1. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and reorganize itself in response to experience or injury. It allows the brain to compensate for damage and to adjust its activity in response to new situations or information.
2. Several mechanisms underlie neuroplasticity including neuronal regeneration, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, dendritic remodeling, and functional reorganization through processes like vicariation.
3. Neuroplasticity can be measured at the cellular level through changes in synapses and at the neural network level through reorganization of maps. Imaging techniques like MRI can also measure plastic changes in gray and white matter.
What is Neuroplasticity? What are neurons? Understand the Framework, Principles and types of Neuroplasticity. Learn about the mechanisms and processes of neuroplasticity. Understand the applications of neuroplasticity.
It provides a brief information about Neuroplasticity to enthusiast willing to know "How we gain daily skills?" and "Changing ability of our brain according to our daily habit."
For more details on study, you can follow the references...
What is Neuroplasticity? What are neurons? Understand the Framework, Principles and types of Neuroplasticity. Learn about the mechanisms and processes of neuroplasticity. Understand the applications of neuroplasticity.
It provides a brief information about Neuroplasticity to enthusiast willing to know "How we gain daily skills?" and "Changing ability of our brain according to our daily habit."
For more details on study, you can follow the references...
The ability of the neurons to change their function, chemical profile ( amount and types of neurotransmitters produced) or structure is referred to as neuroplasticity.
The plastic changes in neuron can occur
Physiologically according to activity and skill.
Pathologically due to injury or disease of CNS.
“The ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile or structure is referred to as neuroplasticity.”
Neuroplasticity includes :
- Habituation
- Learning & memory
- Cellular recovery after injury
La Plasticidad neuronal (editar | discusión | historial | enlaces | vigilar | registros | proteger | borrar), también denominada neuroplasticidad, Plasticidad neural o plasticidad sináptica, es la propiedad que emerge de la naturaleza y funcionamiento de las neuronas cuando éstas establecen comunicación, y que modula la percepción de los estímulos con el medio, tanto los que entran como los que salen.[1] Esta dinámica deja una huella al tiempo que modifica la eficacia de la transferencia de la información a nivel de los elementos más finos del sistema.[2] Dichas huellas son los elementos de construcción de la cosmovisión.
Regeneration of Brain with new understanding gives us good ground to be optimistic in matters of research and also day to day clinics. This presentation at the most introduces you to the potential stride of the field.
The ability of the neurons to change their function, chemical profile ( amount and types of neurotransmitters produced) or structure is referred to as neuroplasticity.
The plastic changes in neuron can occur
Physiologically according to activity and skill.
Pathologically due to injury or disease of CNS.
“The ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile or structure is referred to as neuroplasticity.”
Neuroplasticity includes :
- Habituation
- Learning & memory
- Cellular recovery after injury
La Plasticidad neuronal (editar | discusión | historial | enlaces | vigilar | registros | proteger | borrar), también denominada neuroplasticidad, Plasticidad neural o plasticidad sináptica, es la propiedad que emerge de la naturaleza y funcionamiento de las neuronas cuando éstas establecen comunicación, y que modula la percepción de los estímulos con el medio, tanto los que entran como los que salen.[1] Esta dinámica deja una huella al tiempo que modifica la eficacia de la transferencia de la información a nivel de los elementos más finos del sistema.[2] Dichas huellas son los elementos de construcción de la cosmovisión.
Regeneration of Brain with new understanding gives us good ground to be optimistic in matters of research and also day to day clinics. This presentation at the most introduces you to the potential stride of the field.
This pdf is about the Neuron, Glia cells & Neurotransmitters.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
Neuron, Glia cells, Neurotransmitter: https://youtu.be/Nk1sYUkHn1g
Thanks...!
This is the power point for professors associated with neurophysiology lectures. It can be used for medical, dental, nursing, paramedicals and many more associated with medicine.
Headache Attributed to Nonvascular, Noninfectious
Intracranial Disorders
Headache Attributed to Trauma or Injury to the Head
and/or Neck
Headache Attributed to Infection
Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular
Disorders
Headache Associated with Disorders of Homeostasis
Headache Caused by Disorders of the Cranium, Neck,
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Sinuses, Teeth, Mouth, or Other
Facial or Cranial Structures
Headaches and the Cervical Spine
Migraine
Chronic Daily Headache
Cluster Headache
Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Other Primary Headaches
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Retinal Features
Systemic Features
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
Cutaneous Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Systemic Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Neurological Features in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Clinical Features of Neurofibromatosis Type 2
STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
Cutaneous Features
Ocular Features
Neurological Features
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME
Neurological Features
Ocular Features
Systemic Features
Molecular Genetics
Treatment
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
Neurological Features
Treatment
HYPOMELANOSIS OF ITO
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Systemic Features
INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Genetics
ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Immunodeficiency and Cancer Risk
Laboratory Diagnosis
EPIDERMAL NEVUS SYNDROME
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Other Features
Neuroimaging
NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOSIS
Cutaneous Features
Neurological Features
Laboratory Findings
Neuroimaging
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
Neurovascular Features
CEREBROTENDINOUS XANTHOMATOSIS
Neurological Features
Xanthomas
Other Clinical Features
Treatment
PROGRESSIVE FACIAL HEMIATROPHY
Clinical Features
KINKY HAIR SYNDROME (MENKES DISEASE)
Cutaneous Features
Other Clinical Features
Neurological Features
Neuroimaging
Genetic Studies
Diagnosis and Treatment
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
Complementation Groups
Related Syndromes
Cutaneous and Ocular Features
Treatment
OTHER NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS WITH CUTANEOUS
MANIFESTATIONS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
6. Example of a Golgi-Cox
stained pyramidal cell from
layer III of the parietal cortex of
the rat.
A. Higher power magnification
showing spines on an apical
branch.
B. Higher power magnification
showing spines on a basilar
branch.
7. INTRODUCTION
Brain’s ability to change, remodel and reorganize for purpose of
better ability to adapt to new situations
Neural networks are not Fixed, but occurring and disappearing
dynamically throughout our whole life, depending on experiences.
Better ability to perform the practiced task with less waste of energy
‘use it or lose it’ principle.
Neuroplasticity is one fundamental process that describes any
change in final neural activity or behavioral response, or;
Neuroplasticity is an umbrella term for a vast collection of
different brain change and adaptation phenomena.
8. HISTORY
120 years ago, William James : theory of neuroplasticity in his work
Principles of Psychology
Polish neuroscientist Jerzy Konorski : 1st to define ‘neuroplasticity’ in 1948
: theory by which neurons which have been activated by closeness of an
active neural circuit, change and incorporate themselves into that circuit
Donald Hebb, a Canadian psychologist : Hebb’s rule : pre-post
coincidence, implying that changes of biochemical processes in one neuron
can stimulate neighboring simultaneously activated synapses, this being the
basic principle of synaptic plasticity
Paul Bach-y-Rita is the pioneer in demonstrating neuroplasticity on actual
cases, claiming that healthy regions of the brain can take over the functions
of injured parts of the brain
Edward Taub, Michael Merzenich
10. Changes : Beneficial (restoration of function after injury), neutral (no change),
or negative (can have pathological consequences)
An injured brain could compensate for lost tissue: (1) reorganization of existing
neuronal networks; (2) development of novel networks; and (3) regeneration of the
lost tissue
Neuroplasticity is traditionally thought of as occurring in
3 phases, or epochs.
1.First 48 hours: Depending on the mechanism of the injury (such as stroke
or TBI), there is initial damage that cumulates as cell death with the loss of
certain cortical pathways associated with the lost neurons. The brain
attempts to use secondary neuronal networks to maintain function.
2.The following weeks: Recruitment of support cells occurs in this period as
the cortical pathways shift from inhibitory to excitatory. Synaptic plasticity
and new connections are made during this period.
3.Weeks to months afterward: The brain continues to remodel itself via axonal
sprouting and further reorganization around the damage.
11. 2 major mechanisms:
Neuronal regeneration/collateral
sprouting:
Synaptic plasticity and Neurogenesis.
Functional reorganization:
Equipotentiality, vicariation, and diaschisis
13. The theory of synaptic plasticity has also grown to include more of the
evolving complexity of synaptic communication.
These include:
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP):
This incorporates the timing of action potentials generated
by presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons to explain how
some synapses are strengthened, and others are weakened.
Metaplasticity:
This broadens the concept to include networks and involves
the activity-dependent changes that occur in synapses and
how they respond.
Homeostatic plasticity:
Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis of the synaptic
network over time.
14. DENDRITIC PLASTICITY
Intracranial self stimulation enhances dendritic
arborization of CA3 pyramidal neurons of the
hippocampus
Prolonged severe immobilization stress causes dendritic
atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus
15. DENDRITIC SPINE PLASTICITY
Dendritic spines are tiny,
specialized postsynaptic receptive
sites that cover the surface of
many neurons and they serve as
major targets for excitatory
synaptic inputs onto principal
neurons in the hippocampus, the
neocortex and other brain regions
16. CYTOSKELETAL PLASTICITY
▸ Neurofilaments are neuron-specific intermediate filament proteins,
which constitute a major component of the neuronal cytoskeleton
and play a critical role in determining shape and volume of neuronal
processes including complex dendritic arborization and axonal
caliber
▸ Under normal conditions the neurofilaments in the neuronal
perikarya and dendrites are non - phosphorylated while in axons
they are phosphorylated
17. NEUROCHEMICAL PLASTICITY
Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA),
glutamate, serotonin, somatostatin and neuropeptides
▸ Monoamines and acetylcholine are involved in the formation of specific
dendritic morphology, lamination of cortex or the formation of
topographical afferent and efferent projections
▸ Effect of glutamate on survival, differentiation and metabolic activity of cultured rat
retinal ganglion cells
▸ Dopamine and GABA also modulated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survival,
diiferentiation and metabolic activity
▸ Acetylcholine is known to enhance the neuritic outgrowth and in tuning the nerve
growth cones
▸ Stress induced dendritic atrophy is mediated by corticosterone
18. GENES INVOLVED IN NEUROPLASTICITY AND
NEUROTRANSMISSION PATHWAYS
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a recognized regulator of synaptic
function, with structural and functional effects. P21- activated kinase (PAK) is
associated with the postsynaptic density
Cell adhesion molecule L1-like (CHL1) product guides migrating cells and
growing neurites during development and learning in adulthood
Sialyltranferase X (ST8SIA2) is involved in the regulation of the adhesive
properties of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule
Among genes related to neurotransmission, Serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A)
and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are known key factors involved in
neurotransmission, psychiatric disorders and the mechanism of action of
several psychotropic drugs
Homer 1 protein (HOMER 1) belongs to a family of scaffolding proteins
interacting with various post-synaptic density (PSD) proteins, where multiple
neurotransmitter converge
Related Orphan Receptor A (RORA) plays a role in several physiological
processes including circadian rhythm, with consistent evidence of involvement
in mood disorders
19. ADULT NEUROGENESIS
Adult neurogenesis is the concept that the brain
continues to make new neurons
Two proposed sites of adult neurogenesis in humans,
one in the olfactory bulb and the other in the
hippocampus.
Specific biomarkers that are associated with
developing neurons have been used to support the
idea of adult neurogenesis in humans
20. MECHANISMS FOR GRAY AND WHITE
MATTER CHANGES
GRAY MATTER
Neurogenesis
Gliogenesis
Synaptogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology
Vascular changes
WHITE MATTER
Myelin
Activity-dependent axonal sprouting, pruning or re-routing
21. Cellular events in gray
matter regions underlying
changes detected by MRI
during learning include
axon sprouting, dendritic
branching and
synaptogenesis,
neurogenesis, changes in
glial number and
morphology, and
angiogenesis.
Underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms
22. Changes in white matter
regions include alterations in
fiber organization, which
could include axon
branching, sprouting,
packing density, axon
diameter, fiber crossing and
the number of axons;
myelination of unmyelinated
axons; changes in myelin
thickness and morphology;
changes in astrocyte
morphology or number; and
angiogenesis
Underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms
23. FUNCTIONAL REORGANIZATION
Equipotentiality :
It is the concept that when one area of the brain is damaged,
the opposing side of the brain would be able to sustain the lost
function.
‘redundancy theory’
If the damage occurred very early, then the brain has the
potential to be able to overtake lost functions
Vicariation :
The brain can reorganize other portions of the brain to overtake
functions that they were not intended to.
When a part of the brain overtakes a new and unrelated function
24. It is a concept that damage to one part of the brain could
cause a loss of function in another area due to some
connected pathway.
Proposed by Constantin von Monakow in an attempt to
explain why some people lost specific functions (such as
speech) but did not have a lesion in the area of the brain
thought to supply that function.
e.g. hypoperfusion of the ipsilateral thalamus after an acute
middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke.
Diaschisis ‘at rest’: The classic von Monakow type such as
ipsilateral thalamic hypoperfusion in MCA stroke.
Functional diaschisis: This is when an area of diaschisis is
found when another part of the brain is activated.
E.g. when lesions affected the putamen, when given a
functional task of their ipsilateral hand, causes
hypoactivation of the ipsilateral cerebellums, which had no
signs of hypoactivation at rest.
Diaschisis
25. Connectional diaschisis:
This is when a loss of a part of the brain forces the
rerouting of information. This has been seen in rat models
where subcortical lesions can cause a decrease in
interhemispheric connectivity of the motor strips.
Connectome diaschisis:
As advanced imaging has shown the vast complexity of
connections between neurons, a map can be generated,
called a connectome.
This map shows that there are clusters of high connected
nodes which are then linked by a limited number of nodes
(hubs).
If damage is done to a hub, this can cause much more
severe damage then to a non-hub node.
26.
27.
28. FACTORS AFFECTING
NEUROPLASTICITY
AGE
There are four main types of neuroplasticity observed in children:
Adaptive: changes that occur when children practice a special skill
and allow the brain to adapt to functional or structural changes in the
brain (like injuries);
Impaired: changes occur due to genetic or acquired disorders;
Excessive: the reorganization of new, maladaptive pathways that can
cause disability or disorders;
Plasticity that makes the brain vulnerable to injury: harmful neuronal
pathways are formed that make injury more likely or more impactful
(Mundkur, 2005).
In Adults, It can restore old, lost connections and functions that
have not been used in some time, enhance memory, and even
enhance overall cognitive skills.
29. Early events, including prenatal events, can influence the
brain throughout life.
Area dependent : rats trained on a visuospatial : visual
cortex ; motor tasks : motor cortex
Time-dependent : large increases in spine density and
dendritic length 2weeks after cessation of cocaine
administration, these changes slowly disappear over a 4 m
period
Etiology : equivalent lesions of the sensorimotor cortex but
produced the damage either by arterial occlusion, vascular
stripping, or surgical suction.
30. FORMS OF BRAIN PLASTICITY AND THEIR
MEASUREMENT
At the cellular level
Changes in the number and/or strength of synapses that
can in turn be manifested at a neural network level as
reorganization of representational maps.
At the synaptic level
Increased dendritic spine formation, pruning, and
remodeling
Calcium channel regulation;
Changes in NMDA receptors
Changes in AMPA receptor trafficking.
31. AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL
BRAIN IMAGING
Volumetry based on T1-weighted MRI
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)
Diffusion-weighted MRI
Relaxometry
Magnetization transfer
Deformation-based morphometry
Analysis of sulcal morphology
32. PLASTICITY ACROSS
NEURAL NETWORKS IN
HUMANS CAN BE STUDIED
WITH A NUMBER OF
METHODS
•Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
•Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
•These techniques have been used to probe cortical excitability,
short interval cortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation
(ICF), paired associative stimulation (PAS), representational map
size, and movement directional targets
•Individuals with a greater capacity for synaptic plasticity,
dendritic branching, protein and RNA synthesis, synapse
formation, physiological changes, and map reorganization may
be more likely to experience greater behavioral improvements
following stroke
33. BENEFITS
Recovery from brain events like strokes
Recovery from traumatic brain injuries
Ability to rewire functions in the brain (e.g., if an area that
controls one sense is damaged, other areas may be able to
pick up the slack)
Losing function in one area may enhance functions in
other areas (e.g., if one sense is lost, the others may
become heightened)
Enhanced memory abilities
Wide range of enhanced cognitive abilities
More effective learning
Stroke Recovery ; TBI
Neuroplasticity Help with Depression? Negative + Positive Anxiety, ADHD, OCD,
and Autism ;Treating Chronic Pain
34. NEUROPLASTICITY AND REHABILITATION : 10 KEY PRINCIPLES
Use it or lose it. If you do not drive specific brain functions, functional loss will occur.
Use it and improve it. Therapy that drives cortical function enhances that particular function.
Specificity. The therapy you choose determines the resultant plasticity and function.
Repetition matters. Plasticity that results in functional change requires repetition.
Intensity matters. Induction of plasticity requires the appropriate amount of intensity.
Time matters. Different forms of plasticity take place at different times during therapy.
Salience matters. It has to be important to the individual.
Age matters. Plasticity is easier in a younger brain, but is also possible in an adult brain.
Transference. Neuroplasticity, and the change in function that results from one therapy, can augment the
attainment of similar behaviors.
Interference. Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors.
35. NEUROPLASTICITY INTERVENTIONS
Neuropharmacology
• Can increase neuroplasticity through molecular manipulation of numerous cellular
and synaptic pathways
• Growth promoting factors
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• Stem cell transplant :
A variety of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells have been harvested from fetal/embryonic
and adult tissue and shown to produce neuronal and glial phenotypes in culture.
▸ These include:
▹ Embryonic stem (ES) cells
▹ Primary cells, acutely isolated from proliferative zones in the developing and mature
CNS. Primary cells can be manipulated genetically or epigenetically
▹ Engineered cells and cell lines (with purposefully introduced genes)
36. PHYSICAL TRAINING AND EXERCISE
Mirror therapy, a technique used in phantom limb pain. In a basic
premise, the patent uses a mirror to cover their amputation and
focuses on watching their intact limb perform activities while imaging
that both limbs are performing the same activity. This has been shown
to have increased activation and functional connectivity in the
frontoparietal network
37. Constraint-induced
movement therapy (CIMT).
Used in patients with a stroke,
the premise is that by
constraining the functional
limb, the affected limb is
engaged in repetitive task
practice and behavioral
shaping.
Using functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI)
technology, patients who
engage in this therapy have
been shown to have increased
activity in their contralateral
premotor and secondary
somatosensory cortex in
association with improved
function.
39. Axonal regeneration following brain damage is restricted by myelin-associated
proteins, which signal via the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR), thereby reducing functional
recovery.
Therefore, temporary inactivation of NgR signalling in targeted brain areas could help
to boost plasticity
• Robotic devices
• Behavioural shaping
• Task-orientated physical therapy
• Aerobic exercise
Cognitive training
An extension of physical therapy to the non-motor aspects of the brain
Broad potential as part of rehabilitation therapy of patients with stroke
40. Intermittent fasting: increases synaptic adaptation, promotes neuron
growth, improve overall cognitive function, and decreases the risk of
neurodegenerative disease;
Traveling: exposes your brain to novel stimuli and new
environments, opening up new pathways and activity in the brain;
Using mnemonic devices: memory training can enhance connectivity
in the prefrontal parietal network and prevent some age-related
memory loss;
Learning a musical instrument: may increase connectivity between
brain regions and help form new neural networks
Non-dominant hand exercises: can form new neural pathways and
strengthen the connectivity between neurons
Rewiring Brain with Neuroplasticity
41. Reading fiction: increases and enhances connectivity in the brain
Expanding your vocabulary: activates the visual and auditory processes
as well as memory processing
Creating artwork: enhances the connectivity of the brain at rest (the
“default mode network” or DMN), which can boost introspection,
memory, empathy, attention, and focus
Dancing: reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s and increases neural
connectivity
Sleeping: encourages learning retention through the growth of the
dendritic spines that act as connections between neurons and help
transfer information across cells (Nguyen, 2016).
42. Maladaptive plasticity:
Maladaptive plasticity is when a connection that is made
in the brain produces aberrant or negative symptoms.
This can be seen in the examples of use-dependent
dystonia (writer’s cramp) and phantom limb pain.
Both of these examples have shown abnormal primary
sensory cortex changes in association with painful
symptoms
43. NEUROPLASTICITY – CLINICAL TRIALS
Very few large multicentre RCTs in the area of physical rehabilitation following stroke
Extremity Constraint Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE)
Tested effect of constraint therapy in 224 patients 3-9 months post stroke and with mild-
moderate upper limb impairment
Robot-Assisted Upper-Limb Neurorehabilitation in Stroke Patients
(ULRobot)
Tested effect of robot-assisted therapy in 127 patients more than 6 months post stroke and
with moderate-severe upper extremity impairment
Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke (LEAPS)
Tested the effect of locomotor training in 408 patients more than 2 months post stroke and
with moderate-severe walking impairment
Only the EXCITE trial demonstrated a clear superiority of the experimental intervention compared to
the control group, but all interventions were superior to usual care
44. A Randomised Controlled Trial of Efficacy of Cognitive Rehabilitation in
Multiple Sclerosis: A Cognitive, Behavioural, and MRI Study :38 patients with
MS and cognitive impairment on the Brief International Cognitive
Assessment for MS (BICAMS) were enrolled. UK 2016
Effects on Balance and Walking with the CoDuSe Balance Exercise
Program in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Randomized
Controlled Trial. 73 participant. Sweden 2016
Everest Trial :Epidural Electrical Stimulation for Stroke Rehabilitation
Post hoc comparisons indicated treatment effect differences at 24 weeks,
with the control group showing significant decline in the combined primary
outcome measure relative to the investigational group. US 2015
Post-stroke Rehabilitation Training with a Motor-Imagery-Based Brain-
Computer Interface (BCI)-Controlled Hand Exoskeleton: A Randomized
Controlled Multicenter Trial :adding BCI control to exoskeleton-assisted
physical therapy can improve post-stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Russia
2017
45. ENGINEERED NEUROPLASTICITY
The next generation of neural devices operate in a close-loop framework.
These devices sense symptom onset and stimulate only when needed.
Transcutaneous stimulation be tested prior to undergoing surgery to
implant an epidural stimulation electrode.
Epidural stimulators are approved for the treatment of chronic pain
Closed-loop implantable brain stimulators
NeuroPace recently received approval for an implant to treat epilepsy
Medtronic is testing several low channel-count devices for treatment of
essential tremor and Parkinson disease.
Both startup (e.g., Neuralync, Kernel) and established companies (e.g.,
Galvani/GSK/Google) are ramping up to produce more complex closed-loop
devices, which are expected to emerge in the next 5–10 years to enable
specific and targeted engineered neuroplasticity.
46. Combinatorial Therapies to Enhance Plasticity and CNS Recovery
Neural stem cell grafts hold great promise for restoring function to
degenerating or damaged neural tissue. Approaches involve neuron cell
replacement, remyelination, and environment modulation.
Engineered devices in combination with stem-cell therapies offer the
potential to create appropriate and targeted neural activity, thereby
synchronizing the host and graft to promote the formation of functional
connections.
Pharmacological interventions may generally enhance neuroplasticity, while
engineered devices can collaborate to shape this plasticity into specific and
functional circuits
E.G bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), known to dissolve
perineuronal nets, thereby enhancing plasticity.
Combination of ChABC and an anti-body treatment to restrict the Nogo
signals in myelin resulted in even greater recovery
Once we stop practicing a certain activity, the brain will redirect these neuronal circuits.
“the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections”
basis of his treatment for people who suffered vestibular damage. He patented an appliance which when connected to one’s tongue, stimulates receptors by vibrations in a frequency and amplitude in correlation with pixel analysis
from the surroundings
when the presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron, the postsynaptic neuron responds by adding more neurotransmitter receptors, which lowers the threshold that is needed to be stimulated by the presynaptic neuron
motor skill learning is associated with synaptogenesis and changes in dendritic spine morphology
after a hemispherectomy (where one half of the cerebral cortex is removed, typically due to intractable seizures at a young age), the brain can reorganize the remaining half to restore lost function : functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
predominant theory is that there is disinhibition from the loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-energic) neurons that leads to a combination of neurotoxicity and retrograde degeneration.
Role in Brain Organization ; prenatal tactile stimulation (i.e., stimulation of the pregnant dam), exercise during pregnancy, prenatal stress and psychoactive drugs.