This document discusses challenges countries face in transitioning to net zero emissions by 2050. It provides examples from Botswana and Eswatini where the IAEA assisted with energy planning. For Botswana, the analysis supported adopting a diversified electricity supply including gas and renewables by 2040 while emissions doubled by 2040. For Eswatini, the plan emphasized self-sufficiency and universal energy access but recognized limiting fossil fuel use to stay committed to climate goals would increase costs. Developing countries face different challenges than advanced countries in planning for net zero due to focusing on immediate development needs over long term targets.