NEURON physiology carrer medical college and hospital
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Report in biology (nervous system)
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structure and function. It discusses the key components of the nervous system such as neurons, glial cells, the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and neurons and synapses. It describes the nervous system's role in controlling the body by processing sensory information and coordinating responses. The document also examines neural circuits and systems, as well as reflexes and other stimulus-response circuits in the nervous system.
CNS.pdf
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses. It has three main parts - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system which includes sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to the central nervous system. Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system. Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters released at synapses between neurons.
6. Nerves tissue-1.pptx
Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells and functions to transmit stimuli throughout the body. The basic components of a neuron include the cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and a single axon which transmits signals. Neurons can be classified based on the number of processes. The peripheral nervous system contains ganglia, nerves, and supporting Schwann cells. It transmits signals to and from the central nervous system. Diseases that can impact nerve function include neuropraxia and paralysis.
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The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and cell types. It discusses the four main tissues of the body before focusing on nervous tissue. There are two main parts to the nervous system: the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which communicates information between the body and central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system contains somatic and autonomic divisions. Nervous tissue consists of neurons, glial cells, and nerve fibers. Neurons receive, transmit and process stimuli via their cell body, dendrites and axon. Glial cells provide support and protection. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons.
Neurophysiology
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology, the study of the functioning of the nervous system. It describes the basic structure and components of neurons, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse, and myelin sheath. It discusses the types of neurons, including sensory and motor neurons, and how they differ in structure and function. The document also explains how neurons transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes, including the generation and propagation of action potentials along axons and the transmission of signals across synapses using neurotransmitters.
Nervous system ( anatomy and physiology)
the topic contain function of nervous system, classification of nervous system, neurons anatomy, structural classification of neurons, functional classification of neurons, nerve impulse
002_Nerve tissue and nerve system.pdf
Neurons are electrically excitable cells that receive, process, and transmit signals throughout the body. They consist of dendrites, which receive signals; a cell body, which drives cellular activities; and an axon, which conducts impulses to target cells. Neurons are classified based on their structure and function as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Neuroglia provide support and insulation for neurons. The two main types are astrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, which form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Nerves are composed of bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, which differ in conduction velocity and diameter.
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Recommended
Report in biology (nervous system)
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structure and function. It discusses the key components of the nervous system such as neurons, glial cells, the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and neurons and synapses. It describes the nervous system's role in controlling the body by processing sensory information and coordinating responses. The document also examines neural circuits and systems, as well as reflexes and other stimulus-response circuits in the nervous system.
CNS.pdf
The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body using electrical signals called nerve impulses. It has three main parts - the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system which includes sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals to the central nervous system. Motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system. Neurons communicate via neurotransmitters released at synapses between neurons.
6. Nerves tissue-1.pptx
Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells and functions to transmit stimuli throughout the body. The basic components of a neuron include the cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and a single axon which transmits signals. Neurons can be classified based on the number of processes. The peripheral nervous system contains ganglia, nerves, and supporting Schwann cells. It transmits signals to and from the central nervous system. Diseases that can impact nerve function include neuropraxia and paralysis.
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Neurophysiology
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology, the study of the functioning of the nervous system. It describes the basic structure and components of neurons, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse, and myelin sheath. It discusses the types of neurons, including sensory and motor neurons, and how they differ in structure and function. The document also explains how neurons transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes, including the generation and propagation of action potentials along axons and the transmission of signals across synapses using neurotransmitters.
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Neurons are electrically excitable cells that receive, process, and transmit signals throughout the body. They consist of dendrites, which receive signals; a cell body, which drives cellular activities; and an axon, which conducts impulses to target cells. Neurons are classified based on their structure and function as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Neuroglia provide support and insulation for neurons. The two main types are astrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, which form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Nerves are composed of bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, which differ in conduction velocity and diameter.
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Nervous system PPT for grade 10 (basic concepts regarding human nervous system)
Human nervous system is highly complex, while reading in higher classes, we often mix up concepts. In this SlideShare I've tried to simplify the material for grade 10 students to better understand the concept.
Neurons
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals in the brain and central nervous system. They have dendrites that receive messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body. The axon carries electrical impulses from the cell body to other neurons. Myelin insulation on the axon increases signal speed. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons receive external stimuli, motor neurons control muscles, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons locally in the central nervous system.
Neuro cell or neuron cell
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system. There are around 100 billion neurons in the human brain and more in other parts of the nervous system. Neurons have extensions called dendrites that receive signals and long axons that transmit signals to other cells at junctions called synapses. Neurons are classified based on their structure into bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar neurons and based on their function as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses called action potentials that allow communication between neurons and coordination of the body's activities.
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This document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It begins by introducing neurons as the basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit electrochemical messages. Neurons have dendrites for receiving connections, a cell body for protein production, and an axon covered by a myelin sheath for signal transmission. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. The primary function of neurons is communication between neurons and other cells by carrying electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Some neuronal disorders like Alzheimer's are currently incurable but research seeks treatments.
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2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The nervous system functions to communicate sensory information to the CNS, integrate and interpret stimuli, and respond through motor outputs. It uses neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and neuro
Anatomy nervous tissue chap 13
The human nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons send and receive signals using long processes, while glial cells provide support and protection. The nervous system develops from embryonic tissue and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS coordinates information processing, while the PNS connects to sensory organs and muscles. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, while Schwann cells are the main type in the PNS.
The nervous system
The nervous system is a highly organized network of billions of nerve cells that functions as the body's control center by integrating sensory information, processing signals, and initiating motor responses through the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is composed of neurons, which communicate through electrical and chemical signals, and neuroglia, which provide support and insulation. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions that receive input and initiate output, respectively.
The nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The nervous system allows for communication between different parts of the body through neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes. Neurons have dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit them, forming circuits throughout the body. Along with neurons, glial cells provide support and insulation to the nervous system. The complex nervous system regulates bodily functions and allows organisms to interact with their environments.
central nervous system
The document discusses the classification and structure of neurons in the nervous system. It describes three main types of neurons based on the number of poles: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. It also discusses the classification of neurons based on function into motor/efferent and sensory/afferent neurons. Additionally, it summarizes the structure of neurons including the nerve cell body, dendrites, and axon. The key roles and components of each part are defined.
Nervous System-ppt.pptx
The document summarizes the basic concepts of the human nervous system. It describes that the nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains nerves that connect to the CNS and spread throughout the body. Both systems are composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals and allow communication within the nervous system and between it and other body systems.
Nervous Tissues.pptx
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). There are two main types of neural cells: neurons, which process and transmit information, and neuroglia (also called glial cells or glia), which support and protect neurons. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, which can be chemical or electrical. The CNS is divided into gray matter, containing cell bodies, and white matter, containing myelinated axons.
nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells and is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls many body functions through electrical signals transmitted between neurons. Neurons have a cell body and branching dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that transmits signals. Glial cells support neuron function. The central nervous system contains neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. The peripheral nervous system contains neurons, satellite cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are classified based on their function as sensory, motor, or interneurons and by their structure as multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, or
Anatomy-Nervous-System Anatomy and Physiology updated.pptx
The nervous system is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit signals as electrical impulses between parts of the body, while neuroglia support and protect neurons. There are two main cell types - neurons, which generate and transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia, which provide nutrients and insulation. The nervous system coordinates activities through neuronal communication via electrical and chemical signals at synapses to allow for reflexes and voluntary control of the body.
NERVE CELLS FINAL( NEURON AND GLIAL CELLS.pptx FOR NURSING STUDENTS
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the
nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous
system.
Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the
body.
They constitute the communication network of the nervous system and transfer electrical impulses between the central nervous system and sensory organs such as eye,ear.nose,tongue and skin.
There are Approximately 86-100 billion neurons in the brain.
DENDRITES
Dendrites are the tree-like branched structures that arise from the nerve cell body.
Apart from the main dendrite branches, dendrites may contain additional protrusions
known as dendrite spines.
The axon hillock is a specialized region from which the
axon extends.
The axon is a single elongated tubal structure that extends from the Axon Hillock.
Each neuron has a single axon that extends and branches at its end.
The inner most Plasma membrane around the axon is Axolemma.
Neurilemma is the plasma membrane of schwann cells .
The spaces/gaps between the Schwann cells are known as the nodes of Ranvier and they serve to propagate electrical signals along the axon.
The branched end of the axon is known as the axon terminal[arborization] and
branches at the middle of the axon is axon collaterals .
This is the distal part of the axon that comes in contact with other cells. Also called as terminal boutons.
This part of the axon is largely involved in the release of the neurotransmitter.The cell body, also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus ,cytoplasm and organelles.
The cell body connects to the dendrites, and send information to the
axon depending on the strength of the signal.
The neuronal cytoplasm have the following
The Nucleus,
Nucleolus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus,
Mitochondria,
Ribosomes,
Lysosomes,
Endosomes,
And Peroxisomes. A bipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite).
A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.
TYPES OF NEURON:
A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron in which only one process called a neurite extends from the cell body. A pseudounipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body. This type of neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches; one branch travels to the PNS and the other to the CNS.They are three types of neurons based on the function as follows Sensory Neuron
Inter-Neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the (CNS).
Glial cells (named from the Greek word for "glue") are non- neuronal cells that
provide support and nutrition,
maintain homeostasis,
form myelin,
and participate in signal transmission.
nervous tissues.pptx
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all body functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs through nerves and ganglia. Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system and transmit electrochemical signals through axons and dendrites to control sensation, movement, and organ function. Glial cells support and protect neurons. The spinal cord has gray matter containing neuron cell bodies surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons.
Introduction to neurons
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that receive information, interneurons that process information within the central nervous system, and motor neurons that send signals to muscles and glands. Glial cells provide support and insulation for neurons and are involved in nutrient supply, debris removal, and synaptic function. Neurons and glial cells work cooperatively to carry out the vital functions of the nervous system.
Lect. 9 nervous tissues
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals in the nervous system. The document outlines the main parts of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. It also describes the different types of neurons and specialized cells that support neurons called neuroglial cells.
Nervous system introduction
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which receive sensory input, integrate information, and respond through motor output. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and senses, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to neurons.
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Nervous system PPT for grade 10 (basic concepts regarding human nervous system)
Human nervous system is highly complex, while reading in higher classes, we often mix up concepts. In this SlideShare I've tried to simplify the material for grade 10 students to better understand the concept.
Neurons
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals in the brain and central nervous system. They have dendrites that receive messages from other neurons and send them to the cell body. The axon carries electrical impulses from the cell body to other neurons. Myelin insulation on the axon increases signal speed. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons receive external stimuli, motor neurons control muscles, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons locally in the central nervous system.
Neuro cell or neuron cell
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system. There are around 100 billion neurons in the human brain and more in other parts of the nervous system. Neurons have extensions called dendrites that receive signals and long axons that transmit signals to other cells at junctions called synapses. Neurons are classified based on their structure into bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar neurons and based on their function as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses called action potentials that allow communication between neurons and coordination of the body's activities.
Simple information about nervous cell
This document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It begins by introducing neurons as the basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit electrochemical messages. Neurons have dendrites for receiving connections, a cell body for protein production, and an axon covered by a myelin sheath for signal transmission. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. The primary function of neurons is communication between neurons and other cells by carrying electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Some neuronal disorders like Alzheimer's are currently incurable but research seeks treatments.
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The document discusses the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It is divided into two main parts:
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The brain's main parts are the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and ventricles.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The nervous system functions to communicate sensory information to the CNS, integrate and interpret stimuli, and respond through motor outputs. It uses neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and neuro
Anatomy nervous tissue chap 13
The human nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons send and receive signals using long processes, while glial cells provide support and protection. The nervous system develops from embryonic tissue and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The CNS coordinates information processing, while the PNS connects to sensory organs and muscles. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, while Schwann cells are the main type in the PNS.
The nervous system
The nervous system is a highly organized network of billions of nerve cells that functions as the body's control center by integrating sensory information, processing signals, and initiating motor responses through the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is composed of neurons, which communicate through electrical and chemical signals, and neuroglia, which provide support and insulation. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions that receive input and initiate output, respectively.
The nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The nervous system allows for communication between different parts of the body through neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes. Neurons have dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit them, forming circuits throughout the body. Along with neurons, glial cells provide support and insulation to the nervous system. The complex nervous system regulates bodily functions and allows organisms to interact with their environments.
central nervous system
The document discusses the classification and structure of neurons in the nervous system. It describes three main types of neurons based on the number of poles: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons. It also discusses the classification of neurons based on function into motor/efferent and sensory/afferent neurons. Additionally, it summarizes the structure of neurons including the nerve cell body, dendrites, and axon. The key roles and components of each part are defined.
Nervous System-ppt.pptx
The document summarizes the basic concepts of the human nervous system. It describes that the nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains nerves that connect to the CNS and spread throughout the body. Both systems are composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals and allow communication within the nervous system and between it and other body systems.
Nervous Tissues.pptx
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). There are two main types of neural cells: neurons, which process and transmit information, and neuroglia (also called glial cells or glia), which support and protect neurons. Neurons can be classified structurally as unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar, and functionally as sensory, motor, or interneurons. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses, which can be chemical or electrical. The CNS is divided into gray matter, containing cell bodies, and white matter, containing myelinated axons.
nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells and is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls many body functions through electrical signals transmitted between neurons. Neurons have a cell body and branching dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that transmits signals. Glial cells support neuron function. The central nervous system contains neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. The peripheral nervous system contains neurons, satellite cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are classified based on their function as sensory, motor, or interneurons and by their structure as multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, or
Anatomy-Nervous-System Anatomy and Physiology updated.pptx
The nervous system is made up of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit signals as electrical impulses between parts of the body, while neuroglia support and protect neurons. There are two main cell types - neurons, which generate and transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia, which provide nutrients and insulation. The nervous system coordinates activities through neuronal communication via electrical and chemical signals at synapses to allow for reflexes and voluntary control of the body.
NERVE CELLS FINAL( NEURON AND GLIAL CELLS.pptx FOR NURSING STUDENTS
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the
nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous
system.
Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the
body.
They constitute the communication network of the nervous system and transfer electrical impulses between the central nervous system and sensory organs such as eye,ear.nose,tongue and skin.
There are Approximately 86-100 billion neurons in the brain.
DENDRITES
Dendrites are the tree-like branched structures that arise from the nerve cell body.
Apart from the main dendrite branches, dendrites may contain additional protrusions
known as dendrite spines.
The axon hillock is a specialized region from which the
axon extends.
The axon is a single elongated tubal structure that extends from the Axon Hillock.
Each neuron has a single axon that extends and branches at its end.
The inner most Plasma membrane around the axon is Axolemma.
Neurilemma is the plasma membrane of schwann cells .
The spaces/gaps between the Schwann cells are known as the nodes of Ranvier and they serve to propagate electrical signals along the axon.
The branched end of the axon is known as the axon terminal[arborization] and
branches at the middle of the axon is axon collaterals .
This is the distal part of the axon that comes in contact with other cells. Also called as terminal boutons.
This part of the axon is largely involved in the release of the neurotransmitter.The cell body, also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus ,cytoplasm and organelles.
The cell body connects to the dendrites, and send information to the
axon depending on the strength of the signal.
The neuronal cytoplasm have the following
The Nucleus,
Nucleolus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus,
Mitochondria,
Ribosomes,
Lysosomes,
Endosomes,
And Peroxisomes. A bipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite).
A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.
TYPES OF NEURON:
A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron in which only one process called a neurite extends from the cell body. A pseudounipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body. This type of neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches; one branch travels to the PNS and the other to the CNS.They are three types of neurons based on the function as follows Sensory Neuron
Inter-Neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the (CNS).
Glial cells (named from the Greek word for "glue") are non- neuronal cells that
provide support and nutrition,
maintain homeostasis,
form myelin,
and participate in signal transmission.
nervous tissues.pptx
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates all body functions. The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs through nerves and ganglia. Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system and transmit electrochemical signals through axons and dendrites to control sensation, movement, and organ function. Glial cells support and protect neurons. The spinal cord has gray matter containing neuron cell bodies surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons.
Introduction to neurons
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons that receive information, interneurons that process information within the central nervous system, and motor neurons that send signals to muscles and glands. Glial cells provide support and insulation for neurons and are involved in nutrient supply, debris removal, and synaptic function. Neurons and glial cells work cooperatively to carry out the vital functions of the nervous system.
Lect. 9 nervous tissues
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit signals in the nervous system. The document outlines the main parts of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. It also describes the different types of neurons and specialized cells that support neurons called neuroglial cells.
Nervous system introduction
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which receive sensory input, integrate information, and respond through motor output. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and senses, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to neurons.
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Nervous system PPT for grade 10 (basic concepts regarding human nervous system)
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This document contains 10 multiple choice questions and 3 short questions about the respiratory system. The questions cover topics like normal respiratory rate, thickness of respiratory membranes, lung volumes and capacities such as tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. Other topics include muscles of inspiration, intrapleural pressure, FEV1, and instruments used to measure lung volumes and capacities. There are also questions asking to draw labeled diagrams of changes in intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure over the respiratory cycle and lung compliance alone, and write a short note on hyaline membrane disease and how lung compliance increases in old age.
heartsound-151213085047 (1).pdf
Heart sounds are produced when the heart valves snap shut during each cardiac cycle. The two main sounds are S1 and S2, which occur when the atrioventricular and semilunar valves close at the beginning and end of ventricular systole, respectively. Abnormal heart sounds called murmurs occur due to turbulent blood flow caused by issues like valvular abnormalities or narrowing of blood vessels. The four main types of murmurs are aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis, each with distinct characteristics in terms of timing and sound.
ANAEMIA.pptx
Anemia is caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels or red blood cell count. There are several types of anemia classified by etiology or morphology. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common type worldwide, is caused by inadequate iron intake or increased iron loss. Megaloblastic anemias like pernicious anemia result from vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and are characterized by abnormally large red blood cells. Pernicious anemia specifically involves failure of intrinsic factor secretion due to gastric atrophy. Treatment involves vitamin B12 injections to correct the deficiency.
1599215324 (1).ppt
The cardiac cycle has two main phases: diastole and systole. Diastole consists of four stages - ventricular filling, diastasis, atrial systole, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation. Systole consists of isovolumic ventricular contraction, ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation. The cycle aims to relate events like pressure changes, valve movements, and blood flow to electrocardiogram readings and heart sounds over one full heartbeat.
cardiaccycle-180527061034.pptx
The cardiac cycle describes the heart's beating action and consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out through the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. A normal cardiac cycle occurs around 72 times per minute and takes approximately 0.8 seconds to complete, consisting of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole phases with different durations. The cycle involves coordinated contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles along with opening and closing of valves.
03. PASSIVE DIFFUSION .... Adnan ahmad khan.pptx
This document summarizes passive diffusion and related transport mechanisms. It was submitted by a medical student for their first year studying at MBBS. It describes two main types of passive transport: simple/passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion occurs through the lipid or protein layers of the cell membrane for lipid-soluble or water-soluble substances, respectively. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to transport larger molecules like glucose and amino acids that cannot pass through channels. Various factors can influence the rate of diffusion across membranes.
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This document discusses different types of vesicular transport in cells. It describes three main categories: endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. Endocytosis involves transport into the cell through vesicles, including pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process that transports substances out of the cell through secretory vesicles. Transcytosis transports substances across the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the other side. Calcium ions play a role in exocytosis by stimulating the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane.
1. (A) INTRODUCTION TO G. I. T..pptx
The document provides an introduction to the digestive system. It describes that the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract contains the primary digestive organs - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The accessory organs - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder - help in the digestive process.
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION.ppt
1) Alveolar ventilation refers to the volume of fresh air that reaches the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute. It is calculated as respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume minus dead space volume.
2) Dead space includes anatomical dead space in the conducting airways and alveolar dead space from non-functioning alveoli. Physiological dead space is the total dead space measured using Bohr's equation.
3) Uneven ventilation and perfusion can cause alterations in the alveolar ventilation to perfusion (VA/Q) ratio, leading to inefficient gas exchange and hypoxemia. Conditions like asthma and pulmonary embolism can cause these imbalances.
1. (B) FNL. ANATOMY , N. SUPPLY etc OF G.I.T. ... DR. RASHMI.pptx
This document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the structure and layers of the GIT wall, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa layers. It describes the intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supply to the GIT, including the enteric nervous system and autonomic nervous system. Key functions of the GIT are digestion, absorption and roles of different nerves in regulating secretions and muscle movement.
1. A. BLOOD - COMPOS. & FNS - Sakeena Asad.pptx
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products. Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells help fight infection and include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Platelets help with blood clotting. Blood functions include transportation of substances, regulation of homeostasis, balance of electrolytes and pH, and protection from pathogens.
3. D. FACTORS AFFECTING ERYTHROPOIESIS....Abhijit Hota.pptx
This document outlines the key factors necessary for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation) and hemoglobin formation. It discusses stimulating factors such as hypoxia, erythropoietin, thyroxine, and hematopoietic growth factors. It also discusses maturation factors including vitamin B12, intrinsic factor, and folic acid. Finally, it discusses the factors required for hemoglobin formation, including proteins/amino acids, iron, copper, cobalt/nickel, and various vitamins.
BLOOD COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION.pptx
Blood is composed of plasma and cellular elements. Plasma proteins constitute around 7% of plasma and include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and others. They function to maintain colloid osmotic pressure, contribute to blood viscosity, play roles in coagulation and immunity, and aid in acid-base balance and transport of substances like hormones, vitamins, and minerals. Abnormalities of plasma proteins can cause hypoproteinemia or hyperproteinemia and impact conditions like edema, inflammation, and cancer.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION.pptx
Blood transfusion is indicated for severe blood loss, anemia, blood diseases, poisoning, and exchange transfusions for newborns. Blood should be donated by healthy individuals aged 18-60 who are screened for diseases. Blood type O is called the "universal donor" as its RBCs do not agglutinate other blood types, while type AB is the "universal recipient." Blood is stored with acid citrate dextrose for up to 21 days. Precautions like crossmatching and screening for diseases help ensure safe transfusion. Mismatched transfusions can cause hazardous reactions like circulatory overload, allergic reactions, and even death.
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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NEURON physiology carrer medical college and hospital
- 1. Structure of a neuron
- 2. STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
- 3. NEURON: The human body is made up of trillions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons. The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons, more in the spinal cord, peripheral nervous system and sensory organs. These system’s basic building blocks, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process.
- 4. • Neurons are similar to other cells in the body because: • Neurons are surrounded by a cell membrane. • Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes. • Neurons contain cytoplasm, mitochondria and other organelles. • Neurons carry out basic cellular processes such as protein synthesis and energy production.
- 5. Neurons are different from other cells in the body because: • Neurons have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring information to the cell body and axons take information away from the cell body. • Neurons communicate with each other through an electrochemical process. • Neurons contain some specialized structures (for example, synapses) and chemicals (for example, neurotransmitters).
- 6. Axon of another neuron Cell Body Dendrit es Axo n Myeli n Sheat h Dendrites of another The Neuron Node of Ranvier Synapt ic knobs
- 7. Dendrites are short branching processes from the cell body •Axon is a projection from the cell body and it is few millimeters to one meter in length & covered with the myelin sheath •Myelin an insulating sheath Supports, insulates & nourishes the axon and helps maintain chemical balance •Nodes of Ranvier allow passage of the electrical signal through ion channels which helps the transmission very fast. The cell body is responsible for the nutrition.
- 8. Inside of a neuron! *
- 10. • On of the basis of structural differences, neurons are classified into the following three major groups: 1. Bipolar Neurons 2. Unipolar Neurons 3. Multipolar Neurons
- 11. * Nafly Hussain *
- 12. • Most sensory neurons are bipolar e.g. retinal cells • Sensory cells of touch, pressure, pain are special types of unipolar • Multipolar: most common type in vertebrates e.g., spinal motor neurons
- 13. Basis of functional differences, neurons are classified as follows: 1. Sensory neurons 2. Inter neurons 3. Motor Neurons *
- 14. • Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. • Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. • Inter neurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most inter neurons are located in the central nervous system.
- 15. • How Neurons Carry the Message: • Only neurons are involved in transmission of electrical signals. • Within a nerve cell, message is an electrical signal = action potential -membrane depolarization creates the movement of the action potential as a nerve impulse – rapid, all or none impulses – in myelinated neurons, gaps at regular intervals allow regeneration of the action potential • Between nerve cells the message is carried chemically
- 16. Direction of neural impulse DENDRITES -----> CELL * BN Oa f l y DH Yu s s a (i wn* ith nucleus) -------> AXON
- 17. At the end of the axon, the axon terminus, is the secretory region where the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. The function of the axon is to propagate the neural impulse along its entire length. The destination may be a muscle, a gland, or, more commonly, the dendrites of another neuron
- 19. NERVE FIBER: •Each nerve is formed by many bundles or groups of nerve fibers. •Each bundle of nerve fibers is called a fasiculus. •The whole nerve is covered by a tubular sheeth, called epineurieum. •Each fasiculus is covered by perineurium. •Each nerve fiber(axon) is covered by endoneureium.
- 20. TYPES: A.NON MYELINATED NERVE FIBER: i.e. not covered by myelin sheeth B.MYELINATED NERVE FIBER covered by myelin sheeth FUNCTION OF MYELIN SHEETH: 1.Faster conduction 2.Insulating capacity i.e. myelin sheeth restricts the nerve impulse within single nerve fiber and prevents the stimulation of neighboring nerve fiber.