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This document summarizes the results of an ecological risk assessment conducted at two contaminated sites in the Netherlands using a Triad approach. At the first site, a river bank, sediment sampling found high concentrations of metals, PAHs and PCBs. Toxicity tests showed negative effects in the tidal zone but moderate effects in the reed zone, indicating remediation was needed for the tidal zone. The second site, a former military airport, had high PAH concentrations but toxicity tests showed no negative effects, so no urgent remediation was required. The document notes some remaining challenges for ecological risk assessment including understanding effects at higher biological levels and assessing chronic or combined pollution impacts.
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Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App A F
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NBV marlea wagelmans
- 1. Subtitel Marlea Wagelmans, Wageningen, 1 December 2011. Risk assessment at work and challanges for the future
- 3. Risk assessment in the Netherlands Step 2: Model (Sanscrit): total concentrations Step 3: Site specific risk assessment (ecology=Triad) Step 1: Soil research > Intervention values Volume > I
- 6. Details Triad activities Tidal zone Reed zone Chemistry Chemical analyses sediment Chemical analyses soil Bioaccumulation tubifex Toxicology Microtox Microtox Daphnia magna test Plant test Chironomus riparius test Earthworm test Ecology Nematodes Nematodes Macrofauna Earthworm population
- 8. Results biodegradation tests Anaerobic test Aerobic tests
- 9. Results Triad approach activities Tidal zone Reed zone Chemistry High concentrations metals, PAH and PCB Moderate concentrations metals, PAH and PCB Risks on bioaccumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium Toxicology Negative effects bacteria No effects bacteria No effects Daphnia magna No effects plant test No effects Chironomus riparius test No effects earthworm test Ecology Negative effects nematodes Moderate effects nematodes Negative effects macrofauna No effect on earthworms Summary Negative effects, not acceptable Moderate effects, acceptable
- 10. Summarizing
- 11. Remediation options Wet and tidal zone Remediation (dredging or enhanced bioremediation Dry zone Natural attenuation
- 13. Triad
- 14. Results chemistry PAF = Potentially Affected Fraction chemistry toxicology ecology parameter unit 7 8 10 13 14 16 PAH mg/kg dw 34 990 92 170 7 59 PAF total % 60 100 96 100 59 82 PAF available % 0 0 0 0 0 0 > Intervention value
- 16. Summary R= Triad risk value D= deviation RIVM rapport 607711003/2011 R < 0,25 R > 0,25 D > 0,40 BC14 BC7 BC16 BC10 BC13 BC8 Chemistry Toxic pressure 0,06 0,34 0,48 0,57 0,71 0,95 Availability 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Judgement 0,03 0,18 0,28 0,34 0,46 0,77 Risk assessment Chemistry 0,03 0,18 0,28 0,34 0,46 0,77 Toxicology 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Ecology 0,0 0,01 0,07 0,0 0,07 0,0 R 0,01 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,19 0,39 D 0,03 0,18 0,28 0,34 0,40 0,76
- 20. Thanks for your attention