3,4,6 nerves practical .pdf
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This document provides information about cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6 which innervate eye muscles. It lists the names and functions of the extraocular and intrinsic eye muscles. Cranial nerve 3 innervates most of the extraocular muscles as well as the intrinsic muscles. Cranial nerve 4 innervates the superior oblique muscle and cranial nerve 6 innervates the lateral rectus muscle. The effects of lesions to each of these cranial nerves are described, including paralysis of specific eye movement and pupil abnormalities.
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Compare the structure and functions of the neuroglia and neuron.
Explain the function of the myelin sheath.
Explain how a neuron transmits information.
4. Describe the structure and function of a synapse.
5. Describe the functions of the four major areas of the brain and the four lobes of the cerebrum.
6. Describe how the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier protect the
central nervous system.
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Explain the function of the myelin sheath.
Explain how a neuron transmits information.
4. Describe the structure and function of a synapse.
5. Describe the functions of the four major areas of the brain and the four lobes of the cerebrum.
6. Describe how the skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier protect the
central nervous system..
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As already pointed out the role of anoxemia is concerned with a direct depressing influence of oxygen lack on the respiratory cells of the medulla, and an opposing excitatory effect upon chemoreceptors in the carotid body whose stimulation results in reflex augmentation of respiration. The respiratory neurones of the medulla, however, are extremely sensitive to variations in the CO2 tension of the blood and somewhat less so to any other acids. In both cases the stimulatory effect concerns
areas of cortex.pptx
The document discusses the functional areas of the cerebral cortex, including sensory and motor areas. Sensory areas include somatosensory cortex (areas S1 and S2), visual cortex, auditory cortex, and others. Motor areas include the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and special motor areas like Broca's area. It also describes descending motor pathways and clinical abnormalities of the pain system like hyperalgesia and trigeminal neuralgia.
Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise.pptx
The document discusses blood flow regulation and circulatory adjustments during exercise. It explains that during rest, skeletal muscle blood flow is 3-4 ml/min/100g but increases greatly to 100-200 ml/min/100g in athletes during extreme exercise. During exercise, sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction except in active muscles, increasing arterial pressure and cardiac output through increased heart rate and contractility. Overall, circulatory adjustments help increase blood flow to active muscles over 20 times normal to meet their increased metabolic needs.
1.Organization of the Nervous System.pptx
CNS physiology general description and introduction
Brain and spinal cord
Brain is covered by meninges, CSF is fluid present in subarachnoid space
It has a protective function
Peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Spinal cord is present in the vertebral canal of vertebral column, surrounded by the meninges and there is CSF present in subarachnoid space.
- It is almost cylindrical but in cervical and lower thoracic and lumbar regions it contains fusiform shaped enlargements called cervical enlargements and lumbar enlargements.
In the cervical segments there is more gray matter and also there is more gray matter in the lower thoracic and lumbar region. Cervical segments supply the upper limb i.e. it supplies more muscles, so more gray matter is present. Similarly the lumbar region supplies the lower limb so more gray matter is present in this region.
Just below the lumbar enlargements, spinal cord abruptly tapers, this tapering part is called conus medularis, and it gives attachment to a fibrous thread called filum terminale, which is attached to the back of coccvx.
In the spinal cord on the anterior surface there is anterior median fissure and on the posterior surface is posterior median sulcus. Fissure is much deeper than the sulcus.
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and each spinal nerve has two roots.
1. Ventral (anterior root); which is motor and it contains both somatic and autonomic fibers.
2. Dorsal (Posterior root); is sensory and in the dorsal root there is dorsal root ganglia. It contains sensory neurons which give rise to cell fibers.
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Parkinsonism.ppt
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Hypothalamus Limbic system 2.pdf
The hypothalamus controls various vegetative, endocrine, and behavioral functions. It regulates the autonomic nervous system, water balance, temperature, feeding, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland and regulates hormone release. Emotions and behaviors are influenced by reward and punishment centers in the limbic system including the hypothalamus and amygdala. Stimulation of these centers can elicit responses like pleasure, fear, or rage reactions in animals. Lesions in different hypothalamic areas can cause disorders such as obesity, temperature dysregulation, or behavioral changes.
effect of anemia.pptx
Anemia decreases blood viscosity and resistance to blood flow, causing vasodilation of peripheral vessels and increased blood flow to tissues. This raises cardiac output and the heart's workload. While anemic individuals can increase cardiac output at rest, exercise further raises tissue oxygen demand which the heart cannot match due to already elevated cardiac output, leading to severe hypoxia and potential acute cardiac failure.
1st Year MBBS Physiology mcqs synapse ; nmj.pptx
This document contains 15 multiple choice questions about physiology concepts related to synapses and the neuromuscular junction. The questions cover topics like the types of synapses that can produce excitatory or inhibitory effects; the mechanism of action of inhibitory synapses; characteristics of electrical and chemical synapses; factors involved in spatial and temporal summation; enzymes involved in acetylcholine breakdown; ions involved in acetylcholine release; and the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat myasthenia gravis.
THE THALAMUS.pptx
The thalamus is a large gray mass located in the diencephalon that contains several nuclei with different functions. It acts as a relay station for sensory information sent to the cerebral cortex. Specific nuclei relay information for different senses like vision, hearing, and somatosensation. Diffuse nuclei connect with broad areas of the cortex and are involved in attention, motor control, and limbic functions. Damage to thalamic nuclei can cause syndromes like contralateral sensory loss, ataxia, hemianopia, and pain.
2-Anterolateral system updated.pptx
1. The document discusses and compares the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and the anterolateral pathway, which are the two main ascending tracts in the spinal cord that transmit sensory information to the brain.
2. The dorsal column-medial lemniscal system transmits fine touch sensations with high spatial and temporal fidelity, while the anterolateral pathway transmits crude touch, pain, temperature and other sensations with less precision.
3. The tracts differ in the types of fibers, conduction velocities, decussation patterns, and spatial organization within the spinal cord and brain. The dorsal column pathway allows for more accurate discrimination of stimulus locations and intensities.
Headache.pptx
This document discusses different types of headaches, their causes, and features. It describes two main types of headaches - intracranial and extracranial. Intracranial headaches originate from structures inside the skull and can be caused by meningitis, low cerebrospinal fluid pressure, migraines, or alcohol consumption. Extracranial headaches come from sources outside the skull like muscle spasms, nasal/sinus infections, or eye disorders. Migraines are thought to involve vasospasm and ischemia while meningitis causes the most severe pain over the entire head.
PARTURITION.pptx
The document summarizes the process of childbirth in three stages: first stage is cervical dilation until the baby's head can pass; second stage is baby passing through the birth canal; third stage is placenta separation and delivery. Key factors that contribute to the start of labor contractions include increasing estrogen/progesterone ratio, oxytocin levels, cervical stretching, and positive feedback loops. Contractions expel the baby with help from abdominal muscle contractions in response to pain signals.
Nephrotic Syndrome.pptx
Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the kidneys are not working properly, causing protein in the urine, low protein levels in blood, and swelling. It is usually caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste. The main causes are chronic glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis which damages blood vessels, and minimal change nephrotic syndrome where the kidneys lose negative charges. It causes excess protein loss in the urine and low blood protein levels, resulting in fluid building up in tissues and causing edema.
capacitation ,Acrosome reaction.pptx
This document discusses the process of sperm maturation and capacitation. It explains that hormones stimulate spermatogenesis in the testes. Sperm then mature in the epididymis over 18-24 hours, gaining motility. During capacitation in the female reproductive tract, cholesterol is removed from sperm membranes over 1-10 hours, making them more permeable and able to undergo the acrosome reaction for fertilization. This involves releasing enzymes to penetrate the egg's protective layers.
Myesthenia gravis.pptx
The document discusses myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder where antibodies are produced against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their numbers and impairing signal transmission from nerves to muscles and causing fatigue and weakness. It also covers Lambert-Eaton syndrome, where antibodies target calcium channels and reduce acetylcholine release, again impairing neuromuscular transmission. Various drugs that can enhance or block transmission by different mechanisms are also outlined.
Diuretics.pptx
This document discusses different classes of diuretics and their mechanisms of action. It describes 6 classes: 1) osmotic diuretics which increase tubular fluid osmotic pressure, 2) loop diuretics which inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle, 3) thiazide diuretics which inhibit sodium reabsorption in the early distal tubule, 4) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which block sodium bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubules, 5) aldosterone antagonists which decrease sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the cortical collecting tubule, and 6) sodium channel blockers in collecting tubules which decrease sodium reabsorption. The main uses of
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