The document presents new mental models about knowledge, mind, and learning. It describes 3 traditional views: 1) Knowledge is seen as "stuff" that can be stored in minds and databases, exists objectively, and is accumulated over time in disciplines. 2) Minds are like containers that store and process knowledge, with some minds having more capacity. The mind is located in the brain. 3) Learning is an individual process where knowledge gets stored in minds in basically the same way for all individuals of the same age. Learning is easier if knowledge is broken into steps.