is an interesting one: there is a basic appeal in the simple phrase ‘the punishment should
fit the crime’. Calder (2003) neatly summarizes this argument when he says that killers
give up their rights when they kill and that if punishments are too lenient then it shows
that we undervalue the right to live. There are other points too in support of the death
penalty, one of these being cost. It is obviously far cheaper to execute prisoners promptly
rather than feed and house them for years on end.
14. Let’s take the paragraph apart and look it carefully:
• Part 1: The main arguments in favour of restoring the death penalty are those of deterrence and retribution; the theory is that
people will be dissuaded from violent crime if they know they will face the ultimate punishment and that people should face the
same treatment that they gave out to others.
• The paragraph starts with a topic sentence. This gives us a strong argument and tells us what the paragraph is about. We know the
paragraph is about arguments in favour of the death penalty, and in particular, the ideas of deterrence and retribution.
• Part 2: Statistics show that when the death penalty was temporarily withdrawn in Britain between 1965 and 1969 the murder rate
increased by 125% (Clark, 2005).
• Here an outside source is used to support the ideas in the topic sentence.
• Part 3: However, we need to consider the possibility that other reasons might have lead to this rise. Amnesty International (1996)
claims that it is impossible to prove that capital punishment is a greater deterrent than being given a life sentence in prison and
that “evidence….gives no support to the evidence hypothesis theory.” It seems at best that the deterrence theory is yet to be
proven.
15. To sum up our thoughts about paragraph
development the important things are:
• A topic sentence
• 2. Evidence from an outside source supporting the ideas in the topic
sentence.
• 3. Discussion of the above when these ideas are analysed, evaluated
or discussed.
16. • So what is a paragraph?
• In an academic text a paragraph is when you put forward an idea,
you support it with evidence, and you come to a conclusion!
17. Paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism
• Paraphrasing! One of the most important things in Academic English is to be able
to refer to other people’s writing without copying. In fact, it is one of the essential
skills at university.
• Plagiarism is one of the hardest things for students to understand and to avoid
doing. Unfortunately, many overseas students do not get enough help, and this is
one reason why it happens. Plagiarism is not something that you can be warned
against once, and then forgotten about. You have to learn about it as a topic.
Even lecturers and tutors argue amongst themselves sometimes about what is
acceptable and unacceptable from students. Sometimes students deliberately
plagiarize knowing what they are doing, sometimes they plagiarise accidentally
because they don’t know what is acceptable in western academic culture.
Unfortunately, in either case, the penalties at university are likely to be very
severe, with the very least punishment being scoring a ‘zero’ in that piece of work
without an option to resubmit it.
18. Reporting verbs
You don’t win any medals in academic writing for being creative! If you read through academic texts you see the same phrases again
and again. For paraphrasing these might be:
• As Smith (2007) points out, November is the worst month of the year in the UK.
• According to Smith (2007), November is the worst month of the year in the UK.
• Smith (2007) claims that November is the worst month of the year in the UK.
• As far as Smith (2007) is concerned, November is the worst month of the year in the UK.
• In fact, depending on your level of English those four patterns might be enough! Students often get into problems because they
have seen so many of these phrases that they start mixing them up and come up with things like:
• According to Smith (2007) states that November is the worst month of the year in the UK.
19. Linking words
• Here’s an example of a short text with linking words used well:
“An essay comparing and contrasting University education in the USA and Australia”
The Western style of education has gained popularity over the last decade. Many foreign students come to countries like Australia
and the USA to study at university and improve their employment prospects. In this essay I will briefly compare and contrast these
two countries in terms of their appeal to foreign students.
There are many similarities between the two countries. Firstly, they both have a very multicultural population so it is possible to enjoy
food from your own country when homesickness arises. Also, as they are both large countries it is possible to find an institution in an
area with a climate that suits you. Another similarity is that their tertiary institutions have a reputation of quality and excellence in
academia.
On the other hand, there are some appreciable differences. The main one is that education in the USA is much more expensive than
in Australia. However, many students think that it is worth paying the extra money as some American universities have a world-wide
reputation. Furthermore, as the USA has a much larger population there are a wider range of institutions to choose from and
naturally, a wider range of courses.
To sum up, America offers more choice and a more acknowledged reputation, but at a higher cost. Australia offers similar quality but
is cheaper if you can find the course that you want.”
• Good, isn’t it? One of the reasons it is good is the linking words it uses: Firstly, Also, Another similarity is that, On the other
hand, Furthermore…
20. Nominalisation
• Nominalization makes a text sound more academic. Here's an example sentence without nominalisation:
House prices have been rising steadily in the UK and this has caused difficulties for young people trying to get
onto the housing ladder.
This example sentence has the same meaning but with a nominalization at the beginning:
The steady increase in UK house prices has caused difficulties for young people trying to get onto the housing
ladder.
• Nominalization means changing a VERB into a NOUN phrase:
House prices have been rising steadily in the UK.....
The steady rise in UK house prices .......
21. This means that you build a long NOUN phrase at the start of the sentence. Here are some more examples:
*Interest rates have been low and this has fuelled the housing market.
Low interest rates have fuelled the housing market.
*The government has introduced a help-to-buy scheme which has also been blamed for causing price rises.
The introduction of the government's help-to-buy scheme has also been blamed for causing price rises.
When you use nominalisation your writing has better academic style. You can fit a lot more information into
your sentences - it is an efficient way of writing!
22. Writing a literature review: subject and verb
agreement
• ubject verb agreement is an easy thing to check for. Here are some typical student mistakes:
• Smith (2007) point out that the real cost of motoring has fallen lover the last decade.
• and
• Harley et al (1995) argues that the cost of public transport has risen faster than the cost of travelling by car.
• Of course the correct forms are:
• Smith (2007) pointS out that the real cost of motoring has fallen lover the last decade.
• and
• Harley et al (1995) argue that the cost of public transport has risen faster than the cost of travelling by car.
• When you were first learning English all those years ago didn’t you learn things like:
• Mr Brown gets up at seven thirty and travels to work by car. ?
