Kim A. Anderson, PhD Professor, Environmental & Molecular Toxicology Director, Food Safety & Environmental Stewardship Program Oregon State University Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Engaging Experts and Communities A Symposium and Workshop for Community Stakeholders, Researchers and Policy Makers January 29, 2013Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Woods Auditorium, LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 More information on symposium: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/LSUSymposium1.13#91 More info on research: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/project4

1. RESPONSE OPTIONS:
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE INDICATOR DEVICES FOR
GAUGING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS (BRIDGES),
EXAMPLES: DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL &
SUPERFUND SITES
RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RESILIENCE TO OIL SPILLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS:
ENGAGING EXPERTS AND COMMUNITIES
A SYMPOSIUM AND WORKSHOP FOR COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS, RESEARCHERS AND POLICY MAKERS
JANUARY 29, 2013
ENERGY, COAST AND ENVIRONMENT BUILDING,
WOODS AUDITORIUM, LSU CAMPUS, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803
Kim A. Anderson, PhD
Professor, Environmental & Molecular Toxicology
Director, Food Safety & Environmental Stewardship Program
Oregon State University

2. Sampling Design: Responding in Different Ways
and Why
Bioavailability: target organisms and passive sampling
2devices
Total
concentration

Potential for
exposure
•
•
•
RISK
•
Freely dissolved*

Bioavailable
fraction
Can be taken up by
organisms
Adams, et al 1985, DiToro et al 1991
The PAHs most available to equilibrate are those that are freely dissolved, since these are capable of transferring from one
phase to another and passing through biological membranes.” (Wang and Fisher, 1999)
It is generally believed that the process of uptake of these neutral hydrophobic compounds is PASSIVE and controlled
DIFFUSION pressures (fugacity) because of the differential between the environment matrix and tissue concentrations.
UPTAKE from water is generally accomplished by ventilation over the gill structure, although diffusion through the
integument may also contribute to tissue concentrations (Landrum and Stubblefield, 1991, Douben 2003)
“For PAHs with log Kow ≤ 5.5 the main route of uptake is through ventilated water”, …those >5.5 ingestion of food or
sediment increases in importance although not well understood…( Landrum 1989, Landrum and Robbins, 1990, Meador et al
1995, Douben 2003).
Oregon State University

3. Why Bioavailable ?
3
Environmental exposure and
fate

Understanding
environmental
factors on
diseases…

Must develop new bioanalytical tools to measure
exposure

L.S. Birnbaum, EHP, 2010
Thinking outside the sampling
jar




Intelligent sampling
Environmental
exposure
Bioavailability
BRIDGING
environmental
exposure with
biological responses
Oregon State University

4. Environmental
Chemistry
Toxicology
Environmental
Concentrations
Toxico-kinetics
For example:
Uptake, metabolism,
elimination
For example:
source, route, quantity
Bioavailability
Environmental
Fate
For example:
transport, distribution,
degradation
Exposure
BRIDGE
S
Toxico-dynamics
For example: effects
across levels of
biological organization
Effect
B e y o n d Chemical Analysis

5. PSD Membrane
BRIDGES
Cell Membrane
Biological Response Indicator Devices for
Gauging Environmental Stressors

6. Responding design options
PSD: Relevant to a range of contaminants
6
Numerous Chemistry
Opportunities

Extract clean

PCBs, Pesticides, PBDEs, …

1,200+ analyte screen

LC or GC compatible

PAHs (b e y o n d 16 EPA)

Numerous Environments
302 mw, dibenzopyrene isomers
PAHs


Layshock et al JEM, 2010
Oxygenated PAHs (ketones,
quinones)

Layshock and Anderson, ET&C, 2010
Oregon State University

7. PSD: Relevant to a range of
contaminants in water, air, sediment,
etc….
7
Numerous Chemistry
Opportunities

Pesticides, …

1,200+ analyte screen

In-situ Calibration
LC or GC compatible
t=0
PRC- Performance Reference
Compounds –Isotopically Labeled
Compound
Sequestered Environmental Contaminants
Oregon State University

8. 8
PSD: Relevant to Rapid
Response
Easy to deploy
Easy to transport
Oregon State University

9. BRIDGES: Reduce exposure uncertainty by analyzing biological
responses
BRIDGES extracts with bioassay model (Zebrafish, Ames, etc) system
BRIDGES well suited for effects-directed analysis
BRIDGES designed for relevant mixtures
10 ft PSD cage
weight
field deployment
V
extraction
quantify
dialysis

solvent exchange

PCB
PAH
PAH-metabolites
1 embryo
per
fertilized
eggs
96 well
plate
test @ day 1
•mortality
•morphology
•movement
prep mix
prep mix
male female
prep mix
float buoy
Toxicological Responses
field extract
top buoy
field extract
Environmental Exposure
test @ day 5
•mortality
•morphology
•hatch rate
•swimming
9
Hillwalker, Allan, Tanguay, & Anderson Chemo. 2010
Oregon State University

10. Bio-analytical Tools
BRIDGING Environmental Exposure with Biological
Responses
Integrated with Bioassays
(in vivo and in vitro)

Zebrafish Embryonic
Model
Evaluating whole mixture,
real exposures

Suitable to mixture
assessment

PAHs, PCBs, Pesticides

1,200+ analytes screen

Oxygenated PAHs

Layshock et al ETC, 2010
Oregon State University

11. Sources of PAHs in the
Environment



Biogenic (minor)
Petrogenic
 Generated by geological processes
 NATURAL- seeps, coal outcrops
 ANTHROPOGENIC –fossil fuel
release
Pyrogenic
 Generated by high temperature
combustion of organic matter
 NATURAL –forest fires
 ANTHROPOGENIC- wood
stoves, car exhaust, coal tar
2010 June Sampling Campaign, FL, tar-ball (photo KA Anderson)
Oregon State University

12. Oil Spills Context and
Comparisons
It doesn‟t take much seep oil to deliver a lot of
PAHs


1 kilogram of oil contains as
much PAH as a metric ton of
coal
Crude oil PAHs vary by crude
oil type, 0.2 to 7% PAHs

DW Horizon spill PAH*
5,000– 7,000 m Ton

World Trade Towers PAH
100 – 1,000 m Ton
Oregon State University

13. RESPONSE: May 1 Planning
Started
Complicated Ops, multi-sources, sites, access
14,000 wells in GoM, 79 incidents of loss of well control
13
Oregon State University

14. Ready Response…
The FSES Program at OSU is a research program committed to providing
the highest quality analytical laboratory research support for:

ESTABLISH background




Pre-spill
Many sites oil present
Quality Control
 Trip blanks
 Field blanks
 Laboratory QC
Quality Assurance
Established protocols
 Documentation
 Staff trained


15. Quality Assurance Program Plan
Defensible, Unbiased data
Oregon State University

16. Respond: establish regional and individual
contacts

Florida

Pensacola, Gulf Islands National
Seashore


Alabama

Mobile, Ben Secour National Wildlife
Refuge


Permit required, yes, State of FL
Permit required, yes, State of AL
Mississippi

Gulf Port, Public Pier



currently closed due to construction
Gulf Port Harbor Master,
Louisiana

Grand Isle State Park

Permit required, yes, State of LA
Image: http://www.nytimes.com
16
Oregon State University

17. Gulf Port, MS
17
Grand Isle, LA
Gulf Shores, AL
Gulf Breeze, FL

18. Response Goals: many fold…
Many ideally suited to passive
samplers

PRE-spill conditions

Oil trajectory uncertain

Broad geographic areas “at risk”

Time-scale

Defensible, Unbiased data

New technology and capabilities – goals

Bioavailable passive samplers used for
BRIDGES (biological response indicator devices
for gauging environmental stressors )

Passive Sampler for aquatic exposures and NEW
PSD air sampler

Suitable for chemical mixtures

Both chemical and bio-assays

Quality Control, PRC
Grand Isle, LA, Research June 2010 Sampling Campaign (photo: KA Anderson)

19. 10
20
ne
Ju
ne
0
2010
Ju
ly
Au
gu
Se
st
pt
em
be
M
r
ar
ch
20
11
(2
)
(1
)
y
-1
-2
Ma u n e u n e
J
J
Ju
20
20
t.
h
ly
st
ril
Ju ugu Sep Marc Ap
A
Sampling Event
M
M
aay
y
Grand Isle, LA
Gulf Shores, AL
150
20
100
10
50
Sampling Event
Sampling Event
10
y
Ma
y
-1
-2
Ma u n e u n e
J
J
20
0
Ju
2010
ch
M
ar
Gulf Breeze, FL
2011
ly ust ept. rch pril
g
A
S
Ma
Au
M
ay
il
30
Ap
r
1
20
1
m
be
r
us
t
Au
g
pt
e
Se
(2
)
(1
)
Ju
ly
ne
Ju
ne
20
10
0
30
Ju
M
ay
PAH - Bioavailable cocnentration in water Bioavailable cocnentration in water (ng/L)
PAH - (ng/L)
2011
M
ay
Gulfport, MS
Gulf Breeze, FL
Ap
Ap
rirli
l
*
il
200
30
Ap
r
JJu
ul l
yy
Auu
A
ggu
uss
SSe
tt
epp
tee
t
m
m
bbe
M
M
err
aar
rcc
hh
220
011
11
M
M
aay
y
220
011
00
JJu
unn
ee
(
(11
))
JJu
unn
ee
(
(22
))
0
0
30
30
M
ay
concentration in water (ng/L)
ƩPAH - BioavailablePAH -- Bioavailable cocnentration in water (ng/L)
Ʃ33PAH – Bioavailable concentration inwater (ng/L) water (ng/L)
PAH Bioavailable cocnentration in water (ng/L)
PAH -- Bioavailable cocnentration in water Bioavailable cocnentration in
PAH (ng/L)
Temporal, Spatial PAHs Gulf of Mexico
Bioavailable Water Concentrations of PAHs (ng/L)
19
Gulf Shores, AL
20
10
Sampling Event
10
Ma
y
Sampling Event
Sampling Event
Allan, Smith & Anderson, ES&T 2012

20. Temporal, Spatial PAHs Gulf of Mexico
Bioavailable Air Concentrations of a selected PAH
(ng/m3)
PAHs in ng/m³ air
Louisiana
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
phenanthrene
1-methylphenanthrene
2-methylphenanthrene
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2011 day: 2011 day: 2011 day: 2011 day:
131-134 159-162 162-188 188-271 217-252 252-287
287 to
40-74
74-115 115-119 119-158
2011 day:
40
Mississippi
PAHs in ng/m³ air
8
7
6
5
4
phenanthrene
3
1-methylphenanthrene
2
2-methylphenanthrene
1
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
0
2010 day: 131-134 159-162 162-188 188-271 217-252 252-287 to 2011 day: 40
2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 day: 2010 2010 day: 287
day:
2011 day: 40-74day: 74-115
2011
2011 day: 115-119 119-158
2011 day:

21. Temporal, Spatial Surfactants Gulf of Mexico
Dispersants contain surfactants (detergent like)
21


O
Surfactants captured by
passive sampling devices
-
O
O
-O
S
O
~1.8 million gallons used in
DWH (Macondo well explosion)
30000

Effective response to many
issues surrounding an oil spill
or environmental spill/disaster
25000
20000
C16H25O3S
C17H27O3S
C18H29O3S
C19H31O3S
25000
20000
15000
First field dispersant used April
20-26
C16H25O3S
C17H27O3S
C18H29O3S
C19H31O3S
10000
5000
0
30000
30000
C16H25O3S
25000
C17H27O3S
C18H29O3S
20000
C19H31O3S
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
5000
0
C16H25O3S
C17H27O3S
C18H29O3S
C19H31O3S
15000
10000

C16H25O3S
15000
10000
0
Often reference control will be
(initially) unknown (e.g. Corexit
9527 and 9500)
O
30000
5000

C16H25O3S
S
0
Oregon State University

22. Analyzing the „fingerprint‟ in a
chemical profile
Oregon State University

23. Analyzing the chemical ‘fingerprint’
(petrogenic -v- pyrogenic)
23
PAH Forensic Profile
GoM before, during, after
1
Normalized
%
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
Pyrogenic
C0
C1
C2
C3
Petrogenic
C4
relative abundance (% of total naphthalene compounds)
100
100
Grand Isle, LA
80
60
40
40
20
C0 NAP
C1 NAP
C3 NAP
80
60
Gulf Shores, AL
20
0
100
0
May 2010
Gulfport, MS
June (1)
May 2011
100
Sampling Event
80
40
20
May 2011
60
40
September
80
60
May 2010
Gulf Breezes, FL
Sampling Event
20
0
0
May 2010
June (1)
Sampling Event
May 2011
May 2010
September
Sampling Event
May 2011

24. Principle Component Analysis
1-9 = May 2010 through June 2011 water PAHs
24
Allan, Smith & Anderson, ES&T 2012
Oregon State University

25. 25.00
C27Ts/C27m
20.00
Ratio Value
Hopanes: Used to Determine
Sources
Molecular Fossils, Biomarkers
Alabama Hopane Ratios
30.00
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
15.00
C27ββR/C30ββR
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
10.00
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
5.00
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
0.00
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
25
Sample Name

Organic compounds in petroleum whose
chemical structure can be unequivocally
linked to a naturally occurring sources
Complex, naturally occurring, compounds
that are resistant to weathering &
biodegradation
Florida Hopane Ratios
35.00
30.00
Ratio Value

25.00
C27Ts/C27m
20.00
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
15.00
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
10.00
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
5.00
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
0.00
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
Sample Name
Mississippi Hopane Ratios
14.00
12.00
Ratio Value
10.00
C27Ts/C27m
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
8.00
C27ββR/C30ββR
6.00
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
4.00
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
2.00
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
0.00
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
Sample Name
16.00
14.00



Hopanes captured by passive sampling
devices (PSD)
PSD conserve forensic profiles
Hopane ratio profile changes
C27Ts/C27m
12.00
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
10.00
8.00
6.00
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
C30βα/C30ββ
4.00
2.00
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
0.00
Oregon State University

26. Other Applications


Passive sampling devices capable of capturing a wide
range of chemicals suitable for characterizing
environmental exposure, and profiling chemicals for
source identification
Temporary increase in bioavailable PAHs




Associated with more petrogenic PAH assemblage and
characteristic change in chemical profile
Pre-oiling levels at all sites by March, 2011
Elevated concentrations in AL in April and May, 2011
APPLICABLE to other environmental disasters,
Superfund sites, remediation assessment
ex a m p l e s …

27. PSD: Bioavailable PAHs Before and After
Remediation
High Spatial Resolution Possible with PSDs
McCormick and Baxter Superfund Site, OR; before max ~800, post <50 ng/L
27
Oregon State University

28. 28
Monitoring design options
PSD Integrated Seamlessly with Bioassays
in vivo and in vitro embryonic zebrafish
model, Ames test
Realistic Mixtures
PH Superfund RM =3.5W
Relevant Mixtures
PH Superfund RM = 7W
His+ revertants/plate
Assessment of field deployed LFT's mutagenicity in
the Ames assay using test strain TA-98 with
+
metabolic activation (S9 ) (mean +/- SE; n = 3)
LFT - RPH09-023
2 g of 2AA
DMSO (50 L)
75
50
25
0
+ CTRL
- CTRL
5
25
50
Dose of LFT extract (uL/plate)
Allan, SE, Smith, BW, Tanguay, RL, and Anderson KA, Environ Tox & Chem, in press 2012
Oregon State University

29. Site-specific Biological
Responses
80
30 hpf mortality
M30
60
BRIDGES
40
20
0
MLR, likelihood ratio,
p<0.05;
3
4
5
6
126 hpf mortality
M126
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
80
5
6
stubby body
S tu b b y
60
40
X
20
0
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
bent tail
T a il
60
40
X
20
0
1
2
3
4
80
5
6
yolk sac edema
YSE
60
40
X
20
0
n = 941
2
60
% Incidence
6 of 18 biological
responses were
significantly different in
exposed embryos
compared to controls
1
80
1
80
2
3
4
N o to c h o r d 1 2 6 h p f
5
6
wavy notochord
60
40
X
20
0
Hillwalker, Allan, Tanguay, & Anderson Chemo. 2010
1
Control
Embryos
2
RM
1
3
RM
3.5
4
RM
7E
5
RM
7W
6
RM
17
Downriver Superfund Upriver

30. Estimating exposure (risk) using PSDs as biological
surrogates in human health risk models
30

Apply PSD data in a Public
Health Framework




PSDs may be used as a biological
surrogate
Added spatial and temporal variations
in potential human health estimate of
exposures
Method Calculating Exposure

PSDs were substituted for fish tissue
Exposure from resident organisms
 Tissue contaminant data

Difficult to obtain fish/shellfish

Destructive sampling

Inherent biological/physiological
variability

Limited spatial/temporal information

Not responsive quickly enough for
assessment to immediate changes
Allan, Sower & Anderson, Chemo. 2011

31. Comparison of PSD as a surrogate and fish
tissue
Sethajintanin et al. 2004, Villeneuve, et al, ES&T, 2005
31
concentrations in fish
400
800
DDTs
600
400
200
DDTs in fish (ng/g)
bioavailabe DDTs (pg/L)
bioavailable
concentrations by PSD
DDTs
300
200
100
0
0
R M 8 -1 3
R M 3 -6 .
R M 1 5 -1 8
R M 8 -1 1
R M 1 4 -1 6
600
120
PCBs
100
80
60
40
PCBs in fish (ng/g)
bioavailable PCBs (pg/L)
R M 3 -7
PCBs
500
400
300
200
100
20
0
0
R M 3 .5 - 7
RM 3 - 6
R M 8 - 13 R M 15 - 18
R M 8 - 11 R M 14 - 16
80
5
dieldrin
60
40
20
0
dieldrin in fish (ng/g)
bioavailable dieldrin (pg/L)
X D a ta
dieldrin
4
3
2
1
0
R M 3 -7
R M 8 -1 3
R M 1 5 -1 8
R M 3 -6
R M 8 -1 1
R M 1 4 -1 6

32. Paired PSDs deployed with crayfish cages,
PAHs… to date, outstanding fit with measured and modeled
PAHs in PSDs vs. Crayfish
Naphthalene
Anthracene
120
120
100
100
50
200
40
20
20
0
0
150
30
100
50
40
20
10
20
0
[A N T] C F (ng/g)
60
40
[A N T] W -P S D (ng/L)
80
60
[N A P] C F (ng/g)
80
[N A P] W -P S D (ng/L)
250
40
Model Fitting Diagnostics
0
-2 0
-2 0
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
80
20
400
5
7w
3.
en
t ra
l
-N
or
th
7e
-S
-C
8
0
ou
th
0
7e
5
7w
3.
en
t ra
l
-N
or
th
7e
8
ou
th
-S
-C
7e
7e
13
.5
17
5
13
0
0
5
7e
10
20
.5
20
40
10
17
20
15
18
40
[BKF]W-PSD (ng/L)
100
60
[BAA]CF (ng/g)
200
60
18
[BAA]W-PSD (ng/L)
300
Figure 4. Comparisons between PAH levels measured in paired passive sampling devices (
) and crayfish ( ) from
within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site. Data are the mean and standard deviations of replicate
samples.
[BKF]CF (ng/g)
80
Measured in Crayfish
-2 0
-1 0
Naphthalene
Anthracene
Benz[a]anthracene
Predicted in Crayfish
Benzo[k]fluoranthene

33. Response design options
Comparison of PSDs and fish tissue
33

Although not enough side-by-side studies


Currently side-by-side in progress (n=75 crayfish : PSD) at our laboratory
PSDs as biological surrogates may provide a reasonable
and conservative estimate of exposure

Another data set contributing to protection of human health

Does not appear to significantly overestimate risk

Quickly assess environmental disasters before resident organisms
respond

Magnitude, range and variability assets of the technique
≈
Allan, Sower & Anderson, Chemo. 2011

34. Other types of passive sampling
devices
Responder‟s Exposure….
Wristband Preliminary Data:
PAHs from Roofers for 8 and 40
hrs

Einome: 40 hrs
5000
ng/mL
3000
TBS NIOHS- Feb 5

Double WBs
WBs
Interdisciplinary

Lapels
4000
Funding: Environmental
Integrated Organic Monitor of
Exposure (Einome)
Co-PIs Laurel Kincl (CPHHS) &
K.A.Anderson,
2000

1000
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
Sum PAHs
5000
WB 1 - day
4500
WB 2 - day
4000
WB 3 - day
3500
WB 1 - week
3000
WB 2 - week
WB 3 - week
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
PAH Sum
Participant 3
co-I‟s Tanguay, Sudakin, Kile

35. Community Outreach and Engagement
Strategies
Goal: Provide pertinent PAH health information to be delivered using novel methods via the
web.

Develop and deliver educational materials
at gulf sampling locations (e.g. printed
brochure)

Develop local partnerships to identify
educational needs

NIEHS SRP at Louisiana State University

State and local organizations, including nongovernmental organizations located in Gulf states

Develop novel outreach methods for
public education

Please see web sites and videos
Oregon State University

36. Anticipated IMPACT
RESPOND
Easy
deployed
timeintegrated
sampling
devices
RECOVER
Y
1,200
bioavailable
contaminant
s monitoring
RESILENCE
Characterize
and updated
information
36
Next Health
Assessment:
Surrogate
fish/shell fish

37. Acknowledgements
37
Funding:
P42 ES016465 (PI Williams, Project Leader
Anderson, Analytical Core leader Anderson)
P30 ES000210 (PI Beckman)
R21 ES020120 (PI Anderson)
UN FAO GEF, (Co-PIs: Jepson, Anderson, Jenkins)
Collaborators:
Oregon State University
Professor Robert Tanguay, SRP Co-I
Professor Anna Harding, Co-I
Professor Dashwood, Linus Pauling Institute, CCP
Core, David Yu, PhD. (Ames)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Katrina Waters, PhD
Collaborators:
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian
Reservation
Oregon Dept of Environmental Quality
Kevin Parrot and Sott Manzano
Grand Isle State Park, LA, T. Augustine
MS Gulf Port Harbor Master, DJ Ziggler
Mobile AL Ben Secour National Refugre, J. Issacs
Pensacola FL Gulf Islands National Seashore, R.
Hoggard

38. Acknowledgements
38
http://fses.or
egonstate.e
du
GULF
Outreach
http://oregonst
ate.edu/superf
und/oilspill
Kevin Hobbie
Ted Haigh
Melissa McCartney
Glenn Wilson
Jennifer Przybyla
Sarah Allan, PhD
Norm Forsberg
Steven O‟Connell
Lane Tidwell
Phil Janney
Ricky Scott
Nick Hamilton
Jorge Padilla
Kristin Pierre
Nathan Rooney
Kyle Tidwell
Brian Smith, PhD
Not pictured:
Jeremy Riggle, PhD
Julie Layshock, PhD.
Hillwalker, W., PhD
Greg Sower, PhD
Angie Perez, PhD
Lucas Quarles, MS
Solysa Visalli
Margarett Corvi, MS
O. Krissanakriang, PhD
D. Sethajintanin, PhD
Oregon State University