The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its organization, divisions, and functions. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system. It also focuses on specific aspects of the CNS such as the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum. The document concludes by describing the primary taste sensations and the anatomy of taste buds and papillae.
This document provides an overview of the peripheral nervous system and special senses. It discusses:
1. The classification of the peripheral nervous system, including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
2. The structure and function of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
3. The five special senses - smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs and neural pathways involved in each sense.
The document discusses the peripheral nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: somatic and autonomic. The somatic division includes sensory and motor neurons that control voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The document goes on to describe various nerves, neurons, and structures that make up the peripheral nervous system.
The document summarizes the human nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how:
1) The nervous system coordinates body functions through electrical signals called nerve impulses transmitted via neurons. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to organs and muscles).
2) The endocrine system coordinates body functions through chemical messengers called hormones, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream by glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas.
3) Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis, with the nervous system providing rapid responses and the endocrine system providing slower but longer-lasting regulatory effects.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of the nervous system. It begins by introducing the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It then describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, including its main parts and classifications. The document continues by covering the neuroglia, divisions and key functions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and various lobes and areas within the cerebrum. It concludes by discussing the limbic system and its role in emotion.
This document summarizes coordination and control in the human body. It discusses how the nervous system and endocrine system work together to coordinate the body's activities. The nervous system uses neurons, nerve impulses, and reflex arcs to transmit signals rapidly. The endocrine system releases hormones that travel via the bloodstream to regulate functions like growth, metabolism, and stress response. Key glands discussed include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive organs, along with the hormones they secrete to maintain homeostasis.
The document discusses coordination in the human body through the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how the nervous system, which includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, coordinates activities through neurons, synapses, nerve impulses, and reflex arcs. It also explains how the endocrine system, consisting of glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands, coordinates activities by secreting hormones that regulate physiological functions and development.
The peripheral nervous system has two main subsystems - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight responses while the parasympathetic nervous system helps with rest and digestion. There are also 31 pairs of spinal nerves that carry signals between the brain/spinal cord and the rest of the body. The cranial nerves similarly connect the brain to different parts of the head and neck.
The document discusses several key topics related to the biology of behavior:
1. It describes the relationship between the body and mind and how mental and physical states influence each other. It also discusses the role of genetics and the environment in influencing behavior.
2. It provides an overview of the nervous system, including neurons, synapses, and different parts of the brain like the cerebrum and diencephalon and how they relate to behavior.
3. It discusses factors like sensations, muscles, glands, and neurotransmitters and how they help control and regulate behavior.
This document provides an overview of the peripheral nervous system and special senses. It discusses:
1. The classification of the peripheral nervous system, including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
2. The structure and function of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
3. The five special senses - smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs and neural pathways involved in each sense.
The document discusses the peripheral nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: somatic and autonomic. The somatic division includes sensory and motor neurons that control voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The document goes on to describe various nerves, neurons, and structures that make up the peripheral nervous system.
The document summarizes the human nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how:
1) The nervous system coordinates body functions through electrical signals called nerve impulses transmitted via neurons. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to organs and muscles).
2) The endocrine system coordinates body functions through chemical messengers called hormones, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream by glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas.
3) Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis, with the nervous system providing rapid responses and the endocrine system providing slower but longer-lasting regulatory effects.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of the nervous system. It begins by introducing the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It then describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, including its main parts and classifications. The document continues by covering the neuroglia, divisions and key functions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and various lobes and areas within the cerebrum. It concludes by discussing the limbic system and its role in emotion.
This document summarizes coordination and control in the human body. It discusses how the nervous system and endocrine system work together to coordinate the body's activities. The nervous system uses neurons, nerve impulses, and reflex arcs to transmit signals rapidly. The endocrine system releases hormones that travel via the bloodstream to regulate functions like growth, metabolism, and stress response. Key glands discussed include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive organs, along with the hormones they secrete to maintain homeostasis.
The document discusses coordination in the human body through the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how the nervous system, which includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, coordinates activities through neurons, synapses, nerve impulses, and reflex arcs. It also explains how the endocrine system, consisting of glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands, coordinates activities by secreting hormones that regulate physiological functions and development.
The peripheral nervous system has two main subsystems - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight responses while the parasympathetic nervous system helps with rest and digestion. There are also 31 pairs of spinal nerves that carry signals between the brain/spinal cord and the rest of the body. The cranial nerves similarly connect the brain to different parts of the head and neck.
The document discusses several key topics related to the biology of behavior:
1. It describes the relationship between the body and mind and how mental and physical states influence each other. It also discusses the role of genetics and the environment in influencing behavior.
2. It provides an overview of the nervous system, including neurons, synapses, and different parts of the brain like the cerebrum and diencephalon and how they relate to behavior.
3. It discusses factors like sensations, muscles, glands, and neurotransmitters and how they help control and regulate behavior.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The document discusses control and coordination in the human body. It begins by defining a neuron and describing different types of reflex actions - spinal reflexes which only involve the spinal cord and cerebral reflexes which also involve the brain. It then discusses the reflex arc and components of reflex action. Next, it describes the three main regions of the brain - forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain - and key structures and functions within each region like the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Finally, it discusses how the brain is protected by membranes, fluid and the skull, and the role of the endocrine system in releasing hormones to coordinate functions throughout the body.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination teresa and laura sCrelgo
This document summarizes the key human sensory and motor systems. It describes the main organs for sight (eye), smell (nose), hearing (ear), touch (skin), and taste (tongue). It outlines the main parts and processes for each sensory organ. It also discusses the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements controlled by the brain and spinal cord respectively. Finally, it briefly mentions the main bones of the body and types of joints that connect bones.
This document discusses various somatic and special senses in humans. It describes the five special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It also discusses the general somatic senses of touch, pressure, heat and pain detected by receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs. For each sense, it outlines the key sensory structures, receptors, pathways and common disorders. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance and the skin's sensory functions.
The document discusses the functions of the cerebral hemispheres. It states that the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for sensory functions like touch, vision, and hearing through specialized sensory areas. They are also responsible for motor functions through areas like the primary motor cortex. The cerebral hemispheres enable conscious awareness and functions like language, emotions, and memory which are mediated by structures like the limbic system. Association areas allow the integration and interpretation of sensory information. In most people, the left hemisphere dominates functions like language and logic while the right hemisphere dominates spatial skills, intuition, and artistic appreciation.
This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The main sections describe the components, functions, and key facts about each body system. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate different bones, muscles, organs, and processes. The text provides a high-level educational summary of multiple important systems within the human body.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes the autonomic nervous system and relays information between the CNS and the body. Within the CNS, the brain is the center of neural activity and integration. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry and transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. It detects stimuli from inside and outside the body and coordinates responses. The central nervous system processes information and the peripheral nervous system detects stimuli and initiates responses. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which coordinates all body functions to enable adaptation.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It explains the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), how impulses are transmitted across synapses, and the functions of major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including processing sensory information and controlling movement. It also outlines how nerves, tracts and cranial nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
This document provides information about control and coordination in plants and animals. In plants, control and coordination are brought about by phytohormones, the main ones being auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. In animals, the nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate functions. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and peripheral and central nervous systems. The endocrine system includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination ana and devorah sCrelgo
The document discusses the human body's sensory and coordination systems. It describes the different stimuli the body can receive, both internal and external. It explains that the body has receptors to detect these stimuli, and that the responses can be muscular or glandular. It then outlines the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and the organs associated with each. The document goes on to discuss the nervous system, including neurons, and voluntary vs involuntary movements. It concludes by covering the skeletal system, joints, and main muscle groups in the body.
The document summarizes key topics in a 6th level natural science unit on how humans respond to stimuli. It discusses the life processes of nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. It then describes the main parts of the nervous system including the central nervous system and nerves. It lists the five senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. It concludes with an overview of the musculoskeletal system and its roles in movement and support.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is comprised of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which act as the control center. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals through the nervous system. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons. The brain and spinal cord work together with the peripheral nerves to coordinate sensory input, integration of information, and motor output to control bodily functions.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The spinal nerves are divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves. The cranial nerves are the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work in opposition to control involuntary functions.
Overview of nervous system,mental healthvelveenamaran
The document provides an overview of the nervous system presented by M. Velveena for their 1st year MSC course. It begins with an introduction to the basic functions and components of the nervous system. It then describes the main cell types - neurons and neuroglial cells. It discusses the central nervous system which contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each of these sections and their subsections are described in detail. The peripheral nervous system is also introduced. In closing, a brief overview of the spinal cord is provided.
Neuropsychology is the study of relationships between brain function and behavior. It has developed over hundreds of years from early Greek philosophers linking the brain to behaviors. Key figures like Franz Gall theorized personality was related to brain features. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses, like acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The limbic system regulates emotion. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons.
Control and coordination in humans and other animals is regulated by the nervous system and hormones. The nervous system detects stimuli through sense organs and responds rapidly through electrical signals transmitted along neurons. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The brain coordinates voluntary actions and integrates sensory information. Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate many processes in a slower manner than the nervous system. In both humans and plants, hormones regulate important functions like growth, development and environmental responses.
The document summarizes the key characteristics and functions of the human senses. It describes the different sensory receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and other somatic senses. It also covers the special senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing and balance. For each sense, it outlines the receptor locations and structures, stimulus types, neural pathways, and some distinguishing features. The document provides anatomical and physiological details about sensory systems and processing.
The biological basis of behavior involves the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system working together to influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system and communicates via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to organs. Hormones released by glands throughout the body also influence behavior by communicating with target tissues. Understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology provides insight into how and why humans behave as they do.
The document discusses the organization and functions of the human brain and nervous system. It describes how genetic information contained in DNA directs brain development and evolution. It then covers the major divisions and structures of the brain and nervous system, including the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions. Finally, it discusses the limbic system and its role in regulating emotions and memory.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The document discusses control and coordination in the human body. It begins by defining a neuron and describing different types of reflex actions - spinal reflexes which only involve the spinal cord and cerebral reflexes which also involve the brain. It then discusses the reflex arc and components of reflex action. Next, it describes the three main regions of the brain - forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain - and key structures and functions within each region like the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Finally, it discusses how the brain is protected by membranes, fluid and the skull, and the role of the endocrine system in releasing hormones to coordinate functions throughout the body.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination teresa and laura sCrelgo
This document summarizes the key human sensory and motor systems. It describes the main organs for sight (eye), smell (nose), hearing (ear), touch (skin), and taste (tongue). It outlines the main parts and processes for each sensory organ. It also discusses the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements controlled by the brain and spinal cord respectively. Finally, it briefly mentions the main bones of the body and types of joints that connect bones.
This document discusses various somatic and special senses in humans. It describes the five special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It also discusses the general somatic senses of touch, pressure, heat and pain detected by receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs. For each sense, it outlines the key sensory structures, receptors, pathways and common disorders. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of smell, taste, vision, hearing, balance and the skin's sensory functions.
The document discusses the functions of the cerebral hemispheres. It states that the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for sensory functions like touch, vision, and hearing through specialized sensory areas. They are also responsible for motor functions through areas like the primary motor cortex. The cerebral hemispheres enable conscious awareness and functions like language, emotions, and memory which are mediated by structures like the limbic system. Association areas allow the integration and interpretation of sensory information. In most people, the left hemisphere dominates functions like language and logic while the right hemisphere dominates spatial skills, intuition, and artistic appreciation.
This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive system. It begins with an introduction and table of contents. The main sections describe the components, functions, and key facts about each body system. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate different bones, muscles, organs, and processes. The text provides a high-level educational summary of multiple important systems within the human body.
The document provides information about the nervous system. It discusses that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes the autonomic nervous system and relays information between the CNS and the body. Within the CNS, the brain is the center of neural activity and integration. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry and transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. It detects stimuli from inside and outside the body and coordinates responses. The central nervous system processes information and the peripheral nervous system detects stimuli and initiates responses. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which coordinates all body functions to enable adaptation.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It explains the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), how impulses are transmitted across synapses, and the functions of major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including processing sensory information and controlling movement. It also outlines how nerves, tracts and cranial nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
This document provides information about control and coordination in plants and animals. In plants, control and coordination are brought about by phytohormones, the main ones being auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. In animals, the nervous system and endocrine system work together to control and coordinate functions. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and peripheral and central nervous systems. The endocrine system includes glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries/testes that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination ana and devorah sCrelgo
The document discusses the human body's sensory and coordination systems. It describes the different stimuli the body can receive, both internal and external. It explains that the body has receptors to detect these stimuli, and that the responses can be muscular or glandular. It then outlines the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and the organs associated with each. The document goes on to discuss the nervous system, including neurons, and voluntary vs involuntary movements. It concludes by covering the skeletal system, joints, and main muscle groups in the body.
The document summarizes key topics in a 6th level natural science unit on how humans respond to stimuli. It discusses the life processes of nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. It then describes the main parts of the nervous system including the central nervous system and nerves. It lists the five senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. It concludes with an overview of the musculoskeletal system and its roles in movement and support.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is comprised of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which act as the control center. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals through the nervous system. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons. The brain and spinal cord work together with the peripheral nerves to coordinate sensory input, integration of information, and motor output to control bodily functions.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The spinal nerves are divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves. The cranial nerves are the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that work in opposition to control involuntary functions.
Overview of nervous system,mental healthvelveenamaran
The document provides an overview of the nervous system presented by M. Velveena for their 1st year MSC course. It begins with an introduction to the basic functions and components of the nervous system. It then describes the main cell types - neurons and neuroglial cells. It discusses the central nervous system which contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each of these sections and their subsections are described in detail. The peripheral nervous system is also introduced. In closing, a brief overview of the spinal cord is provided.
Neuropsychology is the study of relationships between brain function and behavior. It has developed over hundreds of years from early Greek philosophers linking the brain to behaviors. Key figures like Franz Gall theorized personality was related to brain features. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses, like acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The limbic system regulates emotion. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons.
Control and coordination in humans and other animals is regulated by the nervous system and hormones. The nervous system detects stimuli through sense organs and responds rapidly through electrical signals transmitted along neurons. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. The brain coordinates voluntary actions and integrates sensory information. Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate many processes in a slower manner than the nervous system. In both humans and plants, hormones regulate important functions like growth, development and environmental responses.
The document summarizes the key characteristics and functions of the human senses. It describes the different sensory receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and other somatic senses. It also covers the special senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing and balance. For each sense, it outlines the receptor locations and structures, stimulus types, neural pathways, and some distinguishing features. The document provides anatomical and physiological details about sensory systems and processing.
The biological basis of behavior involves the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system working together to influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system and communicates via electrical and chemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to organs. Hormones released by glands throughout the body also influence behavior by communicating with target tissues. Understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology provides insight into how and why humans behave as they do.
The document discusses the organization and functions of the human brain and nervous system. It describes how genetic information contained in DNA directs brain development and evolution. It then covers the major divisions and structures of the brain and nervous system, including the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions. Finally, it discusses the limbic system and its role in regulating emotions and memory.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. OBJECTIVES
• Organization of the nervous system
• Divisions of the nervous system
• Functions of the nervous system
• Brain and the blood brain barrier
• Auditory system
• Visual system
3. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system can be classified according to:
i. Structural classification- according to anatomical
structures found within the nervous system.
ii. Functional classification- according to the activities that
take place within the nervous system.
4. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
• The structural classification has two subdivisions:
i. Central nervous system
ii. Peripheral nervous system
5.
6. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
i. The central nervous system:
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- Due to their importance they are encased in bone for their
protection.
- The brain is in the cranial vault and the spinal cord is in the
vertebral canal.
- Although they are considered as separate organs, the brain
and spinal cord are continuous at the foramen magnum.
- Function :act as the integrating and command centers of
the nervous system.
7. THE BRAIN
• The human brain is the center of the nervous system.
• It contains 100 billion neurons & 1 trillion glial cells.
• Each neuron has 10,000 connections with other neurons.
• It commands and controls our bodies.
• Is the part of the CNS contained in the cranial cavity.
• The four divisions of the brain are:
i. Brainstem
ii. Cerebellum
iii. Cerebrum
iv. Diencephalon
8.
9. BRAIN STEM
• Connects the spinal cord to the base of the brain.
• Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.
• Also contains the reticular formation.
• The brain stem is responsible for many essential functions-
heart rate, breathing, swallowing.
• Damage to the brain stem often causes death.
10.
11. CEREBELLUM
• Little brain.
• Is attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons.
• Consists of 3 parts: flocculonodular lobe, vermis & 2 lateral
hemispheres.
• Flocculonodular lobe: controls balance & eye movement.
• Vermis: control posture, locomotion & fine motor
coordination.
• Lateral hemispheres: complex movements.
13. DIENCEPHALON
• Part of the brain between the brainstem & the cerebrum.
• Its main components are: hypothalamus, thalamus,
epithalamus & subthalamus.
• Thalamus: sensory relay center of the brain.
• Hypothalamus: controller of the endocrine system.
• Subthalamus: controls motor functions.
• Epithalamus: control of behaviour& the sleep wake cycle.
14. CEREBRUM
• Accounts for the largest portion of the brain-1200 -1400
grams.
• The cerebrum is divided into the right and left hemispheres
by the longitudinal fissure.
• It consists of an outer cerebral cortex and an inner region of
grey and white matter.
• Gyri: numerous folds on the surface of the brain.
• The grooves between the gyri are called sulci.
15.
16.
17. CEREBRUM
• Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes.
i. Frontal lobe: voluntary motor function, personality & decision
making.
ii. Parietal lobe: receives and evaluates sensory information.
iii. Occipital lobe: receives & integrates visual input.
iv. Temporal lobe: receives input for hearing, smell and plays a role in
memory.
v. Insula: receives and evaluates taste information.
18. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
ii. The peripheral nervous system:
- Part of the nervous system outside of the CNS
- Consists of nerves and ganglia.
- Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers.
- Cranial and spinal nerves extend from the CNS to peripheral
organs e.g. muscles and glands.
- Ganglia are collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
19. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• The functional classification is concerned only with the PNS.
• The PNS is subdivided into two:
i. Afferent (sensory) division:
ii. Efferent (motor) division
20. AFFERENT (SENSORY) DIVISION
• Transmits impulses from sensory receptors located in
various parts of the body to the CNS.
• Two types:
i. Somatic sensory fibers: transmit impulses from the skin,
skeletal muscles, and joints.
ii. Visceral sensory fibers: transmit impulses from the
visceral organs e.g. stomach, liver, bladder.
21. EFFERENT(MOTOR) DIVISION
• Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs e.g.
muscles or glands.
• Is divided into:
i. Somatic nervous system
ii. Autonomic nervous system
• Somatic NS: is involved in voluntary control.
- Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle.
22. EFFERENT(MOTOR) DIVISION
ii. Autonomic nervous system:
- Conducts impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & glands.
- It regulates involuntary functions.
- It is divided into the parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric
nervous system.
- Sympathetic NS: mobilizes body systems during activity, flight or
fight response.
- Parasympathetic NS: conserves energy, maintains body functions at
rest.
- Enteric nervous system: controls the functions of the GIT.
23.
24. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
i. Monitoring change: the nervous system uses its sensory
receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and
outside of the body.
- These changes are called stimuli, and the gathered
information is called sensory input.
ii. Interpretation of sensory input: it processes and
interprets the sensory input and decides what should be
done at each moment, a process called integration.
25. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
iii. Effects responses: it then effects a response by activating muscles
or glands (effectors) via motor output.
iv. Mental activity: the brain is the center of mental activity,
including consciousness, thinking, and memory.
iv. Homeostasis: is the maintenance of a constant internal
environment despite changes in the external environment.
- This function depends on the ability of the nervous system to
detect, interpret, and respond to changes in external conditions.
- It can help stimulate or inhibit the activities of other systems to help
maintain a constant internal environment.
28. PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS
• There are 5 primary taste
sensations that stimulate and
are perceived by our tastes
buds.
• They include:
i. Sweet
ii. Salty
iii. Sour
iv. Bitter
v. Umami
29. PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS
i. Sour taste:
• Sourness is a taste that detects acidity
• Taste buds detect hydrogen ions released from acidic
substances
• The more acidic the food, the stronger the sour sensation
becomes
ii. Salty taste:
- Is elicited by ionised salts, mainly by Na+
- Sodium cations are mainly responsible for the salty taste
- Sodium anions contribute to a lesser extent
30. PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS
iii. Sweet taste:
• The sweet taste is the sensitivity of taste cells to the
presence of glucose dissolved in saliva
• Molecules that are similar in structure to glucose will have
similar effect on the sensation of sweetness
- Fructose , sucralose, aspartame, saccharine
• The affinity for each of these molecules varies, and some
will taste “sweeter” than glucose because they bind to the
sweet receptor differently.
31. PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS
iv. Bitter taste:
• Stimulated by a large number of molecules known as alkaloids
• Alkaloids are long chain organic substances that contain nitrogen
- Hops (in beer), tannins (in wine), tea, quinine, caffeine, nicotine
• Threshold for stimulation of the bitter taste is the lowest
• When enough alkaloids are contained in a substance it can stimulate the
gag reflex.
• This is a protective mechanism because alkaloids are often produced by
plants as a toxin.
• Humans tend to avoid eating bitter foods.
• When we do eat bitter foods, they are often combined with a sweet
component to make them more palatable (milk and sugar in coffee, for
example).
32. PRIMARY TASTE SENSATIONS
v. Umami:
- Japanese word meaning delicious
- Pleasant taste sensation that is different from sweet, sour,
salty& bitter
- Savoury taste
- Umami is the dominant taste of foods containing glutamine
- It is considered to be the taste of proteins and is associated
with meat containing dishes
33. TASTE BUDS
• The sense of taste is mediated by taste receptor cells which
are bundled in clusters called taste buds.
• Adults have 3000-10000 taste buds.
• Beyond 45 years taste buds degenerate causing the taste
sensation to progressively decrease with old age.
• Each taste bud responds mostly to one of the five primary
taste sensations when the taste substance is in low
concentration.
• At high concentration most taste buds are excited by two or
more of the primary taste stimuli.
34. TASTE BUDS
• Taste buds consist of three cell types:
i. Supporting cells: are found among taste receptor cells
- Do not respond to taste stimuli
ii. Basal cells: undifferentiated stem cells that serve as precursors to taste
receptor cells
- Undergo continuous replacement, every 10 days they differentiate into
new taste receptor cells to replace those sloughed off from the tongue
iii. Taste receptor cells: line the taste buds and extend microvilli into the
taste pores
- Microvilli provide a large surface area for detection of chemical stimuli
- The taste receptor transduces the chemical stimuli into electrical signals
that are transmitted to the CNS via afferent nerve fibres
36. LOCATION OF TASTE BUDS
• Taste buds on the tongue are organised in papillae
• Four types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, foliate and
circumvallate
• Filiform papillae do not contain taste buds
• Circumvallate: largest papillae, contain half the total number of
taste buds
- Form a V on the posterior surface of the tongue
• Foliate papillae: located on the lateral borders of the tongue
• Fungiform papillae: located on the anterior surface of the
tongue
• Additional taste buds are located on the palate, tonsillar pillars,
proximal esophagus and epiglottis
38. TASTE PATHWAY
• Taste begins with transduction of chemical signals in the
taste receptor cells
• Chemical signal is converted into an electrical signal that is
transmitted to the CNS
• Different regions of the tongue are innervated by the 3
cranial nerves:
i. Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (sweet, salty and umami
sensations are most sensitive) – facial nerve
ii. Posterior 1/3 of the tongue (bitter & sour)-
glossopharyngeal nerve
iii. Back of the throat & epiglottis – vagus nerve
39. TASTE PATHWAY
• The 3 cranial nerves enter the brain stem and ascend in the
solitary tract
↓
Terminate on neurons in the solitary nucleus of the medulla
↓
Posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
↓
Neurons leave the thalamus and terminate in the taste
cortex
41. FACTORS INFLUENCING TASTE SENSATION
i. Age: taste discrimination decreases with increasing age
due to atrophy of taste buds
ii. Temperature: maximum sensitivity to taste is at or
slightly below body temperature
iii. Olfaction – as it affects flavour of food
iv. Disease : patients with cancer and anorexia have reduced
taste sensitivity due to their compromised physical
condition
- Patients suffering from a cold will complain of loss of their
sense of taste
42. FACTORS INFLUENCING TASTE SENSATION
v. Sex : women are more sensitive to sweet and salt and less
sensitive to sour than men
vi. Taste medium: taste buds can only detect flavours that are
dissolved in a liquid.
- You cannot taste a dry substance with a dry tongue
- Increased viscosity reduces tastes sensitivity.
- It is easiest to detect tastes in liquid state, harder in foams
and more difficult in gels.
vii. Smoking : places the taste buds in contact with chemical
compounds that decrease the ability to register the primary taste
sensations
viii.Adaptation: taste buds adapt quickly to a particular taste
43. ABNORMALITIES OF TASTE
i. Ageusia: inability to detect any taste
- Can be congenital or due a lesion of the facial or
glossopharyngeal nerve
ii. Hypogeusia: reduced ability to taste
iii. Dysgeusia : altered taste sensation
- Salty / foul/metallic taste sensation persists in the mouth
iv. Familial dysautonomia: rare condition where a high
concentration of glucose fails to produce sweet taste
sensation
v. Selective taste blindness: high increase in threshold to bitter
taste
- All other taste sensations remain normal
That is, they will choose certain types of food in preference to others.
Supporting cells: are found among taste receptor cells
- Do not respond to taste stimuli
Basal cells: undifferentiated stem cells that serve as precursors to taste receptor cells
Undergo continuous replacement, every 10 days they differentiate into new taste receptor cells to replace those sloughed off from the tongue
Taste receptor cells: line the taste buds and extend microvilli into the taste pores
Filiform papillae do not contain taste buds
Circumvallate: largest papillae, contain half the total number of taste buds
Form a V on the posterior surface of the tongue
Foliate papillae: located on the lateral borders of the tongue
Fungiform papillae: located on the anterior surface of the tongue
Additional taste buds are located on the palate, tonsillar pillars, proximal esophagus and epiglottis
In reality, they have lost their sense of smell. Obstruction of air passages reduces olfactory perception, a key component of how we taste.