The document discusses the emergency treatment of hyperkalemia which includes 0.9% normal saline, intravenous and nebulized salbutamol, intravenous calcium gluconate, and intravenous hydrocortisone. It states that minimal change nephrotic syndrome is usually associated with low serum C3 and has a peak incidence in preschool children. For a 5-year-old boy presenting with facial swelling and generalized edema, normal renal function and albumin of 18 g/L, the best initial management is to start high-dose prednisolone.

1. 1. The followingare usedinthe emergencytreatmentof hyperkalaemia.
a. 0.9% NS
b. IV salbutamol
c. Nebulizedsalbutamol
d. IV calciumgluconate
e. IV hydrocortisone
2. Whichof the statementsaboutminimal change nephroticsyndrome ismostfactually
correct?
a. Minimal change NSis commonlyassociatedwithmacroscopichaematuria
b. It isusuallyassociatedwithlow serumC3.
c. It doesnotoccur inadults.
d. It has a peakincidence inpreschool children.
3. A 5-year-oldboyisreferredwitha2 weekhistoryof general malaise andfacial swelling.
There isa historyof upperrespiratorytractinfection.Onexamination,he hasgeneralised
oedemawithshiftingdullnessonabdominal percussion.He has4+ proteinuriaandBP
140/90 mmHg. Hisinitial investigationsshow albuminof 18 g/L normal renal functionand
normal C3 andC4. The BEST initial managementis
a. Start highdose prednisolone.
b. Highdose oral furosemide
c. Dietaryreviewandstarthighproteindiet
d. Infusionof 20% humanalbuminsolution