SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are popular cryptographic protocols that are used to imbue web communications with integrity, security, and resilience against unauthorized tampering.
The Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL)Vishal Kumar
"The Fundamental of SSL" it is the first part of this Topic in which we covered covers the deep understanding of Secure Socket Layer, its position in the TCP/IP suit, its sub protocols and the working or Handshake Protocol.
Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) | Part - 2 Vishal Kumar
In this presentation we will learn about the Record Protocol, Alert Protocol, Closing and Resuming SSL Connections and Attacks on SSL.
The Part - 1 cab be founded at : https://www.slideshare.net/vishalkumar245/fundamental-of-secure-socket-layer-ssl-part-1
Web Security and SSL - Secure Socket LayerAkhil Nadh PC
Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its now-deprecated predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP). Websites can use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers.
The Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL)Vishal Kumar
"The Fundamental of SSL" it is the first part of this Topic in which we covered covers the deep understanding of Secure Socket Layer, its position in the TCP/IP suit, its sub protocols and the working or Handshake Protocol.
Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) | Part - 2 Vishal Kumar
In this presentation we will learn about the Record Protocol, Alert Protocol, Closing and Resuming SSL Connections and Attacks on SSL.
The Part - 1 cab be founded at : https://www.slideshare.net/vishalkumar245/fundamental-of-secure-socket-layer-ssl-part-1
Web Security and SSL - Secure Socket LayerAkhil Nadh PC
Transport Layer Security (TLS), and its now-deprecated predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, instant messaging, and voice over IP (VoIP). Websites can use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers.
Stands for "Secure Sockets Layer." SSL is a secure protocol developed for sending information securely over the Internet. Many websites use SSL for secure areas of their sites, such as user account pages and online checkout. Usually, when you are asked to "log in" on a website, the resulting page is secured by SSL.
E-mail Security Protocol - 2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)Vishal Kumar
Pretty Good privacy. we will discuss in this document about the E-mail security protocol number 2 which is PGP, you will learn about the working of PGP, PGP Algorithms, PGP Key Rings, PGP Certificates and about the Web Trust in PGP.
It is an IETF standardization initiative whose goal is to come out with an Internet standard Version of SSL. The presentation discusses all. Happy Learning. :)
Stands for "Secure Sockets Layer." SSL is a secure protocol developed for sending information securely over the Internet. Many websites use SSL for secure areas of their sites, such as user account pages and online checkout. Usually, when you are asked to "log in" on a website, the resulting page is secured by SSL.
E-mail Security Protocol - 2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)Vishal Kumar
Pretty Good privacy. we will discuss in this document about the E-mail security protocol number 2 which is PGP, you will learn about the working of PGP, PGP Algorithms, PGP Key Rings, PGP Certificates and about the Web Trust in PGP.
It is an IETF standardization initiative whose goal is to come out with an Internet standard Version of SSL. The presentation discusses all. Happy Learning. :)
Improving the Secure Socket Layer by Modifying the RSA AlgorithmIJCSEA Journal
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is a cryptographic protocol which has been used broadly for making secure connection to a web server. SSL relies upon the use of dependent cryptographic functions to perform a secure connection. The first function is the authentication function which facilitates the client to identify the server and vice versa [1]. There have been used, several other functions such as encryption and integrity for the imbuement of security. The most common cryptographic algorithm used for ensuring security is RSA. It still has got several security breaches that need to be dealt with. An improvement over this has been implemented in this paper. In this paper, a modification of RSA has been proposed that switches from the domain of integers to the domain of bit stuffing to be applied to the first function of SSL that would give more secure communication. The introduction of bit stuffing will complicate the access to the message even after getting the access to the private key. So, it will enhance the security which is the inevitable requirement for the design of cryptographic protocols for secure communication.
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS
Handshake
protocol
, which
is
responsible
for
authentication of
the parties in the
communication
and
negotiation of
security parameters
that
will be used
to protect
confidentiality and
integrity of the
data
. It
will
be
analyzed the
attacks
against the implementation of Handshake
protocol, as well as the
attacks against the other
elements
necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security
flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studyi
ng methods of defense
.
All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the researc
h but
emphasis will be placed
on the critical
attack that
the most endanger the safety of data.
The goal of
the research
is
to point out the
danger of
existence
of at least
vulnerability
in the SSL/TLS protocol
, which
can be exploited
and
endanger the safety of
the data
that should be protected.
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS Handshake protocol, which is responsible for authentication of the parties in the communication and negotiation of security parameters that will be used to protect confidentiality and integrity of the data. It will be analyzed the attacks against the implementation of Handshake protocol, as well as the attacks against the other
elements necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studying methods of defense. All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the research but emphasis will be placed on the critical attack that the most endanger the safety of data. The goal of the research is to point out the
danger of existence of at least vulnerability in the SSL/TLS protocol, which can be exploited and endanger the safety of the data that should be protected.
Introduction to Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Tunnel Layer Security (TLS). Shows basic principle of SSL and also little bit of practical applicability.
The Ministry of Rural Development is implementing Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP) as a sub-scheme under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) with the objective to help the rural poor to set-up enterprises at the village level in non-agricultural sectors.
A common example of an application of semi-supervised learning is a text document classifier. This is the type of situation where semi-supervised learning is ideal because it would be nearly impossible to find a large amount of labeled text documents.
The most popular batch processing framework is Apache Hadoop's MapReduce. MapReduce is a Java based system for processing large datasets in parallel. It reads data from the HDFS and divides the dataset into smaller pieces.
In color image processing, an abstract mathematical model known as color space is used to characterize the colors in terms of intensity values. This color space uses a three-dimensional coordinate system. For different types of applications, a number of different color spaces exists.
Client server technology . A client request to the server for data or information.
Networking so that they can share files, application, and other computer related resources.
Advantages of client server technology are file server, network printer, application servers and centralized servers
The names or objects which are accessible are called in-scope. The names or objects which are not accessible are called out-of-scope. The Python scope concept follows the LEGB (Local, Enclosing, Global and built-in) rule.
Clustering is an unsupervised Machine Learning-based Algorithm that comprises a group of data points into clusters so that the objects belong to the same group. Clustering helps to splits data into several subsets. Each of these subsets contains data similar to each other, and these subsets are called clusters.
Knowledge is the information about a domain that can be used to solve problems in that domain. To solve many problems requires much knowledge, and this knowledge must be represented in the computer. As part of designing a program to solve problems, we must define how the knowledge will be represented.
One of the first uses of distributed client/server computing was in the
realm of distributed file systems. In such an environment, there are a
number of client machines and one server (or a few); the server stores the
data on its disks, and clients request data through well-formed protocol
message
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. SECURE SOCKET LAYER(SSL)
The secure socket layer (ssl) protocol is an internet
protocol for secure exchange of information between
a web browser and a web server .
It provides two basic security services:
Authentication
Confidentiality
3. HOW SSL WORKS ?
SSL has three sub-protocols
The handshake protocol
The record protocol
The alert protocol
4. THE HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL
SSL handshake verifies the server and allows client
and server to agree on an encryption set before
any data is sent out
Handshake Protocol is used to establish sessions.
This protocol allows the client and server to
authenticate each other by sending a series of
messages to each other.
5. THE HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL
Handshake protocol uses four phases to complete its
cycle.
Phase-1: In Phase-1 both Client and Server send
hello-packets to each other. In this IP session, cipher
suite and protocol version are exchanged for security
purposes.
Phase-2: Server sends his certificate and Server-
key-exchange. The server end phase-2 by sending the
Server-hello-end packet.
6. THE HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL
Phase-3: In this phase Client reply to the server by
sending his certificate and Client-exchange-key.
Phase-4: In Phase-4 Change-cipher suite occurred
and after this Handshake Protocol ends.
8. THE RECORD PROTOCOL
The record protocol in SSL comes into picture after a
successful handshake is completed between the
client and the server . That is , after the client and the
server have optionally authenticated each other and
have decided what algorithms to use for secure
information exchange , we enter into the SSL record
protocol
9. THE RECORD PROTOCOL
SSL Record provides two services to SSL connection.
Confidentiality
Message Integrity
10. THE RECORD PROTOCOL
In the SSL Record Protocol application data is
divided into fragments. The fragment is compressed
and then encrypted MAC (Message Authentication
Code) generated by algorithms like SHA (Secure
Hash Protocol) and MD5 (Message Digest) is
appended. After that encryption of the data is done
and in last SSL header is appended to the data.
12. THE ALERT PROTOCOL
The SSL Alert Protocol signals problems with an SSL
session.
Alert messages convey the severity of the message and a
description of the alert.
Upon transmission or receipt of a fatal alert message, both
parties immediately close the connection.
13. THE ALERT PROTOCOL
The client and the server must communicate that the
connection is ending to avoid a truncation attack.
Either party may initiate the exchange of closing messages.
Normal termination occurs when the close_notify message is
sent.
This message notifies the recipient that the sender will not send
any more messages on this connection.
The session becomes unresumable if any connection is
terminated without a proper close_notify message.
14. ALERT ERROR
The following error alerts are defined:
unexpected_message
An inappropriate message was received. This alert is always
fatal and should never be observed in communication between
proper implementations.
bad_record_mac
This alert is returned if a record is received with an
incorrect message authentication code. This message is
always fatal.
15. ALERT ERROR
decompression_failure
The decompression function received improper input (e.g.
data that would expand to excessive length). This message is
always fatal.
handshake_failure
Indicates the sender was unable to negotiate an acceptable
set of security parameters given the options available. This is
a fatal error.
16. ALERT ERROR
no_certificate
May be sent in response to a certification request if no
appropriate certificate is available.
bad_certificate
A certificate was corrupt, probably contained a digital
signature that did not verify correctly
17. ALERT ERROR
unsupported_certificate
A certificate was of an unsupported type.
certificate_revoked
A certificate was revoked by its signer.
certificate_expired
A certificate has expired or is not currently valid.
18. ALERT ERROR
certificate_unknown
Some unspecified issue arose in processing the certificate,
rendering it unacceptable.
o illegal_parameter
A field in the handshake was out of range or inconsistent with
other fields. This is always fatal.