Nephrotic Syndrome.pptx
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Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the kidneys are not working properly, causing protein in the urine, low protein levels in blood, and swelling. It is usually caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste. The main causes are chronic glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis which damages blood vessels, and minimal change nephrotic syndrome where the kidneys lose negative charges. It causes excess protein loss in the urine and low blood protein levels, resulting in fluid building up in tissues and causing edema.
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Nephrotic syndrome [full]
A short presentation about Nephrotic syndrome mainly accompanied by histological pictures showing the symptoms and key elements of the syndrome.
15. Nephrotic syndrome in Children
15. Nephrotic syndrome in ChildrenDr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which allows protein to leak from the blood into the urine. In children, nephrotic syndrome is commonly caused by minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. It can lead to complications like edema, infections, thrombosis, and kidney failure if left untreated. Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare genetic form that manifests within the first few months of life.2 GLOMERULAR DISEASES.pptx
Glomerular diseases involve the glomeruli of the kidney and can lead to proteinuria and/or hematuria. They are classified based on clinical presentation, pathology, and renal biopsy findings. The most common presentations are nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Nephritic syndrome presents with hematuria, hypertension, and reduced kidney function. Common causes include minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Nephrotic Syndrome.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine (proteinuria), low serum albumin levels, and edema. It has many potential causes, both within the kidneys themselves (primary) such as minimal-change disease, or due to systemic conditions affecting other organs as well (secondary) like diabetes or lupus. The pathophysiology involves damage to the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys, allowing protein to leak into the urine. This protein loss and low albumin leads to edema either through a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure ("underfill" hypothesis) or because of intrinsic renal sodium retention ("overfill" hypothesis). Nephrotic syndrome can cause several metabolic complications if
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Renal pathology lecture5 Nephrotic & Nephritic syndrome. Sufia Husain 2020
This document outlines the objectives and content for two pathology lectures on renal glomerular syndromes including nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. The lectures will cover the clinical presentation and pathological findings of key renal diseases like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The lectures will discuss kidney biopsy techniques and the role of light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of renal diseases. Key pathological mechanisms like the location of immune deposits and pathogenesis of glomerular
Nephrotic syndroms
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol, and swelling. It is caused by increased permeability of the kidney's filtering membrane, allowing protein but not blood cells to pass into the urine. Nephrotic syndrome has many potential causes including primary kidney diseases or systemic diseases affecting other organs like diabetes or lupus. Complications can include blood clots, infections, anemia, heart disease, high blood pressure, and fluid buildup due to low protein levels in the blood.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (2).pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane that results in leakage of protein into the urine. This leads to decreased oncotic pressure and edema. Treatment involves diuretics to reduce edema, ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, and steroids like prednisone to treat underlying causes. Nurses monitor for edema, infections, nutrition, and complications of treatment.
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Nephrotic syndrome [full]
A short presentation about Nephrotic syndrome mainly accompanied by histological pictures showing the symptoms and key elements of the syndrome.
15. Nephrotic syndrome in Children
15. Nephrotic syndrome in ChildrenDr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's Medical College and Hospital, Ahmednagar
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which allows protein to leak from the blood into the urine. In children, nephrotic syndrome is commonly caused by minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. It can lead to complications like edema, infections, thrombosis, and kidney failure if left untreated. Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare genetic form that manifests within the first few months of life.2 GLOMERULAR DISEASES.pptx
Glomerular diseases involve the glomeruli of the kidney and can lead to proteinuria and/or hematuria. They are classified based on clinical presentation, pathology, and renal biopsy findings. The most common presentations are nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Nephritic syndrome presents with hematuria, hypertension, and reduced kidney function. Common causes include minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Nephrotic Syndrome.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine (proteinuria), low serum albumin levels, and edema. It has many potential causes, both within the kidneys themselves (primary) such as minimal-change disease, or due to systemic conditions affecting other organs as well (secondary) like diabetes or lupus. The pathophysiology involves damage to the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys, allowing protein to leak into the urine. This protein loss and low albumin leads to edema either through a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure ("underfill" hypothesis) or because of intrinsic renal sodium retention ("overfill" hypothesis). Nephrotic syndrome can cause several metabolic complications if
Nephortic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by primary (idiopathic) renal disease or by a variety of secondary causes. Patients present with marked edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and often hyperlipidemia.
Nephrotic syndrome is a primary glomerular disease characterized by the following:
Marked increase in protein in the urine (proteinuria)
Decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
Edema (The swelling (edema), can be most noticeable on the face, around the eyes, around the feet and ankles, and in the belly area (or the abdomen).
High serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (hyperlipidemia)
Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by marked increase of protein in the urine ( proteinuria ), decrease in albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia ),edema, & excess lipids in the blood ( hyperlipidemia )
Pathophysiology
Nephrotic syndrome can occur with almost any intrinsic renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus.
Although generally considered a disorder of childhood, nephrotic syndrome does occur in adults, including the elderly. Causes include:
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus with intercapillary glomerulosclerosis
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple myeloma and renal vein thrombosis.
NSAIDs
Pre eclampsia
Renal pathology lecture5 Nephrotic & Nephritic syndrome. Sufia Husain 2020
This document outlines the objectives and content for two pathology lectures on renal glomerular syndromes including nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. The lectures will cover the clinical presentation and pathological findings of key renal diseases like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. The lectures will discuss kidney biopsy techniques and the role of light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of renal diseases. Key pathological mechanisms like the location of immune deposits and pathogenesis of glomerular
Nephrotic syndroms
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol, and swelling. It is caused by increased permeability of the kidney's filtering membrane, allowing protein but not blood cells to pass into the urine. Nephrotic syndrome has many potential causes including primary kidney diseases or systemic diseases affecting other organs like diabetes or lupus. Complications can include blood clots, infections, anemia, heart disease, high blood pressure, and fluid buildup due to low protein levels in the blood.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (2).pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane that results in leakage of protein into the urine. This leads to decreased oncotic pressure and edema. Treatment involves diuretics to reduce edema, ACE inhibitors to reduce proteinuria, and steroids like prednisone to treat underlying causes. Nurses monitor for edema, infections, nutrition, and complications of treatment.
Renal pathology
This document discusses various renal pathologies and syndromes. It describes how renal diseases can present as azotemia, prerenal azotemia, postrenal azotemia, or uremia. Major renal syndromes include acute nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure, and chronic renal failure. Specific glomerular diseases like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy are also discussed in terms of their pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical course.
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The document discusses different types of edema, including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Renal edema can occur in nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, and acute tubular injury. Nephrotic edema is characterized by heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, while nephritic edema is caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Cardiac edema develops due to heart failure, chronic hypoxia, or reduced cardiac output. Pulmonary edema can result from elevated pulmonary hydrostatic pressure, as in left heart failure, or increased capillary permeability due to infection, toxins, or altitude sickness.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which leads to abnormal blood filtration and protein loss in the urine. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, diabetes, lupus, and certain infections or medications. Symptoms include edema, headache, and malaise. Treatment involves corticosteroids, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, dietary sodium restriction, and fluid management. Nurses educate patients and ensure adherence to medications and lifestyle changes.
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3. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein in the urine, low albumin, edema, and high cholesterol. It is usually caused by damage to the glomerular filter and increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
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A 7-year-old boy was admitted with facial puffiness, passing smoky urine, and decreased urine output for 1 week. Examination showed pallor, high blood pressure, and a skin lesion on his elbow. Tests found protein and red blood cells in his urine, and raised blood urea. An ultrasound showed enlarged pale kidneys. The document discusses nephrotic syndrome, including its definition, causes, presentation, diagnosis, management, and nursing care. Nephrotic syndrome results from kidney damage that allows protein to leak into the urine, lowering blood protein levels and causing edema. Management focuses on fluid control, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and sometimes steroids to preserve kidney function.
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Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which leads to abnormal blood filtration and protein loss in the urine. Common causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, diabetes, lupus, and certain infections or medications. Symptoms include edema, headache, and malaise. Treatment involves corticosteroids, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, dietary sodium restriction, and fluid management. Nurses educate patients and ensure adherence to medications and lifestyle changes.
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Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by edema, massive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia. It is most common in children ages 2-6 years old and boys. Nephrotic syndrome can be primary, caused by diseases affecting only the kidneys, or secondary, caused by conditions that impact other organs like infections, diabetes, or cancers. In nephrotic syndrome, the glomeruli in the kidneys are damaged, allowing proteins to pass into the urine. This causes edema, high cholesterol, and other issues. Management focuses on monitoring fluids, nutrition, preventing infection, and treatments like steroids, diuretics, or immunosuppressants. Complications can include
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Patofisiologi edema
Oedema, or swelling, is caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces. There are two main types - localized oedema affecting an organ or limb, and generalized oedema known as anasarca. The physiology of oedema involves a balance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out of blood vessels and oncotic pressure pulling fluid back in. Disruptions to this balance that can cause oedema include decreased oncotic pressure, increased hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and increased capillary permeability. Common causes of oedema include cardiac, renal, and hepatic diseases.
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1. Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome are kidney diseases that damage the glomeruli, the part of the kidney that filters blood. This can cause blood and protein to be lost in the urine.
2. Glomerulonephritis has acute and chronic forms. Acute glomerulonephritis is often caused by infections while chronic glomerulonephritis has no clear cause.
3. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by protein in the urine, low albumin, edema, and high cholesterol. It is usually caused by damage to the glomerular filter and increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
Nephrotic Syndrome .pdf
A 7-year-old boy was admitted with facial puffiness, passing smoky urine, and decreased urine output for 1 week. Examination showed pallor, high blood pressure, and a skin lesion on his elbow. Tests found protein and red blood cells in his urine, and raised blood urea. An ultrasound showed enlarged pale kidneys. The document discusses nephrotic syndrome, including its definition, causes, presentation, diagnosis, management, and nursing care. Nephrotic syndrome results from kidney damage that allows protein to leak into the urine, lowering blood protein levels and causing edema. Management focuses on fluid control, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and sometimes steroids to preserve kidney function.
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This document provides an overview of glomerular disease, including the pathogenesis, clinical evaluation, and treatment. It begins with an introduction to glomerular anatomy and physiology. Common causes of glomerular disease include genetic mutations, infections, autoimmunity, and atherosclerosis. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic urine abnormalities to nephrotic syndrome. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, urine analysis, renal function tests, and sometimes renal biopsy. Main treatment approaches depend on the specific glomerular disease and include controlling hypertension and proteinuria, immunosuppression, and dialysis. Complications can include renal failure and chronic kidney disease if not properly treated.
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Brain and spinal cord
Brain is covered by meninges, CSF is fluid present in subarachnoid space
It has a protective function
Peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Spinal cord is present in the vertebral canal of vertebral column, surrounded by the meninges and there is CSF present in subarachnoid space.
- It is almost cylindrical but in cervical and lower thoracic and lumbar regions it contains fusiform shaped enlargements called cervical enlargements and lumbar enlargements.
In the cervical segments there is more gray matter and also there is more gray matter in the lower thoracic and lumbar region. Cervical segments supply the upper limb i.e. it supplies more muscles, so more gray matter is present. Similarly the lumbar region supplies the lower limb so more gray matter is present in this region.
Just below the lumbar enlargements, spinal cord abruptly tapers, this tapering part is called conus medularis, and it gives attachment to a fibrous thread called filum terminale, which is attached to the back of coccvx.
In the spinal cord on the anterior surface there is anterior median fissure and on the posterior surface is posterior median sulcus. Fissure is much deeper than the sulcus.
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and each spinal nerve has two roots.
1. Ventral (anterior root); which is motor and it contains both somatic and autonomic fibers.
2. Dorsal (Posterior root); is sensory and in the dorsal root there is dorsal root ganglia. It contains sensory neurons which give rise to cell fibers.
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