A computer network allows devices to communicate with each other over a transmission medium. There are two main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) which connect devices within a limited geographic area like an office, and wide area networks (WANs) which interconnect multiple LANs across an unlimited geographic area. Common topologies for LANs include bus, star, and ring configurations. Network devices like switches and routers allow communication within and between LANs and WANs.
Data flow refers to how data frames propagate through network devices at layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. Data must be encapsulated with addressing at both the network layer with IP addresses and the data-link layer with MAC addresses to travel between devices. Layer 1 devices simply forward all frames, layer 2 devices filter and forward frames based on MAC addresses between collision domains, and layer 3 devices filter and forward packets based on IP addresses between broadcast domains.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
The document discusses different types of line configurations, network topologies, and transmission modes. There are two line configurations: point-to-point, which provides a dedicated link between two devices, and multipoint, which allows more than two devices to share a single link. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. Transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
The document provides information on different types of computers and their components. It discusses the key characteristics and uses of analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It also describes different categories of computers like mainframe computers, servers, supercomputers, microcomputers, desktops, laptops, netbooks, PDAs, tablets, and wearable computers. The rest of the document details the major internal and external components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, storage devices, ports, buses, input/output devices, displays, and printers.
A network connects computers and allows sharing of resources and communication between users. It can be a LAN spanning a single building, a MAN connecting LANs in a city, or a global WAN like the Internet. Networks transmit data over various media like twisted pair cable, fiber, and wireless signals. Proper use of media and protocols allows networks to function according to the OSI model.
Data flow refers to how data frames propagate through network devices at layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. Data must be encapsulated with addressing at both the network layer with IP addresses and the data-link layer with MAC addresses to travel between devices. Layer 1 devices simply forward all frames, layer 2 devices filter and forward frames based on MAC addresses between collision domains, and layer 3 devices filter and forward packets based on IP addresses between broadcast domains.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
The document discusses different types of line configurations, network topologies, and transmission modes. There are two line configurations: point-to-point, which provides a dedicated link between two devices, and multipoint, which allows more than two devices to share a single link. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. Transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
The document provides information on different types of computers and their components. It discusses the key characteristics and uses of analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It also describes different categories of computers like mainframe computers, servers, supercomputers, microcomputers, desktops, laptops, netbooks, PDAs, tablets, and wearable computers. The rest of the document details the major internal and external components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, storage devices, ports, buses, input/output devices, displays, and printers.
A network connects computers and allows sharing of resources and communication between users. It can be a LAN spanning a single building, a MAN connecting LANs in a city, or a global WAN like the Internet. Networks transmit data over various media like twisted pair cable, fiber, and wireless signals. Proper use of media and protocols allows networks to function according to the OSI model.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including computer networks, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), common LAN topologies, LAN transmission methods, LAN infrastructure devices, common network cabling, Ethernet, and network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It describes key aspects of each layer in the OSI model from application to network layer.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
Computer networks and its components by narender singh sandhuNarenderSinghSandhu2
A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It creates personal area networks (PANs) between devices like mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices. Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz radio frequency band and uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum to avoid interference and jamming. It allows for both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections and can connect up to eight devices in a piconet. Common applications of Bluetooth include wireless headphones, connecting devices in cars, and wireless speakers.
The document discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs connect devices within a limited geographic area like a home, office, or building. MANs connect LANs within a city or town. WANs connect LANs across a large geographic area like a city, country, or globally using various communication technologies. Examples of LAN configurations include a simple connection between two computers and a home network connecting devices in a residence. Examples of WAN configurations include enterprise private networks and virtual private networks.
This document discusses various computer networking devices. It begins by defining networking devices as units that mediate data transfer in a computer network. It then covers common basic networking devices including repeaters, bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. For each device, it provides a definition, description of functionality, and advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses network software and its key functions such as access control, transmission control, error control, and network management which allow computers and devices to communicate across networks.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
Data Communication
Networks & Internet
Protocols & Standards
Layered Tasks
Internet Model
OSI Model
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Circuit switching and Telephone Network
Signals
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures, addressing and routing architectures, network management architecture, performance architecture, and security architecture. Some key points include:
- Component architecture describes how network functions are applied using hardware and software mechanisms.
- Addressing involves applying identifiers to network devices, while routing learns connectivity and forwards packets. Common addressing mechanisms include subnetting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, and private/public addressing.
- Network management architecture provides functions for controlling, planning, and monitoring network resources using mechanisms like monitoring, instrumentation, and configuration.
- Performance architecture allocates network resources to users and applications using mechanisms like quality of service, resource control, service level agreements, and policies.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including definitions of common network types like LANs and WANs. It describes network topologies like bus, star, and ring configurations. Communication protocols and hardware like hubs, routers, and firewalls are defined. The roles of gateways and modems in transmitting data are also summarized.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
The document provides an overview of computer networking systems through a presentation at East Africa University's Faculty of Economics. It begins by explaining how computer networks have revolutionized communication over the past 20 years. It then defines what a computer network is and provides navigation links to sections that will describe various network components in more detail, including network diagrams, different network types, fiber optic cables, switches and hubs, servers, IP addresses, network topologies, firewalls, routers, wireless networks, and the Internet.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
Computer networks connect autonomous computers located anywhere. A LAN connects computers in a small area like a room or building using high speed. A MAN operates in a city and a WAN spans large distances like countries. Networks allow resource, information and communication sharing. Common topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh, with star being most common. Key components are physical media, devices like hubs, switches and routers, computers and networking software. TCP/IP is a common networking protocol and applications include email, web, commerce, telephony and conferencing.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks including network devices, topologies, network types, transmission media, and network models. It discusses bridges, switches, routers, hubs, bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh topologies. It also covers LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN networks as well as guided media like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber and unguided wireless transmission. Network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer are also mentioned along with the OSI and TCP/IP models.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
Power Point Presentation on Computer Networking - Assignment on Networking Module of QA - Software Tester Course - Provided by Shift Education of Technology
Fundamentals of Computer Networking - Rafael SA
This presentation incorporates subjects such as TCP/IP, Networks Classification, OSI Model, DHCP, DNS Protocols and IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing schemes and more.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including computer networks, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), common LAN topologies, LAN transmission methods, LAN infrastructure devices, common network cabling, Ethernet, and network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It describes key aspects of each layer in the OSI model from application to network layer.
An interconnected collection of autonomous computers is called a computer network. Networks allow computers to share resources like hardware, software, databases, and communicate with each other. The first network was ARPANET in 1969 which connected universities and defense organizations in the US. Later networks like NSFnet and the Internet improved capacity and connectivity. A network uses nodes, servers, network interface units, and types of networks can be LANs, MANs, or WANs depending on geographical reach. Networking evolved to improve sharing, reliability, and reduce costs.
Computer networks and its components by narender singh sandhuNarenderSinghSandhu2
A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. It creates personal area networks (PANs) between devices like mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices. Bluetooth operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz radio frequency band and uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum to avoid interference and jamming. It allows for both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections and can connect up to eight devices in a piconet. Common applications of Bluetooth include wireless headphones, connecting devices in cars, and wireless speakers.
The document discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs connect devices within a limited geographic area like a home, office, or building. MANs connect LANs within a city or town. WANs connect LANs across a large geographic area like a city, country, or globally using various communication technologies. Examples of LAN configurations include a simple connection between two computers and a home network connecting devices in a residence. Examples of WAN configurations include enterprise private networks and virtual private networks.
This document discusses various computer networking devices. It begins by defining networking devices as units that mediate data transfer in a computer network. It then covers common basic networking devices including repeaters, bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. For each device, it provides a definition, description of functionality, and advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses network software and its key functions such as access control, transmission control, error control, and network management which allow computers and devices to communicate across networks.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
Data Communication
Networks & Internet
Protocols & Standards
Layered Tasks
Internet Model
OSI Model
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Circuit switching and Telephone Network
Signals
Digital Transmission
Analog Transmission
Multiplexing
Transmission Media
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures, addressing and routing architectures, network management architecture, performance architecture, and security architecture. Some key points include:
- Component architecture describes how network functions are applied using hardware and software mechanisms.
- Addressing involves applying identifiers to network devices, while routing learns connectivity and forwards packets. Common addressing mechanisms include subnetting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, and private/public addressing.
- Network management architecture provides functions for controlling, planning, and monitoring network resources using mechanisms like monitoring, instrumentation, and configuration.
- Performance architecture allocates network resources to users and applications using mechanisms like quality of service, resource control, service level agreements, and policies.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including definitions of common network types like LANs and WANs. It describes network topologies like bus, star, and ring configurations. Communication protocols and hardware like hubs, routers, and firewalls are defined. The roles of gateways and modems in transmitting data are also summarized.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
The document provides an overview of computer networking systems through a presentation at East Africa University's Faculty of Economics. It begins by explaining how computer networks have revolutionized communication over the past 20 years. It then defines what a computer network is and provides navigation links to sections that will describe various network components in more detail, including network diagrams, different network types, fiber optic cables, switches and hubs, servers, IP addresses, network topologies, firewalls, routers, wireless networks, and the Internet.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
Computer networks connect autonomous computers located anywhere. A LAN connects computers in a small area like a room or building using high speed. A MAN operates in a city and a WAN spans large distances like countries. Networks allow resource, information and communication sharing. Common topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh, with star being most common. Key components are physical media, devices like hubs, switches and routers, computers and networking software. TCP/IP is a common networking protocol and applications include email, web, commerce, telephony and conferencing.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks including network devices, topologies, network types, transmission media, and network models. It discusses bridges, switches, routers, hubs, bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh topologies. It also covers LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN networks as well as guided media like twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber and unguided wireless transmission. Network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer are also mentioned along with the OSI and TCP/IP models.
A LAN is a group of computers and devices connected together over a small area through high-speed, relatively inexpensive connections like Ethernet. A MAN connects multiple nearby LANs over an area of a few dozen kilometers, while a WAN connects networks across larger geographic areas like countries. Wired connections offer faster speeds than wireless but require Ethernet cables, while Wi-Fi is more convenient but can have interference issues. LANs are used to share resources, communicate, and ensure access to information for specified groups. Key LAN components include cables, servers, workstations, and hubs or switches. Common LAN topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and hybrid configurations.
This document provides an overview of advanced networking concepts. It begins with learning objectives around data communication, network devices, protocols, topologies and network types. It then defines key networking components like switches, routers, and firewalls. It discusses different network topologies, media like Ethernet and wireless, and various network types including LAN, WAN, SAN and more. The document is intended to help readers understand fundamental networking concepts.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
A computer network allows devices to communicate over transmission media. There are two main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines seven layers of network communication, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and the upper layers on applications and user data.
A computer network connects devices like computers, printers and routers that can communicate with each other. There are two main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) within a building and wide area networks (WANs) that interconnect LANs across large geographic areas. LANs use technologies like Ethernet and transmit data through cabling like twisted pair or fiber optic cables. Common devices that help manage data flow on networks include switches, routers and wireless access points.
A LAN is a high-speed network covering a small geographic area that connects devices like computers and printers. It allows shared access to devices, file sharing, and communication via email. LANs use protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring and media access methods like CSMA/CD and token passing to allow devices to communicate on the shared network medium. Common LAN devices include hubs, switches, bridges, and routers that operate at the data link layer and network layer to connect, segment, and route traffic between LAN segments.
The document provides information about computer networks and routing & switching certification (CCNA). It discusses TCIL-IT, a company that provides computer networking education and training. It then covers topics such as network design, types of networks, network topologies, networking devices, cables, IP addresses, and basic router configuration commands. The document is intended to provide an overview of concepts relevant to the CCNA certification program for computer networking.
This document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It begins by defining different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). It then describes a 3-layer network design model consisting of a core layer, distribution layer, and access layer. The document also distinguishes between collision domains and broadcast domains, and describes the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol used in Ethernet networks.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including different types of networks and the OSI model. It begins with an introduction to networking courses and then covers local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), storage area networks (SANs), and peer-to-peer and client-server models. It also provides details on the seven layers of the OSI model and examples of protocols and functions for each layer.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including different types of networks, the OSI model, transmission media, and common networking devices and protocols. It begins with an introduction to networking courses and their benefits. It then covers local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), and storage area networks (SANs). The document also explains the seven layer OSI model and compares it to the TCP/IP model. Finally, it discusses different transmission media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared.
This document discusses network topologies and local area networks (LANs). It describes physical topology as the physical placement of network components, while logical topology refers to the logical arrangement of nodes. LANs connect computers and devices within a limited area through technologies like Ethernet or wireless. Common LAN topologies include star, ring, and bus. The document also discusses how LANs work using the OSI model and provides examples of LAN applications and advantages. It defines a personal area network (PAN) as connecting devices within 10 meters of an individual.
A network connects two or more computers together to share resources. The main purposes of a network are to share files, folders, printers, and other devices between computers. Networking involves designing, implementing, and managing networks and network technologies. Key benefits of networking include information sharing, hardware sharing, software sharing, collaborative environments, internet access, data security, performance enhancement, entertainment access, and cost reduction. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
This networking course document discusses the key topics covered in a networking course including why networking is important, common network types, the OSI model, and networking devices. The document provides details on local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), and storage area networks (SANs). It also summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a computer network is, why networks are used, what components make up a network, and what networks do to reliably transmit data. It also describes different types of networks including LANs, MANs, and WANs; various network topologies such as star, bus, ring, tree, and mesh; and different transmission media used in networks. The key details covered include the purpose and advantages and disadvantages of different network types, topologies, and transmission media.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- What is computer networking and the benefits of networking such as resource sharing.
- Types of networks including LAN, WLAN, MAN, and WAN.
- Data packets and how data is broken into packets for transmission.
- Network protocols and the OSI reference model which defines 7 layers of network communication.
Routers are networking devices that forward packets between logical networks. They are used to extend or segment large internetworks and connect TCP/IP networks and local area networks to the Internet. Routers have advanced features for quality of service, traffic filtering, and encryption. Switches offer intelligence beyond basic hubs and can read MAC addresses to selectively forward frames to specific ports. Bridges divide a network into segments and filter traffic between segments based on MAC addresses. Gateways connect networks that use different protocols by operating at the network layer.
This document defines a computer network and networking. It discusses different types of networks including personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), wide area networks (WAN) and the Internet. It also describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Finally, it outlines some network devices and benefits of networking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Networking
What is a Computer Networking ?
A networking is a collection of computers, printers,
routers, switches and other devices that are able to
communicate with each other over some transmission
media
Advantages of Networking
1.
2.
3.
4.
Resource Sharing
High Reliability
Communication Media
High Speed
Types of Networks
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
2. Local Area Networks (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN)
is a group of computers and
network
communicating
devices within a limited
geographic area, such as an
office building.
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A wide Area Networking (WAN)
interconnects LANs. It is not
restricted to a particular
geographic area and may be
interconnected around the world.
No third party involvement
here
High data transfer speeds
Generally less expensive
technologies
Limited geographic area
Third party network is involved.
Multiple interconnected LANs
More sophistificated to
implement than LANs
Exists in an unlimited
geographic area
Less error resistance due to
transmission travel distances
6. Peer to Peer Network
In peer-to-peer networks, each computer is
considered as a server as well as a client and
holds its own accounts database. Each
computer can share resources that it owns, like
files, CD-ROM drives, printers, modems and
fax machines.
Eg. Windows workgroups.
7. Advantages of Peer to Peer Network
• Security responsibility of each workstation
• Each station runs same software
• Each computer has its own accounts
database
• Cheap and easy to set up for small
groups
• No centralized server required
8. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model
·
·
·
·
·
·
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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10. Layer 1 - Physical Layer Provides
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Data Encoding
Physical Medium Attachment
Physical Medium Transmission
Relates the electrical, optical mechanical and
functional interfaces to the cable
11. Layer 2 – Data link Layer
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Link Establishment and Termination
Frame Traffic Control
Frame Sequencing
Frame Acknowledgment
Frame Delimiting
Frame Error Checking
Media Access Management
The data link layer consists of two sub layers:
1. LLC (logical link control) layer
2. MAC (Media Access Control) layer
12. Layer 3 -Network layer
1. Defines logical addressing
2. Routing occurs at this layer
3. Routing: routes frames among
networks.
4. Subnet traffic control
5. Frame fragmentation
6. Logical-physical address mapping
13. Layer 4 - Transport layer provides:
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Message segmentation
Message acknowledgment
Message traffic control
Session multiplexing
Responsible for packet creation.
Gateways operate at this layer.
14. Layer 5 - Session Layer
1. Session establishment
2. Session support
3. The session layer establishes,
manages, maintains and terminates
communication channels between
software programs on network nodes.
15. Layer 6 - Presentation layer provides
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Character code translation
Data conversion
Data compression
Data encryption
16. Layer 7 - Application layer
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Resource sharing and device redirection
Remote file access
Remote printer access
Inter-process communication
Network management
Directory services
Electronic messaging (such as mail)
Network virtual terminals
Serves as a window for applications to
access
• network services
17. Topology of LAN
In a bus topology :
a single cable connects each workstation in a linear,
daisy-chained fashion
signals are broadcasted to all stations, but stations only
act on the frames addressed to them
18. BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages
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Easy to implement
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Low Cost
Easy to connect a
computer or peripheral •
to a linear bus
Requires less cable
length than a star top
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Disadvantages
Entire
network
shuts
down if there is a break
in the main cable
Terminators are required
at both ends of the
backbone cable.
Difficult to identify the
problem if the entire
network shuts down
19. In a ring topology :
Unidirectional links connect the transmit side of one device to
the receive side of another device.
Devices transmit frames to the next device (downstream
member) in the ring
20. Star Topology
In a Star topology, each station is connected to a central hub or
concentrator that functions as a multi-port repeater. Each station
broadcasts to all of the devices connected to the hub. Physical LAN
topologies are usually characterized as either bus or ring
21. STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Easy Network
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management
Initial installation of star
networks is easier
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Network reliability is high.
Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the
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network then connecting or
removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and
to remove parts
Requires more cable
length than a linear
topology.
If the hub or concentrator
fails, nodes attached
are disabled.
More expensive than
linear bus topologies
because of the cost of
the concentrators.
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23. TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Point-to-point wiring for
individual segments.
Supported by several
hardware and software
venders
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Overall length of each
segment is limited by the
type of cabling used.
If the backbone line
breaks, the entire
segment goes down.
More difficult to configure
and wire than other
topologies.
24.
25. Local Area Network Cabling
The earliest LANs used coaxial cables. Over time, the
twisted Pair cables used in telephone systems were
improved to carry higher frequencies and support LAN
traffic. More recently, fibre optic cables have emerged as a
high speed cabling option.
Local Area Networks use four types of cables :
Coaxial
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Fibre Optics
28. Unshielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable is used for both LANs and telephone
systems. UTP cables are composed of four colour-coded pairs of copper
conductors twisted around each other. An outer jacket provides protection
and keeps the pairs in alignment. UTP cable connects to devices via 8 pin
modular connectors called RJ – 45 plugs. All LAN protocals can operate over
UTP. Most modern LAN devices are equipped with RJ-45 Jacks
29. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
STP cable is also used for Data Networks. It
originated with IBM’s Token – Ring Networks.
It shielding allow greater tolerances for
protection from EMI interference, such as
from fluorescent light fixtures and electronic
motors.
30. Fibre Optics
Fibre optics cables are the latest development in cabling
technology. They are constructed from optical glass.
There is a central glass filament, called the core, and
surrounding layers of cladding, buffer coatings,
strengthening materials and an outer jacket.
Information is transmitted by wavelengths of light. This
is accomplished through devices that convert electrical
signals into rapid pulses of either LED or Laser light.
Advantages of Fibre Optics
High bandwidth capacity (many giga bits per second)
Longer distances between devices (from 2 to over 60
Kilometers)
immunity to electromagnetic interferences
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32. Fibre optic cables are widely used in WANs for both voice
and data communications. The primary barrier to their
widespread use in LANs is the cost of electronics.
35. Repeaters
Repeaters, located within physical layer of
a network, regenerate and propagate
signals from one to another. They do not
change any information being transmitted,
and they can not filter any information.
Repeaters help to extend the distances of
networks by boosting weak signals.
36. Bridges
Bridges are intelligent repeaters. They regenerate
transmitted signals, but unlike repeaters, they
can also determine destinations.
37. Hubs
Hubs connect all computer LAN connections into
one device. They are nothing more than multiport
repeaters. Hubs cannot determine destinations.
They merely transmit to every line attached in a
half-duplex mode
38. Routers
Routers are a step up from bridges. They
are able to route and filter information to
different networks. Some routers can
automatically detect problems and redirect
information around the problem area.
These are called “Intelligent routers.”
39. Switches
Switches connects all computer LAN
connections, the same as hubs do. The
difference is that switches can run in fullduplex mode and are able to direct and
filter information to and from specific
destinations.
40. WAN infrastructure Devices
ATM Switches
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Switches provide high speed transfer
between both LANs and WANs.
41. Modem
Modems convert digital and analog signals. At
the source, modems convert digital signals to a
form suitable for transmission over analog
communication facilities (Public telephone lines).
At the destination, modems covert the signal back
to a digital format.
42. CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit /
Data Service Unit)
CSUs / DSUs are similar to modems, however
they send data in digital format across digital
telephone loops. They are usually in a physical
box, but they may come in two separate units.
CSUs or DSUs
Multiplexers
A multiplexer combines multiple signals for
transmission over a single circuit. This allows for
the transfer of various data simultaneously, such
as video, sound, text, etc.
43. Communication Servers
Communication Servers are typically dial in/out
servers that allow users to dial in from remote
locations and attach to the LAN
X.25 / Frame Relay Switches
X.25 band Frame Relay Switches connect private
data over public data circuits using digital signal.
These units are very similar to ATM switches, but
the transfer rate of data is not comparable.
44. Protocols
Communication protocol or network protocol is
the specification of a set of rules for a particular
type of communication.
A commonly used protocols :
HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
IP - Internet Protocol
Ethernet Protocol
45. Other Protocols
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
UDP - User datagram protocol
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
Telnet Protocol
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol (Previously
called Interactive Mail Access Protocol)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
NTP - Network Time Protocol
NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol