It is very helpful ppt for B.pharma students. In this contain information about natural allergens,photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins which are useful in pharmacognosy.

1. “NATURAL ALLERGENS,
PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS AND
FUNGAL TOXIN”
PRATIK V.RAHATE
Guided By: A.A.DESHMUKH SIR
B.PHARMACY IVTH Year
VBCPAmravati

2. Introduction
 Allergens are inciting agents of allergy i.e. The
substances capable of sensitizing the body in such a way
that an unusual response occurs , in hypersensitive
person.
 It may be of biologic, chemical, or of synthetic origin.
 The substance such as pollens, dander's, dust etc. as
natural allergens.
 Allergens are protein or glycoprotein .
NATURAL ALLERGENS
2

3. TYPES OF ALLERGENS
INHALANT ALLERGENS
INGESTANT ALLERGENS
INJECTANT ALLERGENS
CONTACTANT ALLERGENS
INFECTANT ALLERGENS 3

4. I. INHALANT ALLERGENS
 Inhalant allergens are air borne substances as
chemicals, causing respiratory disease, inflammation in
nose and lungs.
 Inhalant allergies caused by environmental factors such
as pollen, pets, house dust mites and moulds. .
 Inflammation in nose & lungs may cause Hay fever &
Asthma.
INHALANT ALLERGENS
4

5. SYMPTOMS
 Sneezing
 Lacrimation
 Coughing and post nasal drip
 Itching eyes, nose and throat.
 Allergic shiner
 Allergic salute
 Watering eyes, conjunctivitis.
DUST MITES
CYNODON DACTYLON
5

6. II.INGESTANT ALLERGENS
 Allergens which are present in food stuff and swallowed
are termed ingestant (food allergy).
 A food allergy is an immune system response to a food.
 When foods are digested and the nutrients are absorbed,
substances in the food (ingestant allergens) stimulate
allergic response. These reactions cause a number of
allergic symptoms.
 Some most common food allergens ingested by patients
are milk, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, soy, wheat,
orange juice, cod liver oils, etc.
6

7. SYMPTOMS
 Food allergens ordinarily cause GIT symptoms, but
they may also cause
 Skin rash
 Puffed lips and tongue
 Migraine
 Rhinitis
 Bronchial asthma
 Severe cases of eczema of hands. FOOD ALLERGENS
7

8. III. INJECTANT ALLERGENS
 The injectants (injectable preparations and insects)
cause allergy in hypersensitive person, allergic
conditions is known injectants allergy.
 Symptoms
I. Itching of the palms of hands and soles of feet
II. Erythema
III. Peeling of skin
8

9.  The natural sources of injectable allergens are produced
by the sting of bees, hornets and wasps.
 In addition to penicillin products, other injectable that
may cause allergies are liver extract, antitoxins and the
glandular products.
STING OF BEES
9

10. IV. CONTACTANT ALLERGENS
 "Any allergens they produce manifestation of
hypersensitivity at the site of skin or other mucous".
 Aeroallergens, such as the various pollen grains
containing oils, trichomes from various leaves, flowers
and small fragments of plants tissue carried by smoke
originating from brush fires, grass fires and burning
leaves are also cause for contact allergens.
10

11.  A Number of plants products used as additives in
cosmetics and perfumes are irritants and cause skin
allergy to some hypersensitive individuals.
 Wool fat in cosmetics, soap and soap powders, plain
detergents and enzyme detergents, nail polishes, hair dye
and hair spray are also included among the major cause
of contact dermatitis.
FIG. PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS
11

12. V. INFECTANT ALLERGENS
Allergy caused by the metabolic product of living micro-
organism in the human body.
 The continual presence of certain types of bacteria,
protozoa's, molds, helminths and other parasites in
the body of human being are responsible for chronic
infection.
 In such patient bacterial metabolic waste are considered
to be infectant allergens.
12

13. PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS
Introduction
 Definition: Drug that are pharmacologically inactive but
when exposed to UV- radiation or sunlight converted to
their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction
affecting the diseased tissue.
 The photosensitizing agent has property to fluorescence.
on exposure to visible light it absorbs a quantum of
energy and the molecule becomes activated.
 This energy is transferred to other molecules such as
amino acids, histamine, tryptophan and tyrosine, which
in turn become activated; subsequently decompose or
undergo further chemical reactions. 13

14. PHOTOSENSITIZING REACTIONS
1.PHOTOALLERGY
2.PHOTOPHOBIA
3.PHOTOTOXICITY
14

15.  Photoallergy is an allergic reaction of the skin to UV
light.
 Photophobia is a fear or strong desire to avoid all light
sources based on a painful sensitivity of the eyes to
strong light.
 Phototoxicity is an irritation of the skin after exposure to
UV light. immediate reactions may include itching,
burning, swelling, scaling and rashes.
15

16. CLASSIFICATION OF PHOTOSENSITIZER
 Photosensitizer can be divided into two main groups;
PHOTODYNAMIC
PHOTOSENSITIZING
16

17. PHOTODYNAMIC PHOTOSENSITIZER
 Photodynamic agents require oxygen for their
action.this group include photodynamic dyes, hypericin,
phagoprin, bengal rose, erythrosine, quinine.
 These substances photo-oxidize terpenene, blood serum
and cause haemolysis.
 They are topically inactive but on intra-dermal injection
causes immediate photoreaction of short duration.
 The decrease in temperature of irradiation inhibits the
photosensitization effect.
17

18. PHOTOSENSITIZING PHOTOSENSITIZER
 It do not require oxygen for reaction.
 These photosensitizing agents include furanocoumarins
and their derivatives.
 These compound neither cause photo-oxidation of
terpenene or haemolysis.
 Temperature of irradiation has no effect on
photosensitization activity of these compounds.
 Photosensitizer combined with ultraviolet light may also
contribute to other health problems, including skin
cancer, photoaging and allergic reactions.
18

19. DIFFERENCE
 Require oxygen for their
action. e.g. Quinine,
acridine dye.
 Photosensitizing effect:
Erythema produced by
appears immediately after
irradiation & disappear a
few hrs.
 The decrease in temperature
of irradiation inhibits
photosensitization effect.
 Do not require oxygen for
reaction. E.g. Psoralen,
xanthotoxin.
 Erythema produced by
furanocoumarin appears
after several hr and last for
several days.
 Temperature of irradiation
has no effect on activity of
those compounds.
PHOTODYNAMIC PHOTOSENSITIZING
19

20. PHOTOSENSEITIZING AGENTS IN THERAPY
 Use in treatment of vitiligo disease, in which melanin
formation is deficient.
 extract of Ammi majus L or juice of the fruits of
Psoralea corylifolia, that have long been used in
treatment of vitiligo.
 Extract is either given orally or painted on the
unpigmented spot of the patient.
 The patient is then exposed to sunlight for 1-2 hrs.
 Development of a strong brown color after 2 days.
 The joint action of medicine and irradiation, is called
photochemotherapy. 20

21. PHOTODYAMIC THERAPY
 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the discovery
that certain chemicals can kill one celled in the presence
of light.
 PDT is as a bio-component therapy method.
 PDT method for treatment of tumor diseases using
original domestic photosensitizing agents.
 Selectivity of PDT effect on malignant tissues is ensured
primarily through accumulation of photosensitizing
agents and pro-sensitizer in tumor tissues due to more
intensive blood supply of tumors.
21

22. Introduction
 Mycotoxin are chemicals produced by fungi, molds under
certain conditions.
 They are essential for fungal growth and reproduction and
toxic to human and animals.
 More than 250 toxins
 Disease caused by mycotoxins are called mycotoxicosis.
 Disease caused by mold infection are called mycosis.
FUNGAL TOXIN
22

23. AFLATOXIN
 Aflatoxin is produced by Aspergillus parasiticus and A.
flavus.
 There are 5 important aflatoxins called aflatoxin
B1,B2,G1,G2 and M.
 Aflatoxins are extremely toxic and their target organ is
liver.
 Aflatoxin B1 is three times more toxic than G1 and is the
most potent naturally occurring hepatocarcinogen.
 Aflatoxin exposure depresses the immune system and
may cause abortion.
23

24. STEARIGMATOCYSTIN
 It is produced by certain species of Aspergillus
versicolor.
 The toxic effects of sterigmatocystin are much the same
as those of aflatoxin B1.
 It is thus considered as a potent carcinogen,mutagen, and
teratogen.
 Toxic effects of sterigmatocystin-fed laboratory animals
have included kidney and liver damage and diarrhoea.
24

25. ERGOTOXIN
 Ergot or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the
genus Claviceps.
 The most prominent member of this group is Claviceps
purpurea. This fungus grows on rye and related plants,
and produces alkaloids that can cause ergotismin
humans and other mammals.
 The neurotropic activities of the ergot alkaloids may also
cause hallucinations.
 Ergot cause CNS and peripheral disorders.
 It cause tangerine and abortion in pregnant females.
25

26. OCHRATOXIN
 It is produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and even by
penicilium viridicatum .
 Ochratoxin A has been associated the disease known
balkan nephropathy.
 Ochratoxin formation is favoured by cold temperature
below 50º F and has been found on cheese cake.
 The target organ seems to be kidney followed by liver.
Ochratoxin B is non-toxic.
26

27. REFERENCE
 A.N.KALIA "TEXTBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL
PHARMACOGNOSY" CBS PUBLISHERS &
DISTRIBUTORS. Page no. . 188-203.
 VARRO E. TYLER, LYNN R. BRANDY, JAMES
E.ROBBERS "PHARMACOGNOSY" 9TH EDITION.
27