The document presents an overview of networking fundamentals, including types of networks, architectures, components, and connectivity options. It covers various protocols and technologies used for data transfer, such as TCP/IP and HTTP, as well as features of the World Wide Web and internet connectivity methods. Lastly, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of networking, such as data sharing benefits and potential security risks.

1. NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
WEB APPLICATION

2. NETWORK
• A network, in computing, is a group of two
or more devices or nodes that can
communicate. The devices or nodes in
question can be connected by physical or
wireless connections.

3. Benefits of Networking
• Data Sharing
• Files Transfer
• Hardware Sharing
• Internet Access Sharing
• Usage of network based application

4. Disadvantages
• Initial Costs (cost of setup)
• Maintenance and Administration
• Major effect of breakdown(if
server crash)
• Viruses
• Security( danger of hacking

5. Types of Network

6. • PERSONAL AREA NETWORK-PAN
Within 10 meters
• LOCAL AREA NEWORK-LAN
Range upto 10 kms
• METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK-MAN
Uses microwaves- covers city
• WIDE AREA NETWORK-WAN
Span across several countries-
Uses fiber optics

7. Overall design and layout of
computer network
Network
Architecture

8. Peer means equal and
therefore in a peer-
to-peer network,
each computer or node
is equal to the other
computers in
terms of the resources
that it can access
and share.
PEER TO PEER NETWORK

9. CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
In a client server network,
there is a powerful
central computer, which
has more resources that
the other computers
connected to the
network. This central
computer is known as
server and the others
computers are known as
clients or nodes or
workstations.

10. PACKET
SWITCHING

11. NETWORK COMPONENTS

12. NIC (Network Interface Card)
NIC stand for network interface card. NIC provides
the physical connection between the network and
the computer workstation. With most LAN’S
cables, NIC is used for their connectivity.

13. Stands for Modulator –Demodulator.
A Modem is a peripheral device which modulates
(converts analog signals to digital signals) from the
transmitting workstation and demodulates ( convert
digital signals into analog signals). Now a days
mobile phones have inbuilt modem devices that help
to browse internet.
Modem

14. Repeater
Repeater simply copies the information
arriving at its input and retransmit it from the
output.

15. SWITCH:
Amplifies data signals and create smaller
network segments or several subnet of bigger
network.

16. it is a hardware device which provides
common connection point to connect
several devices together in a network

17. Router
It is a device that has the ability to connect
LAN’s which have different protocols
(within a building or small geographical area)

18. Gateway
Joins two network of different protocols
connecting India server to USA server

19. Network Topologies
The network topology refers to the arrangement
or pattern of computer, which are
interconnected in a network.
•Bus network topology.
•Ring network topology.
•Star network topology.
•Mesh network topology.
•Tree network topology.
•Hybrid network topology.

20. Bus Topology
The peripheral devices are connected to a
common single length data line.

21. Ring or Circular Topology
The data travels in one direction only from one
node to another node around the ring.

22. Star Topology
In this topology there persists a central node
called server or hub, which is connected to the
nodes directly.

23. Mesh Topology
Each node is connected to more than one node, so
that is provides alternative route, in case , if the
host is either down or busy.

24. Tree topology
• It is an extension and variation of bus
topology. Its basic structure is like a tree,
where the root acts as a server.

25. Hybrid Topology

26. Internet
Internet is a global network of
networks connecting millions of
computing devices world wide.
It is a network of network.

27. W W W (world wide web)
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an
information system enabling documents and other web
resources to be accessed over the Internet.
www is a framework for accessing the documents that are
spread over millions of computing devices over the internet.
Feature of WWW are: •User friendly
•Data Sharing
•Multimedia documents
•Interactive(visuals)
•Accessibility

28. Collection of WebPages linked
together through hyperlinks are
called Website.
www.facebook.com
www.amazon.com
www.Yatra.com

29. WEB BROWSERS
It is an application software program
to access the World Wide Web.

30. DNS (Domain name System)
System for mapping the alphabetic names of internet
protocol (IP) addresses.
74.125.68.102 (ip)
www.google.com (domain name)

32. Web server
It is a principal server that links or
stores contents of different
websites.

33. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The unique address or location of web
page
TWO TYPES:
ABSOLUTE URL: The complete address of a
document on the internet is known as an absolute,
(www.google.com/index.html)
RELATIVE URL: URL.The relative URL is a
document's online partial address.
(/index.html)

34. WEB ADDRESS

35. ISP(INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER)
it provides accessibility to use the internet
through its server.

36. Protocols
Protocol is a set of rules and
guidelines for communicating data.
SSL: Secure Socket Layer
FTP :File Transfer Protocol
TCP :Transmission Control Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transport
Protocol
HTTP :Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
POP : Post Office Protocol

37. IP (Internet Protocol)
Address of a computer that is connected to the internet.
IP address can be either static or dynamic.
Static : permanent , Dynamic: temporary
192.168.1.1

38. WEB PORTAL

39. Hyperlink
Links one page or net with other
web pages
Internet hyperlinks: links in web
pages to navigate within web
pages

40. Bandwidth
Refers to speed or transfer of data over a
network. It represents the capacity of a
network for supporting data transfers.

41. INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
OPTIONS
WIRED WIRELESS
•Dial-up Connection
•DSL/Broadband
Connection
•Leased Line
•Cable Internet
•Mobile
Technology(3G,4G,5G)
•Wi-Fi
•WiMax
•Satellite

42. Dial Up Connection
• It is a type of connectivity that uses modem and the
telephone lines to connect the internet.
• A modem must be connected to a telephone(not in
use for voice calling). It is community used
connection for home PCs to connect to the internet

43. DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)
Broadband connection
Term refers to broad band which uses copper
phone line. Now a days optical fiber is used for
providing high speed internet connection.

44. Cable Internet
• Cable provides an internet connection through
a cable modem and operates over cable TV
lines.

45. WIFI (Wireless Fidelity)
WiFi is a network of wireless connection. It is a
mode of communication network that is
established by radio frequency like that of
bluetooth, but it has more power, resulting into
a stronger connection. GHz
Giga Harzards

46. WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)
It is a type of telecommunication technology that
provides wireless transmission from multipoint links to
portable and fully mobile internet access whose range
of operation is within 50 km radius from base station.

47. Satellite
Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in
Earth’s Orbit. Satellites communicate by using
radio waves to send signals to the antennas on
the Earth. The antennas then capture those
signals and process the information coming
from those signals.

49. Mobile Internet
• 1G , First Generation-1980s
• 2G, Second Generation-1990s(pagers,text)
• 3G, Third Generation-2000s(multimedia)
• 4G, Fourth Generation-video chat, mobile TV
• 5G, Fifth Generation -2019- higher bandwidth

50. DATA TRANSFER ON INTERNET
• In networking packet is a small segment of a
large message.
• Each packet contains data and information
about the data.
• The information about the packet’s content is
known as the header, and it goes at the front of
the packet so that the receiving machine knows
what to do with the packet.
Packets:
or
Datagram

51. (IP)Internet Protocols
It is a set of rules/protocols governing
communication among all computers on the
internet.

52. (Transmission control Protocols) and IP (internet
protocols)
TCP is designed for reliability, not speed.
Because TCP has to make sure all packets
arrive in order, loading data via TCP/IP can
take longer
TCP/IP

53. Some common TCP/IP protocols
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
protocol used to transfer information on the World Wide Web.
It defines how messages are formatted, transmitted and
what action web servers and browser should take in
response to various commands.
HTTPs (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
Used for sending credit card transaction data or private data from a web
client. Site is using a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificate.
Certificate Authorities (CAs) provide the SSL Sertificates.
SSL certificates are issued by Certificate Authorities (CAs),
organizations that are trusted to verify the identity and
legitimacy of any entity requesting a certificate.

54. FTP: File Transfer Protocol
Downloading files means
transferring a file from a server
to a computer or device,
Uploading is the opposite—
transferring a file from a
computer to a server.

57. INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES
HTML (hypertext Markup Language)
It’s a markup language that is used to
create web pages.
Web Page is an electronic document of
information that can be accessed
throught a web browser.