This document summarizes several types of natural disasters: Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, causing shaking and vibration at the surface. While earthquakes rarely directly kill people, secondary events like building collapses and tsunamis can cause loss of life. Floods occur when an overflow of water submerges land, and tsunamis are huge waves caused by undersea earthquakes that can damage coastal areas. Drought is a prolonged period of unusually low rainfall that fails crops and reduces water availability. Tornadoes are violent rotating columns of air that touch both the ground and storm clouds.

1. SOCIAL STUDIES
CHAPTER-12
NATURAL DISASTERS

2. EARTHQUAKES
• An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates
seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration,
shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. The vibrations may vary in
magnitude. Earthquakes are caused mostly by slippage within geological faults, but also
by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. The
underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the focus. The point directly above
the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill
people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building
collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, that are actually the human
disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems,
early warning and planning.

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4. FLOODS
• A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land.[9] The EU Floods
directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.[10] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of
the tide.
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5. TSUNAMIS
• Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes.
• They are huge waves that can cause great damage.
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6. DROUGHT
• Drought is unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and shortage of water for other
uses, caused by significantly lower rainfall than average over a prolonged period. Hot dry
winds, high temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the ground can
contribute to conditions of drought.
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7. TORNADO
• A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the
surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus
cloud. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone,[12] although the word cyclone is
used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low pressure circulation.
Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible
condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a
cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour
(177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several
kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of
more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on
the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than 100 km).[

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9. OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS:
• Avalanche
• Volcano
• Blizzards
• Tropical/extra tropical cyclones
• Wildfires
• Hailstorms
• Solar flare
• Gamma ray burst

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Avalanche - Volcano-
Blizzards-
cyclones-

11. FOR A BETTER VIEW:
• Wildfires- solar flare-
• Hailstorms- gamma ray-

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- Krish Uttamchandani