Naval arch fuel consumptn
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The document discusses the relationships between a ship's speed, displacement, distance traveled, and fuel consumption. It states that daily fuel consumption varies as the cube of ship speed, as the 2/3 power of displacement, and as the square of speed multiplied by distance for a voyage. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating new fuel consumption with changes in speed, displacement or distance. Specific fuel consumption is also defined as the fuel used per kilowatt hour of power.
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![AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 2
SPEED ANDSPEED AND
FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION
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This document summarizes Mukes Gupta's presentation on floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) transport. It discusses how FLNG and CNG can transport gas from offshore fields by avoiding the need for undersea pipelines. CNG transport involves compressing gas into ships at high pressure, while FLNG involves liquefying gas into ships. CNG has a lower capital cost but can only transport smaller volumes, while FLNG has a higher cost but can transport larger volumes over long distances. The document compares the costs and applications of LNG, CNG, and gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies for transporting offshore natural gas to markets.
1590701599PTE_526-Natural_Gas_Engineering (1).pptx
This course is all about Natural gas engineering from the Federal University of Technology owerri, it has concise explanations about the different topics in it
Thermo problem set no. 2
This document contains a 16 question multiple choice mechanical engineering review problem set. It covers topics including: specific weight calculations, changes in weight due to elevation, pressure and force calculations for scuba diving, determining height using barometer readings, properties of gas mixtures, heat transfer between materials, gas turbine processes, combustion calculations, and thermodynamic processes including changes in temperature, pressure, volume, entropy and heat/work.
UNIT-2_Part3_RANKINE CYCLE.pdf
This document describes the Rankine cycle, which is commonly used in steam power plants. It consists of four processes:
1. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler, heating water to steam.
2. Adiabatic expansion of the steam in a turbine, producing work.
3. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser, condensing the steam to water.
4. Adiabatic compression of the water in a pump, returning it to the boiler pressure.
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle depends on the temperature difference between the steam entering and leaving the turbine. Examples are provided to illustrate efficiency calculations for Rankine cycles operating between different pressure and temperature conditions.
Presentation-for-teachers.pptx
Uneven heating of the Earth's surface and its rotation cause global wind patterns and local wind variations. As air rises and falls on the planet, pressure differences drive global wind circulation. Additional localized patterns arise from terrain and other surface factors. Wind speed generally increases with height until turbulence decreases it again near the tropopause. The density of air decreases with increases in altitude and temperature. This document discusses how to calculate the power available in wind and energy production from wind resources using power curves and wind speed data. Key factors in the economics of wind energy projects are the levelized cost of energy and the capacity factor.
Watertaxi 2-2nd Project Presentation-BUET
This document summarizes the design of a water taxi for 95 passengers in Bangladesh. The objectives are to take advantage of Dhaka's circular waterways and ease waterway transportation. Topics covered include the principal particulars, general arrangement, scantling calculations to determine hull dimensions according to ISSA rules, deadweight calculations accounting for passengers and supplies, lightweight calculations, stability and trim calculations to meet IMO regulations. Scantling, deadweight, lightweight, and stability calculations are shown as examples. The design displacement is 117.51 tons with a trim of 0.06 meters forward and 0.05 meters aft.
1. atr42 uso de hoja de carga mecanizada
The document provides instructions for completing a load sheet for an ATR42 aircraft with the following flight details:
- Flight number: SWT7025
- Origin: VLC
- Destination: MAD
- Aircraft registration: EC-JBX
- Ramp fuel: 1700 kg
- Taxi fuel: 50 kg
- Trip fuel: 650 kg
It includes sections to input payload weight distribution across holds and signatures for the loader, load planner, and accepting captain.
Shortsea Norvest 2010 Sea Cargo Ole Saevild
The document discusses Sea-Cargo, an operator of cargo vessels between Norway and the UK. It outlines Sea-Cargo's business structure and operations, as well as some of the structural challenges facing maritime transport, such as land-based infrastructure costs and pilotage fees. It also discusses Sea-Cargo's focus on environmental transport and innovation, including its work on developing liquefied natural gas as an alternative fuel for ships.
sreenath project.ppsx
This document outlines the design of a lag bullet tanker to transport 500 tons of ammonia per day from Udyogamandal Complex to Cochin division. The key requirements are for an inland self-propelled barge carrying liquefied ammonia in 6 insulated bullet tanks. Dimensional restrictions due to bridges require a length of 58m, width of 9.538m, and draft of 1.5m. Estimations determine a displacement of 449.7 tons, requiring a power of 275KW. Stability calculations show adequate GM and GZ curves. Ballast and capacity checks also meet requirements.
Ch.17
1) Sound is a small pressure wave that travels through a medium and requires a medium, unlike light which can travel through a vacuum.
2) The speed of sound in a medium depends on the properties of that medium and changes as those properties change, such as temperature.
3) The speed of sound is highest in gases with a high kR value, such as helium, and increases with increasing temperature in all gases.
Knowledge Management: Estimate Oil API Using logs before Testing or Sampling
This document presents a novel approach to directly estimate API oil gravity from standard wireline logs using a density log vs. N cross plot. Traditionally, density, neutron, and sonic logs are used to determine porosity and lithology. Ratios M, N, and P can also be computed from these logs. The presented method observes clustering of points on a cross plot of density log vs. N that correlate to different API gravities of produced oil. The study calibrated this method using production and sample data from wells across various basins. Results show this cross plot method can reliably estimate API gravity of between 15-40 directly from logs before formation testing.
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1590701599PTE_526-Natural_Gas_Engineering (1).pptx
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Knowledge Management: Estimate Oil API Using logs before Testing or Sampling
Knowledge Management: Estimate Oil API Using logs before Testing or Sampling
More from Dheeraj Kaushal
69116612 imo-ps-s-vdr
1. The purpose of a simplified voyage data recorder (S-VDR) is to securely store information about a vessel's position, movement, status, and command in the event of an incident for use in subsequent investigations.
2. Ships defined in SOLAS Chapter V must be fitted with an S-VDR that continuously records preselected data items relating to ship status, equipment output, and command/control. The data must be time-correlated and stored in a tamper-proof capsule for at least 2 years.
3. An S-VDR must record data items including date, time, position, speed, heading, bridge audio, communications audio, radar data, and AIS data
69116166 iamsar
The document provides information on the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual. It discusses that IAMSAR is a joint publication of ICAO and IMO that assists states in meeting SAR needs and obligations under international conventions. It has three volumes that deal with specific SAR system duties and can be used independently or together. The document then provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to SAR operations, structures, and coordination.
68902251 imo-ps-roti
This document outlines the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) performance standards for rate of turn indicators (ROTI) installed on ships. The ROTI must be capable of indicating port and starboard turns, have a means to verify operation, and use a center-zero analog dial indicator with positive indications for port and starboard turns. The scale must allow measurement of turns between -30 and 30 degrees per minute and meet accuracy standards for deviations from the actual turn rate under various ship motions and speeds.
68899162 imo-ps-gps
The document outlines 17 performance standards that GPS receiver equipment installed on ships must meet in order to be compliant. The standards require the equipment to:
1) Be capable of receiving and processing GPS signals to provide position, latitude and longitude, in the WGS-84 coordinate system and UTC time within specified accuracies and update rates.
2) Have static and dynamic position accuracy of 100m or less depending on whether differential GPS corrections are applied.
3) Generate and output position, course, speed, and time data at least once per second and interface with other navigation equipment.
4) Provide warnings if performance standards for position dilution or update rates are not met.
68898351 imo-performance-standards-for-echo-sounder
This document outlines the performance standards for echo-sounding equipment set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The equipment is intended to provide reliable depth readings between 2-200 meters to aid navigation, especially in shallow waters. It must have at least two depth ranges (20m and 200m scales), record soundings for 15 minutes, and be able to record depth and time for 12 hours. The display must show depth marks no more than 1/10 the range and time marks at most every 5 minutes. Alarms are required for shallow water and any failure affecting safe operation.
Naval arch incline test
This document discusses an inclining test performed on a ship to determine its metacentric height (GM). It provides details of the test, including five shifts of weights totaling 216 tonnes that caused deflections of the ship ranging from 12 to 110 mm. It also shows the calculations to determine that the ship's GM as inclined is 1.68 m. Precautions for an accurate inclining test are noted, such as having a calm environment, securing loose weights, and restricting crew movement during the test.
Ibs
An integrated bridge system (IBS) combines systems like the integrated navigation system (INS) to allow centralized monitoring and control of operations from the bridge like navigation, machinery control, safety, and security. An IBS provides benefits like enhanced decision making and workload reduction. Key components of an IBS include the navigation management system, alarm system, and conning display. Passage planning, position fixing, and track keeping can be automated if principles are followed, but overreliance on automation without watchkeeping can be dangerous. An IBS interconnects INS and other systems, while INS specifically combines navigational data and systems.
Autopilot
The document discusses autopilot systems and steering gear controls on ships. It provides details on:
- How autopilots work to automatically steer the ship and reduce workload in heavy weather by learning a ship's handling characteristics.
- The different control modes and settings used on autopilot control units, including proportional, integral, derivative controls and weather compensation settings.
- Limitations of autopilot use in rough conditions, tight spaces, slow speeds, or during maneuvers.
- Procedures for changing between manual and autopilot steering, testing equipment, and emergency steering protocols.
91121543 roti
This document discusses Rate of Turn Indicator (ROTI), which is required on vessels over 50,000 GT per SOLAS regulations. ROTI assists the officer on watch in planning, executing, and monitoring a vessel's progress along a curved segment of its charted course. It provides the rate of turn to port and starboard in degrees per minute. The document derives the formula for ROT as the change in angle over time divided by the radius of the turn. It provides examples of using ROTI for constant radius and constant rate turns, and discusses wheel over points and planning turns.
91121543 roti (1)
1) ROTI (Rate of Turn Indicator) is an instrument that assists ship officers in planning, executing, and monitoring a vessel's progress along curved segments of its charted course. It indicates the rate of turn (in degrees per minute) to port or starboard.
2) For large vessels, turns must be executed along curved paths rather than sharp corners due to momentum and water friction. ROTI helps determine the radius and rate of turn needed based on factors like vessel size and speed.
3) There are two main turn types - constant radius, where the radius remains fixed and rate of turn varies, and constant rate, where the rate of turn remains fixed and the radius varies. The document provides
ORALS
GPS satellites are positioned at an altitude of 20,200 km above the Earth's surface, which falls within medium Earth orbits. This height provides global coverage with a smaller number of satellites and allows earth-based transmitters and receivers to use modest sized antennas and lower transmission powers.
Gross tonnage refers to the total enclosed volume of a ship, while net tonnage refers to the cargo-carrying capacity. Both are determined by measuring volumes and applying formulas, and are dimensionless numbers rather than units of mass.
Radar performance can be ascertained using a performance monitor. 10 cm or S-band radar is generally better for long range scanning and in heavy rain due to less clutter.
80920328 vdr
VDR is a marine recording device that functions like an aircraft's black box, recording critical ship data and communications to help investigators determine the cause of accidents. A VDR continuously records data from navigational equipment, alarms, and communications for at least 12 hours. This data is stored in a protective capsule that can withstand fire and deep water immersion. Accessing and analyzing VDR data after an incident allows for faster, more accurate investigations that help improve safety. VDR recordings have also assisted ship owners in assessing bridge team performance and identifying areas for improvement.
80918797 gyro-numericals-solved
The document contains several numerical problems related to marine gyrocompasses. It provides solutions to problems involving calculating the tilt and direction of a gyroscope's spin axis (SA) given its initial position and the latitude, passage of time, or a later observed position. One question calculates the percentage change in the moment of inertia (MOI) of a gyroscope rotor if its mass increases by 20% and radius of gyration decreases by 20%.
78998058 chk-lists
This document contains checklists for various emergency situations that may occur on ships, such as general emergencies, abandoning ship, search and rescue, rescuing crew from a disabled vessel, flooding, fire, stranding or grounding, collision, main engine failure, steering failure, rudder failure, and checklists for navigation in coastal and ocean waters. The checklists provide step-by-step instructions for crew to follow to ensure passenger and crew safety, assess damage, send distress signals, and follow proper emergency procedures in a variety of emergency situations at sea.
78239585 orals-met
1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the earth's atmosphere. It is measured in hectopascals (hPa), with 1 hPa equal to 1 millibar.
2. Pressure gradient refers to the rate of change of pressure over distance and indicates how strongly winds will blow between areas of high and low pressure.
3. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor and fog can form. It is an important measurement for mariners to consider when deciding whether to ventilate cargo holds.
78238898 imo-ps-bnwas
1. The document outlines International Maritime Organization performance standards for Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm Systems (BNWAS).
2. BNWAS monitors bridge activity and detects if the Officer of the Watch becomes incapacitated, alerting others. It has automatic, manual on, and manual off operational modes.
3. The system remains dormant for 3-12 minutes before initiating visual alerts. If not reset, it issues audible alarms to the bridge and then remotely to summon help. Resetting cancels alerts and restarts the dormant period.
75347365 em-log
1. An electromagnetic (EM) log works by inducing an electromotive force in sea water moving through the Earth's magnetic field using a solenoid, with the induced voltage proportional to water velocity.
2. The solenoid is housed in a streamlined flow sensor that extends below the ship's hull. Electrodes on either side of the sensor measure the voltage induced in the strip of sea water moving across the magnetic field.
3. This voltage corresponds to ship speed and is amplified and used to drive indicators showing speed in the wheelhouse. The EM log thus non-intrusively measures ship speed through water.
75346996 a-is
AIS aims to automatically identify vessels using electronic communication without human intervention. It works by having each vessel broadcast its identification and position using a transponder. Vessels are assigned time slots to transmit this data to avoid interference on the shared VHF channel. The time slots are precisely synchronized using GPS time signals. This allows many vessels to broadcast on the same frequency without interfering with each other. Vessels can then receive the identification and position of all other vessels within range, aiding navigation safety.
74784234 gyro-compass
1) A marine gyrocompass uses a freely-spinning gyroscope to determine direction based on the principles of angular momentum and the earth's constant rotation.
2) A gyroscope has three degrees of freedom - it can spin about its axis and tilt or turn in horizontal and vertical planes. The earth acts like a giant free gyroscope due to its mass, high-speed rotation, and lack of friction in space.
3) The gyroscope's angular momentum and inertia cause it to resist changes to its axis of spin, allowing it to maintain a fixed direction in space independent of the ship's movements. This gyroscopic property is used to determine true north.
74009510 imo-ps-ecdis-rpnm
1. The document outlines performance standards for route planning, monitoring, and voyage recording functions of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS).
2. It describes that ECDIS should allow for simple and reliable route planning including straight and curved segments as well as adjustments to planned routes. It should monitor the ship's position along the selected route and provide alarms if deviations occur.
3. For voyage recording, ECDIS should store minimum navigation elements from the past 12 hours including ship track, time, position and headings as well as the ENC database information used for reconstruction and verification purposes. It should also record the complete voyage track with time marks not exceeding 4 hours.
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Naval arch fuel consumptn
- 2. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 2 SPEED ANDSPEED AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION [Ref.1]
- 3. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 3 SPEED ANDSPEED AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o At moderate speeds, the daily Fuel Consumption in tonnes varies approximately as the following: (Ship Speed)3 o FC = k V3 where 1. FC = Daily fuel consumption in tonnes 2. V = Ship speed in knots 3. k = A constant
- 4. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 4 SPEED ANDSPEED AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o FC = k V3 o So, from the above relation, old and new fuel consumptions can be written as the following: 3 3 .. .. old new V V nconsumptiodailyold nconsumptiodailynew =
- 5. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 5 SPEED ANDSPEED AND FUEL CONUMPTIONFUEL CONUMPTION o Exercise: oA ship burns 40 tonnes of fuel per day at 12 knots, calculate her daily fuel consumption at 11 knots o(ANS: 30.8 tonnes per day)
- 6. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 6 DISPLACEMENT ANDDISPLACEMENT AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o If displacement of a ship be altered then fuel consumption per day in tonnes will vary as the following: (Displacement)2/3 o FC = k ∆2/3 where 1. FC = Daily fuel consumption in tonnes 2. ∆ = Ship’s displacement in tonnes 3. k = A constant
- 7. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 7 DISPLACEMENT ANDDISPLACEMENT AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o FC = k ∆2/3 o So, from the above relation, old and new fuel consumptions can be written as the following: 3/2 3/2 .. .. old new nconsumptiodailyold nconsumptiodailynew ∆ ∆ =
- 8. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 8 DISPLACEMENT ANDDISPLACEMENT AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o Exercise: oA ship when displacing 16,000 tonnes burns 25 tonnes of fuel oil per day at a certain speed, calculate her daily consumption at this same speed after discharging 3500 tonnes o(ANS: 21.2 tonnes per day)
- 9. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 9 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o The total fuel consumption in tonnes for a passage/voyage varies as the following: (Ship Speed)2 x Distance o TFC = k V2 x D where 1. TFC = Total fuel consumption in tonnes 2. V = Ship speed in knots 3. D = The cruising distance in nautical miles 4. k = A constant
- 10. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 10 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o TFC = k V2 x D o So, from the above relation, old and new fuel consumptions can be written as the following: oldold newnew xDV xDV nconsumptiototalold nconsumptiototalnew 2 2 .. .. =
- 11. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 11 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o Exercise: oA ship burns 120 tonnes of fuel oil on a passage of 2400 miles at 10 knots. At what speed can she steam 3000 miles on 180 tonnes of fuel oil o(ANS: 10.95 knots)
- 12. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 12 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o The total fuel consumption in tonnes for a passage/voyage varies as the following: (Ship Speed)2 (For same distance) o TFC = k V2 where 1. TFC = Total fuel consumption in tonnes 2. V = Ship speed in knots 3. k = A constant
- 13. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 13 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o TFC = k V2 o So, from the above relation, old and new fuel consumptions can be written as the following: 2 2 .. .. old new V V nconsumptiototalold nconsumptiototalnew =
- 14. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 14 DISTANCE ANDDISTANCE AND FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTION o Exercise: o On increasing the speed of a vessel by 1.5 knots it is found that the daily consumption of fuel is increased by 25 tonnes and the percentage increase in fuel consumption for a voyage of 2250 nautical miles is 20. Estimate (a) the original daily fuel consumption and (b) the original speed of the ship o (ANS: 79.91 tonnes/day and 15.79 knots)
- 15. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 15 SPECIFIC FUELSPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION o SFC is the fuel consumption per kW per hour o Normal SFC: 180 – 185 gm/kW/h 1000x1000 PowerxSFC tonnesinnConsumptioFuelHourly = 1000x1000 24xPowerxSFC tonnesinnConsumptioFuelDaily =
- 16. AKD;Rev0;Feb02 SP-SMA 16 BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCESREFERENCES 1. E. A. Stokoe, Reed’s Naval Architecture for Marine Engineers, 3rd ed. (1973) 2. W. A. Fisher, Engineering for Nautical Students, 4th ed. (1973)