The document provides an overview of computer networking, including its definition, applications, types of network devices, and protocols. It discusses key components such as modems, routers, and network types like LAN, WAN, and PAN, along with their characteristics and uses. Additionally, it covers network topologies and protocols like HTTP and DNS, highlighting how they facilitate communication and resource sharing among computers.

1. BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY
Computer Application In Business
Networking
Presented By.
Debasmita Panda (43)
Pradeep Kumar Das (47)
Gopal Acharya (21)
Guided By.
Shakti Ranjan Das Sir

2. CONTENTS
▪ Introduction to Network
▪ Computer Network
▪ Apllications of Computer Network
▪ Networking Devices
▪ Network Protocol
▪ Types of Computer Network
▪ Network Topologies

3. NETWORK
Network is a interconnection of
autonomous unit/computer

4. COMPUTER NETWORK
▪ A computer network is defined
as the interconnection of two or
more computers. It is done to
enable the computer to
communicate and share
available resources
•A series of computer connected to
share Information and resources to
communicate

5. COMPUTER NETWORK
C1 C2 C3 C4
Ethernet Cable
EX:
C1,C2,C3,C4=Computers

6. APPLICATION / USES OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
▪ Communication from one computer to another computer
▪ Sharing of resources such as printer,file,images etc
▪ Exchange of data and information among user via network
▪ Sharing of information geographically wide area either by a cable or
wirelessly
▪ Sharing of expensive software and data base
▪ Centralised support & administration

7. NETWORKING DEVICES
A device is an equipment that connects directly to a network segment. There
are 2 types:
▪ End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners that provide
services directly to the user.
▪ Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user
devices together to allow them to communicate.
A host is an end-user device that provide users with a connection to the
network.

8. NETWORKING DEVICES

9. NETWORKING DEVICES
▪ Netwoking devices are
components used to
connect computers or
other
▪ Electronic devices
together so that they can
share files or resources.
▪ Networking Devices are
also known as
Communicating Devices.

10. NETWORKING DEVICES
Repeater
The purpose of repeater is to generate and retime network signals at the bit level this allows
them to travel a longer distance on the media.
Hub
A hub, also called a network hub, is a common connection point for devices in a network.Hubs
are devices commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
The Hub contains multiple port and connects multiple Ethernet devices together, making them
act as a single segment.

11. NETWORKING DEVICES
Modem
The name modem means modulator demodulator
A modem is a network hardware device that modulates
one or more carrier waves signals to encode digital
information for transmission and demodulates signals to
decode the transmitted information.
Router
•Router is a device which connects different
networks-frequently over a large distances.
•It allows data to move from one network to
another.

12. NETWORKING DEVICES
It is a small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one local area network.
Network Switch
Network Interface Card Network Interface Card or NIC is a hardware card installed
in a computer so it can communicate on a network. The
network adapter provides one or more for the network
cable to connet it, and it transmit and receive data on to
the network cable.

13. NETWORKING DEVICES
Networking Cables
Network cables are used to connect one network device to othe network devices or to connect
two or more computer to share a printer,scanner etc.Different types of network cables like
Coaxial cable , optical fiber cable, twisted pair cable etc.
Optical Fiber Cable twisted pair cable

14. NETWORK PROTOCOL
1.HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
2.IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
3.DNS (Domain Name System)
3.FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Common Protocols
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network
devices. network protocol include mechanisms for devices to identify and make
connections with each other, as well as Formatting rules that specify how data packaged
into messages sent and received.

15. HTTP (HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol.HTTP is the undeerlying protocol used by the world wide
web and this protocol defines how massages are formatted and transmitted and what actions wed
server and browsers should take in response to various command.
•Basically, HTTP is a TCP /IP based communication protocol that is used to deliver data(HTML files,,images files
video files etc) on the world wide wed.
•It provides a standardized way for computer to communicate with each other.

16. IP ADDRESS
▪ An IP address is a unique address of a digital system connected to a
network.
▪ We use IP address to reognize a sysytem uniquely.
192.168.0.1
Features
• Ip address is denoted using dotted decimal notation
• No two devices can have same IP address over a network
• IP address uses period as separator which is use to separate network
ID & host ID.

17. CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
IP address classifed in to 5 different classes.
CLASSES RANGE NETWORK ID & HOST ID
A 001-126 N.H.H.H
B 128-191 N.N.H.H
C 192-223 N.N.N.H
D 224-239 -
E 240-255 -

18. DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
Domain Name System (DNS) are the internet’s equivalent of a phone
book.
They maintain a of domain names and translate them to internet
protocol (IP) addresses.
This is necessary because although domain names are easy for people
to remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP
addresses.
When you type in a web addrress. e.g, www.facebook.com, your
internet service provider views the DNS associated with the domain
name, translates it into a machine friendly IP address ( for example
216.168.224.70 is the IP for facebook.com) and directs your internet
connection to the correct website.

19. DOMAIN NAME SYSYTEM ARCHITECTURE
The domain name system contains of domin names,domain name space,
name server that have been described below
Domain Names
Domain Name is a symbolic string associated with an IP address. There are
several domain names available; some of them are generic such as
com,edu,gov,net etc, while some country level domain names such as au,in,za
Us etc.
The following table shows the generic top-level Domain Names:
Domain Name Meaning
Com Commercial Business
Edu Educational
Gov Government
int International entity
Net Networking organisation
org Non profit organisation
Domain name Meaning
au Australia
in india
cl chile
fr france
us United states

20. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

21. FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
It enables user to move a file from one computer to another computer.
A file may contain:
Text document
Image
Artwork
Movie
Sound
software
• FTP is the simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the network
•It also permits files to be uploaded and downloaded on the internet.
•Transfering files from a client computer to a server computer is called “uploading”
transfering from a server to client is “downloading”
•The file transfer protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer
of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.

22. LOCAL AREA NETWORK
•Used for communicating among computer devices within a room/building.
•Uses a “protocol”-set of rules that governs how packets are configured and
transmitted.
•Enables sharing of resources like files and hardwares needed by multiple users.
•Limited in size (few 100m to a mile).
•Fast (10Mbps to 10Gbps).
•Little wiring required and even can be wireless.
•Lowest cost.

23. 3 MOST COMMON TYPE LAN
• Cable based LAN-all nodes connected by cables.
• Private Branch Exchange-connected by telephone lines.
• Heirarchical Network-both cables and telephone lines are used.
NOTE-
Ethernet is most widely used, fast and economical LAN used,
introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC), Intel and Xerox
in 1980
IEEE adopted a modified version of it as standard LAN technology.
In feb 1980, the IEEE formed a project called “project 802” to help
define certain standards. It falls into 12 categories identified by the
802 members(numbers).

24. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Metropolitan – describes important cities like NewDelhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Bengaluru, Chennai etc.
It can be the collection of different LANs in the same city.
Defined as a group of computer and networks connected together within a large
physical area.
Ranges from ceveral blocks to an entire city.(5-50km diameter).
It might be owned by a single operator but used by many organisations and
individuals.
Often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources.
Ex of MAN-Telephone company networks that provide high speed
DSL to customers and cable TV networks.

25. WIDE AREA NETWORK
▪ WAN covers large areas like a country, continent or the whole world.
▪ A WAN is two or more LANs/MANs connected together through bridges,routers or
gateways to be enabled to share data. They may be miles apart
▪ To cover great distance,data trasmitted through high speed phone lines or sattelites. Ex-
INTERNET
 NOTE- ARPANET of the Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of
Defence- world’s first WAN connecting 40 universities hroughout US and Europe with
about 50 computers (mini to super computers).
 ERNET-Education and Research Network is a WAN linking several Educational Institutions
in INDIA
 NICNET-National Informatics Centre’s NETWORK links several offices of NIC upto district
headquaters.

26. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
•A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among computers and
telephones in close proximity , around a few meters within a room.
•Can be used for communicating between the devices themselves or
connecting to a large network such as internet.
•Can be wired or wireless.

28. COMPARISON TABLE
SL
NO.
DIFFERENTIATING
POINTS
PAN LAN MAN WAN
1 GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION OF
NODES
FEW
METERS
FEW KMs Few 10s of
KMs
1000s of
KMs
2 PURPOSE OFFICE,
HOUSE
BUILDING/
CAMPUS
INTERCONN
-ECT LANS
OF A
CITY/METR
OPOLITAN
INTERCONN
ECTS LAN’S
ACROSS
CITIES/COU
NTRIES
3 COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL USED
INFRA-RED
WAVES
TWISTED
PAIR,
COAXIAL
CABLE,FIBR
E OPTICS
FIBRE
OPTICS,
TELEPHONE
LANES,MIC
ROWAVE
LINKS
SATELLITE
CHANNELS ,
FIBRE
OPTICS,
TELEPHONE
LANES
CONTT……….

29. SL
NO
DIFFERENTIATING
POINTS
PAN LAN MAN WAN
4 OWNERSHIP PERSONAL SINGLE
ORGANISATI
ON
SINGLE
ORGANISAT
ION
SINGLE
/MULTIPE
ORGANISAT
ION
5 COMMUNICATION
COST
NEGLIGIBLE LOW MEDIUM HIGH
6 COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
USED COMMONLY
BLUETOOTH
IrDA-Infra Red
Data
Association
ETHERNET,
TOKEN RING
ATM,
FRAME
RELAY,
X-25,IP
ATM,
FRAME
RELAY,
X-25,IP

30. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
A networks topology refers to the way in which the network links its nodes
(computers or other communication devices)together. It determines the various
data paths available between any pairs of nodes in the network
Major types:- Star network
Ring network
Computer connected network
Multi-access bus network

31. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF TOPOLOGY
FOR A NETWORK
•Desired performance of the system
•Desired reliability of the system
•Size of the system(no. of nodes and their distribution)
•Expandability of the system
•Expanditure
•Availability of communication lines
•Acceptable delay in routing informationbetween two nodes.

32. STAR NETWORK
It has multiple nodes connected to a host node. Communication is done only
through the host
Host node perform routing functions and centrally controls communication
between any two other nodes by establishing a logical path between them.
ADVANTAGES- minimal line cost no transmission delay by adding new
nodes if any node fails other than the host, other nodes are not affected.
DISADVANTAGES-The system critically depends on a single host. If it fails, entire
network fails.

34. RING NETWORK
•In ring/circular network, in which each node has two communicating subordinates
(adjacent nodes with which it can communicate directly), but there is no master node for
controlling other nodes.
•A node receives data from one of it’s adjacent node. The only decision that a node has
to take is whether the data is for its own use or not. If it is addressed to it, it utilizes it.
Otherwise, it merely pass it to the next node.
ADVANTAGES- Works well where there is no central node,
More reliable-if link between any two nodes fails, alternate routing is possible .
Does’nt depends upon a single host.
DISADVANTAGES- Communication delay is directly proportional to number of nodes
in the network.
More complicated control softwares required

36. COMPLETELY CONNECTED NETWORK
•Each node has a direct link(point to point link) with every other node in the
network.
•The control is distributed with each node deciding its communication priorities.
ADVANTAGES-It is very reliable because any link failure will affect only direct
communication between the nodes connected by that link.
Each node need not have individual routing capability.
Communication is very fast
DISADVANTAGES- Very expensive, more links are required[ (n-1)/2 links for n nodes ].

38. MULTIPLE- ACCESS BUS NETWORKS
•All nodes are connected to a single communication line(channel) and share it for all
their communication needs.
•Also called- Multipoint/ Multidrop/ Broadcast network
•Appropriate for local area network and satellite communication network.
ADVANTAGES- reduce no. of physical lines. failure of one node doesn't affect others
addition of new network is easy
DISADVANTAGES- All nodes must have good communication and decision-making
capability.
If the shared communication line fails, entire network fails.

40. HYBRID NETWORK
A combination of two
or more types of
network topologies
depending upon needs
and structure of
organisation is called a
hybrid network .

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Source.
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