The document describes various network devices, including hubs, switches, routers, modems, wireless access points, and repeaters, highlighting their functions and differences. Hubs are obsolete and replaced by switches, which operate at OSI layer 2, while routers, functioning at layer 3, route packets between networks. Additionally, it explains how modems convert signals for communication and how Wi-Fi technology enables wireless networking.

1. NETWORK DEVICES

2. HUB
• A hub serves as a central point to which all of the hosts in a network
connect to. A Hub is an OSI Layer 1 device and has no concept of
Ethernet frames or addressing. It simply receives a signal from one
port and sends it out to all other ports.
• Today, hubs are considered obsolete and switches are commonly used
instead.

4. SWITCH
• A switch is used to connect multiple hosts together, but it has many
advantages over a hub. Switch is an OSI Layer 2 device, which means
that it can inspect received traffic and make forwarding decisions.
Each port on a switch is a separate collision domain and can run in a
full duplex mode

6. ROUTER
• A router is a device that routes packets from one network to another.
A router is most commonly an OSI Layer 3 device. Routers divide
broadcast domains and have traffic filtering capabilities.

8. MODEM
A modem or broadband
modem is a hardware device
that connects a computer or
router to a broadband
network. For example, a
cable modem and DSL modem
are two examples of these
types of Modems.

9. MODEM
a modem is a hardware device that allows a
computer to send and receive information over
telephone lines. When sending a signal, the device
converts ("modulates") digital data to an analog
audio signal, and transmits it over a telephone
line. Similarly, when an analog signal is received,
the modem converts it back ("demodulates" it) to
a digital signal.

10. WIRELESS ACCESS POINT
Wireless access point (WAP) is a hardware
device or configured node on a local area
network (LAN) that allows wireless capable
devices and wired networks to connect
through a wireless standard, including Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth. WAPs feature radio transmitters
and antennae, which facilitate connectivity
between devices and the Internet or a
network.
A WAP is also known as a hotspot.

11. REPEATER
A repeater is a network
device that retransmits a
received signal with more
power and to an extended
geographical or topological
network boundary than what
would be capable with the
original signal.

12. REPEATER
A repeater is implemented in computer networks to
expand the coverage area of the network,
repropagate a weak or broken signal and or service
remote nodes. Repeaters amplify the received/input
signal to a higher frequency domain so that it is
reusable, scalable and available.
Repeaters are also known as signal boosters.

13. WIFI
• Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices
such as computers (laptops and desktops), mobile devices
(smart phones and wearables), and other equipment (printers
and video cameras) to interface with the Internet. It allows
these devices--and many more--to exchange information with
one another, creating a network.
• Internet connectivity occurs through a wireless router. When
you access Wi-Fi, you are connecting to a wireless router that
allows your Wi-Fi-compatible devices to interface with the
Internet.