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![LAND
Land, sometimes referred to as dry land, is the solid surface of
the Earth that is not permanently covered by water.[1] The vast
majority of human activity occurs in land areas that
support agriculture, habitat, and various natural resources.
Some life forms (including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals)
have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of
water.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/landenergyresources-150820175439-lva1-app6891-150921194616-lva1-app6892/75/Landenergyresources-150820175439-lva1-app6891-3-2048.jpg)
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Landenergyresources 150820175439-lva1-app6891
1. The document discusses various land and energy resources. It defines resources and describes land, differentiating between land mass and land area. 2. It then covers topics like soil resources, causes of soil erosion and degradation like overgrazing, various soil conservation methods, and threats to soil like salinization. 3. The document also discusses various energy resources like fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal), nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass). It compares attributes of different sources and potential solutions towards sustainable energy.
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Landenergyresources 150820175439-lva1-app6891
- 1. Land & Energy Resources BY, SHUJAATALI QASMI …AR-048
- 2. WHAT IS ARESOURCE A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, meeting needs or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants.
- 3. LAND Land, sometimesreferred to as dry land, is the solid surface of the Earth that is not permanently covered by water.[1] The vast majority of human activity occurs in land areas that support agriculture, habitat, and various natural resources. Some life forms (including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water.
- 4. LAND MASS "Landmass" refers to the total surface area of the land of a geographical region or country (which may include discontinuous pieces of land such as islands). It is written as two words to distinguish it from the usage "landmass", the contiguous area of land surrounded by ocean. The Earth's total land mass is 148,939,063.133 km2 (57,505,693.767 sq mi) which is about 29.2% of its total surface. Water covers approximately 70.8% of the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of oceans and ice formations.
- 11. Soil, a limited resourcewe depend upon, but take for granted
- 12. Soil Erosion Whatcauses soil erosion? How serious of a problem is it? Good news and bad news from the U.S. What is desertification? How do salts degrade the soil?
- 13.
- 14. Impacts of SoilErosion Loss of soil fertility Sediment runoff causes problems in surface water (pollution, clog ditches, boat channels, reservoirs) #1 source of U.S. water pollution Renewable only on LONG timeframes (200- 1,000yrs. for 1 inch)
- 15. Soil Erosion On Agriculturalland in U.S. today, soil is eroding 16 times faster than it is created!!!
- 16. Areas of seriousconcern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Global Soil Erosion Fig. 14-7 p. 280
- 17. Causes of Desertification Overgrazing Deforestation Erosion Salinization SoilCompaction Natural Climate Change
- 18.
- 19. Desertification: causes and consequences. •Occurringon 1/3 of world’s land
- 20. 1. Irrigation water contains small amountsof dissolved salts 2. Evaporation and transpiration leave salts behind 3. Salt builds up on soil SALINIZATION:
- 22. Reducing and CleaningUp Salinization Reduce irrigation Switch to salt-tolerant crops Flush soils Not growing crops for 2-5 years Install underground drainage
- 23. Soil Degradation onIrrigated Land 1. Precipitation and irrigation water percolate downward 2. Water table rises 3. Bad for roots Evaporation Transpiration Evaporation Waterlogging Less permeable clay layer Fig. 14-11 p. 283
- 26. What controls soilproductivity? Water -infiltration, drainage, storage Nutrients/toxins (12/17) Gas Exchange -CO2 out, O2 in Strength/rooting volume Waste Disposal Seed/seedling nursery
- 27. Where is thebest soil?
- 28. Where are theproductive soils? We see what we know. The more we know, the more options we realize we have with the world’s soils.
- 29. What are somethreats? Finite arable land: 1.1 billion hectares 1961 0.32 ha/p; today 0.15 ha/p; 2050 0.12 ha/p Erosion – today 12-40 Mg/ha 30% agricultural lands irreversibly damaged. Desertification – e.g., 27% China affected w/ new 2500 km2/yr. Salinization- affects 20% of world’s 250+ million hectares of irrigated lands. Contamination w/ heavy metals. Urbanization and other competing uses. Problematic off-site issues & competing uses.
- 30. Soil Conservation Whatis soil conservation and how does it work? What are some methods for reducing soil erosion? Inorganic versus organic fertilizers
- 31. Soil Conservation Involves manyways of reducing soil erosion and restoring fertility to soil.
- 32. Conventional Tillage Farmers plowthe land and then break up and smoothes soil to make a planting surface Leaves soil vulnerable to erosion Midwest tillage often down in fall (winter bare)
- 33. Conservation Tillage Disturbing thesoil as little as possible while planting crop Not tilling over winter Planting without disturbing soil Special equipment “inject” soil with seed, fertilizer etc. In 2003 45% of U.S. farms
- 34.
- 36. Contour planting Planting crops in rows across theslope Strip Cropping Alternating crops from row crops and crops that Cover Crops: can be planted right after harvest to hold onto soil during winter
- 38. Alley Cropping: severalcops planted together in rows (alleys) Increases shade (less water) Provide windbreaks
- 39.
- 40. SOIL RESTORATION Organicfertilizer Commercial inorganic fertilizer Animal manure Compost Crop rotation
- 41. Organic Fertilizer Has decreasedin the U.S. due in part because most farmers no longer raise livestock and it costs too much to transport Poop Factory and Phillies Soil Inorganic fertilizers have taken off
- 42. Inorganic Fertilizers Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium Grown in usage worldwide Credited with increasing crop yields (1/4 of world crops) W/o could only feed 2- 3 billion people Many problems associated (see next slide)
- 43.
- 44. Energy Resources Supplementingfree solar energy 99% of heat comes from the sun Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F) We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources
- 45. Energy Resources Renewable(16%) Solar Wind Falling, flowing water Biomass Non-renewable (84%) Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear power
- 46. Energy sources anduses Energy uses in developed countries industrial domestic transportation Note: Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.).
- 47. Evaluating Energy Resources Renewable Future availability Net energy yield • It takes energy to get energy Habitat degradation Cost (initial and ongoing) Community disruption Political or international issues Suitability in different locations Polluting (air, water, noise, visual)
- 48. Each type ofpower project needs to be evaluated for the benefits and costs
- 49. The environmental costsof hydroelectricity are much different than windpower, for example
- 50.
- 51. OIL and NATURALGAS Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments. Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil. Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form. Natural gas often forms on top of oil. • Primary component of natural gas is methane
- 53. Natural Gas 50-90%methane Cleanest of fossil fuels Approximate 200 year supply Advantages and disadvantages
- 54. Coal – Whatis it? Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages Land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur
- 55. Coal Formation andTypes
- 56. Coal – whatdo we use it for? Stages of coal formation • 300 million year old forests • peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite • Primarily strip-mined Used mostly for generating electricity • Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity • Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity Enough coal for about 200-1000 years • U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves High environmental impact Coal gasification and liquefaction
- 57. Nuclear Energy Fissionreactors Uranium-235 Fission • Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity • Produces radioactive fission fragments Light water generator – used in all U.S. and 85% world wide. Great danger of losing coolant!
- 58. The Nuclear FuelCycle Produces highly radioactive materials that must be stored safely for 10,000-240,000 years.
- 59. Energy Efficiency andRenewable Energy 84% of energy is wasted 41% degradation 43% unnecessary Fuel wasting vehicles Furnaces Poorly insulated buildings
- 60. Energy Efficiency andRenewable Energy Four primary energy wasters: Incandescent light bulb 95% Nuclear Power – 86% Cars – 75-80% Coal – 66%
- 61. Energy Efficiencies –do more with less!
- 62. Renewable energy sources Solar Flowing water Wind Biomass Geothermal Hydrogen
- 63. Using Solar Energyto Provide Heat Passive solar heating Active solar heating
- 64.
- 65. Producing Energy fromBiomass Biomass and biofuels Biomass plantations Crop residues Animal manure Biogas Ethanol Methanol
- 66. Geothermal Energy Geothermalheat pumps Geothermal exchange Dry and wet steam Hot water Molten rock (magma) Hot dry-rock zones
- 67. The Hydrogen Revolution Environmentally friendly Extracting hydrogen efficiently Storing hydrogen Fuel cells
- 68. Solutions: A SustainableEnergy Strategy