The document discusses the rise of nationalism in India in the early 20th century. It traces how nationalism grew in response to colonial rule, with movements led by Gandhi including non-cooperation, Khilafat, and civil disobedience. Key events that fueled nationalism included the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the salt march led by Gandhi to Dandi to protest the Salt Acts, and the declaration of Purna Swaraj, or full independence, in 1930. However, differing social groups interpreted nationalism and the goal of "swaraj" in different ways which could lead to both non-violent and violent responses against the British.

1. Social science class 10 History
presented by,
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2. abdul shumz kv kanjikode 2

3. Nationalism in India
History Chapter 3)
The rise of nationalism was a major
inspirational point during the struggle for
freedom. Here we trace the growth of
nationalism in India during the first third
and fourth decades of the Twentieth
Century, mainly in the post World War I
Scenario.
abdul shumz kv kanjikode 3

4. Nationalism – in the Colonies
 The rise of nationalism in Europe is connected to and
was characterized by the formation of nation-states.
Many modern day countries like Germany and Italy
were formed after merging many kingdoms, big and
small. Others like France changed form of rule from
despotism, monarchy, dictatorial rule or conservative
regimes to liberal ways. Some like Greece and other
Balkan state emerged independent from the
Ottoman empire. In short the map of Europe
changed dramatically.
 In Asia and Africa, nationalism emerged in the
colonies too. Here the word was mainly connected to
the protests against colonial rule and struggle for
independence. abdul shumz kv kanjikode 4

5.  As in the case of allegories in
Europe, new symbols, ideas, icons
and songs forged their ways
through.
 The anti-colonial movement
proved to be a uniting factor
between the populous Colonial
citizens. Their sufferings under it
and their desire to overthrow the
Colonial rule bonded them.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 5

6. However, the union was not easily
accomplished.
In India each group of people had
their own notions of independence
and uniting them was not easy.
The Congress under the
leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
tried to forge them together and
lead a united struggle.
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7. THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFATAND NON-CO-OPERATION
 First world war created: a new political
situation.
 *Huge increase in war expenditure
 financed by war loans and increasing
taxes.
 Forced recruitment in rural areas caused
wide spread anger.
 In 1918-21, crops failure- acute shortages
of food.
 An influenza epidemic
 *13 million people perished as a result of
famine and epidemic.
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8. THE IDEA OF SATHYAGRAHA
 Mahatma Gandhi
returned to India in
January 1915.
 In South Africa he
successfully fought
racist regime with a
novel method of mass
agitation –Satyagraha.
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9. The idea (philosophy) of
satyagraha emphasized the
power of truth and the need to
search for truth. It suggested that
if it cause was true, if the struggle
was against injustice, then
physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor.
Mahatma Gandhi believed that
this dharma of non- violence
could unite all Indians.
THE IDEA OF SATHYAGRAHA
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10.  Indian workers in South
Africa march through Volksrust, 6
November 1913.
Mahatma Gandhi was leading
the workers from
Newcastle to Transvaal.
When the marchers were
stopped and Gandhiji
arrested, thousands of
more workers joined the
satyagraha against racist
laws that denied rights to
non-whites.
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11. SATHYAGRAHA IN CHAMBARAN
 Gandhi used his techniques of satyagraha first in
India in Champaran. [1916].
 British planters were not suppose to collect
heavy rents for their own profit without
spending anything for welfare of their tenants.
 Patient negotiation – with planters and British
Govt.
 Non-violent struggle -meetings, demonstrations.
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12.  In 1917, organized a satyagraha to
support the peasants of the Kheda district
of Gujarat.
 Affected by crops failure and a epidemic,
the peasants of Kheda district could not
pay the revenue, and were demanding
that revenue collection be relaxed.
 In 1918, Gandhiji at Ahmedabad
organised a satyagraha movement
amongst cotton mill workers – went on
fasting.
 Demands were accepted.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 12

13. THE ROWLATT ACT
 1919- launched a nationwide satyagraha
against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
 It gave the government enormous powers
to repress political activities, and allowed
detention of political prisoners without
trial for two years.
 Sathyagaraha- a non-violent civil
disobedience against British.
 a hartal on 6 April, 1919.
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14. THE AMRITSAR MASSARCE
 Hartal on 6th April in Amritsar- Rallies - workers
went on strikes - shops were closed.
 Alarmed by the popular upsurge, the British
decided to clamp down on nationalists.
 Leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and
Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
 On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a
peaceful procession, provoking widespread
attacks on banks, post offices and railway
stations.
 Martial law was imposed and General M. O Dyer
took command.
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15. JALLIANWALLA BAGH massacre
 13 April- a crowd of villagers who had come to
Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the
enclosed ground of Jallianwalla bagh.
 being from outside the city, they were unaware
of the martial law that had been imposed.
 Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points,
and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
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16.  General Dyer’s
‘crawling orders’
being
administered by
British soldiers,
Amritsar, Punjab,
1919.
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17.  When the news spread, crowds took
to the streets in many north Indian
towns.
 There were strikes, clashes with police
& attacks on govt. buildings.
 The government responded with
brutal repression, seeking to
humiliate and terrorise people.
 Seeing violence spread, Mahatma
Gandhi called off the movement.
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18.  Mahatma now felt the need for a wide
spread movement as the Rowlatt act was
limited to cities & towns.
 For this he was certain that the Hindus &
Muslims should be united.. One way of
doing this, he felt, was to take up the
Khilaft issue..
 A Khilafat Committee was formed in
Bombay in March 1919, to defend the
Khalifa’s temporal powers.
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19.  Muslim leaders like: Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali, got united for a mass
action.
 Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity for
the Hindu Muslim unity.
 The Calcutta session of the Congress
Sep. 1920- convinced the need to start a
Non- Co-operation Movement in
support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
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20. NON-COOPERATION
Gandhiji - book Hind Swaraj (1909)- that British rule
was established in India with the cooperation of
Indians, and had survived only because of this
cooperation.
 If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India
would collapse within a year, and swaraj would
come.
 N C movement in stages:
 It should begin with :-
o the surrender of titles that the government awarded,
o boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
o boycott legislative councils, schools,
o Boycott foreign goods.
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21.  The boycott of
foreign cloth,
July 1922.
Foreign cloth was
seen as the symbol
of Western
economic and
cultural domination.
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22. DIFFERING STRANDS WITH IN THE MOVEMENT
 The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement
began in January 1921.
 Various social groups participated in this
movement, each with its own specific
aspiration.
 All of them responded to the call of
Swaraj, but the term meant different
things to different people.
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23. THE MOVEMENTS IN TOWNS
 The movement started with middle-class participation in
the cities.
 Thousands of students left government-controlled schools
and colleges,
 headmasters and teachers resigned,
 lawyers gave up their legal practices.
 The council elections were boycotted in most provinces .
 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and
foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
 People began discarding imported clothes and wearing
only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and
handlooms went up.
 Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced
mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a
result the movement in the cities gradually slowed down.
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24. REBELION IN THE COUNTRY SIDE
 The non-cooperation movement spread into the
country side.
 In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba
Ramchandra– a sanyasi .
 The movement here was against talukdars and
landlords who demanded from peasants high
rents.
 Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’
farms without any payment.
 The peasant movement demanded reduction of
revenue,
o abolition of begar, and
o social boycott of oppressive landlords.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 24

25.  In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began
going around the villages in Awadh to
understand their grievances.
 By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was
set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru,
Baba Ramchandra and others.
 Within a month, over 300 branches had
been set up.
 In 1921, the houses of talukdars and
merchants were attacked, bazaars were
looted.
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26.  Tribal peasants: interpreted the idea of swaraj in
another way.
 In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant
guerrilla movement spread - Congress could not
approve.
 The colonial government implemented forest laws.
 Their livelihoods were affected.
 The Gudem rebels attacked police stations,
attempted to kill British officials and carried on
guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
 Alluri Sitaram Raju : India could be liberated only
by the use of force, not non-violence.
 Raju was captured and executed in 1924, became a
folk hero.
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27. SWARAJ IN THE PLANTATIONS
 Plantation workers in Assam: freedom to move
freely, and to go back home town.
 Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859,
plantation workers were not permitted to leave
the tea gardens without permission.
 During the Non-Cooperation Movement,
thousands of workers defied the authorities, left
the plantations and headed home.
 They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and
everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
 They were caught by the police and brutally
beaten up.
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28.  Chauri Chaura, 1922.
At Chauri Chaura in
Gorakhpur, a peaceful
demonstration in a bazaar
turned into a violent clash
with the police. Hearing of
the incident, Mahatma
Gandhi called a halt to the
Non-Cooperation Movement.
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29. TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBIDIENCE
 In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to
withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
 He felt: the movement was turning violent
 satyagrahis needed proper training.
 Some leaders within the Congress wanted to participate
in elections to the provincial councils that had been set
up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
 They felt that it was important to oppose British
policies within the councils.
 C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party
within the Congress to argue for a return to council
politics.
 But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas
Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation
and for full independence.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 29

30.  In Britain, a Statutory Commission
under Sir John Simon was formed.
1920
 To look into the functioning of the
constitutional system in India and
suggest changes.
 The commission did not have a single
Indian member. They were all British.
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31.  Meeting of Congress leaders at Allahabad, 1931.
Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (extreme left), Jawaharlal
Nehru (extreme right) and Subhas Chandra Bose (fifth from right).
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32.  Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra
Bose, became more assertive.
 The liberals and moderates, gradually
lost their influence.
 In December 1929, under the
presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the
Lahore Congress formalised the demand
of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence for India.
 It was declared that 26 January
1930, would be celebrated as the
Independence Day when people were to
take a pledge to struggle for
complete independence.
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33. THE SALT ACT & CIVIL DISOBIDIENCE
MOVEMENT
 On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy
Irwin stating eleven demands.
 Some of these were of
1. general interest;
2. others were specific demands of different classes,
from industrialists to peasants.
 After his release from jail, he decided to protest
the Salt Acts.
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34.  SALTS ACT:
 Under this, only the govt. could sell salt.
 Salt taxes were very high - hardship on India’s
poorest people - salt was consumed by the
rich and the poor alike -one of the most
essential items of food.
 Gandhi led a march : Dandi march to the
seashore on 11th March.
 Mahatma Gandhi accompanied by 78
volunteers - 240 miles - Sabarmati to Dandi.
 They walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a
day.
 Thousands of people participated to
peacefully defy the British.
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35.  The Dandi march.
During the salt march
Mahatma Gandhi was
accompanied by 78
volunteers. On the way
they were joined by
thousands.
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36.  On 6th April , reached Dandi, salt law was
violated.
 This marked the beginning of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
 Entirely different from the Non- Cooperation
Movement - People were not only refusing
cooperation with British Govt, but also were
breaking colonial laws.
 Peasants refused to pay taxes, boycotted
foriegn clothes, boycotted liquor shops,
entered forest to collect wood and graze
cattle. abdul shumz kv kanjikode 36

37.  Gandhi- Irwin Pact:
 British Govt began arresting the people
 big violence.
 Gandhiji was arrested
 Govt started a policy of brutal repression.
 Seing this Gandhiji called off the movement
and entered into a pact with Govt which is
called as Irwin Pact.
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38.  First Round Table Conference: 1930
 To follow up the Pact, Gandhiji consented
to participate for a Round Table
Conference in London.
 In December 1931, Gandhiji went to
London for talk but the negotiations broke
down and he returned to India.
 Back in India, Nehru and Gaffar Khan were
in Jail and with great apprehension, he
relaunched the civil disobedience
movement.
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39.  My Swaraj:
 Different groups of people participate din
the movement.
 Due to trade depression, peasants were
not abler to pay taxes. There were unrest
through out.
 Rich peasants became supporters of the
movement and for them fight for swaraj
was struggle against high revenues.
 Poorer peasants were not just interest in
the movement nor they were not
interested to low the taxes.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 39

40.  Mass Movement:
 Even the Indian Industrialists supported the
movement and they formed Indian Industrial
& Commercial Congress and Federation of
the Indian Chamber of Commerce and
Industries.
 They were dead against import of foreign
goods and they even supported the
movement by means of financial help.
 Another important aspect of the movement
was mass participation of women.
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41.  Limits of Civil Disobedience:
 The Harijans were not interested in the
movement. They were not allowed to
move with people. Gandhiji called them
the children of God and advocated for
their upliftment.
 Dr Ambedkar formed depressed class
Association in 1930 and demanded
separate electorates for dalits.
 Gandhiji was against this and thought that
such move will disintegration.
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42.  Non Co-operation Khilafat Movement.
 Participation of Muslims were lukewarm
 They were alienated after the decline of
Khilafat movement.
 They demanded separate electorates.
 When the movement was started there
were suspicion among them.
 Leaders expressed their concern to be
of minority under the domination of
Hindu majority.
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43. THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING
 Nationalism spreads when the people
begin to believe that they are part of same
nation.
 The identity of nation was symbolised in a
figure or image.
 The identity of India was associated with
image of Bharath Matha.
 The image was first created by Bankim
Chandra Chatterji and he wrote Vande
Matharam as hymn to the motherland.abdul shumz kv kanjikode 43

44.  Idea of Nationalism:
 Idea of Nationalism was
developed through Indian
Folklore.
 Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal
and Natesa Sastri in Madras were
instrumental in reviving their state
folklore.
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45.  Idea of Nationalism:
 Through reinterpretation of history.
 Wrote about the glorious developments in
ancient times when art, culture, law and
philosophy, crafts and trade had
flourished.
 The nationalist histories urged the readers
to take pride in India, great achievement in
the past and struggle to change the
miserable condition of life under British
rule.- A sense of pride was created &
promoted. abdul shumz kv kanjikode 45

46.  Idea of Nationalism:
 The efforts to unify people were
facing problems since the beginning.
 Re discovered the great
achievements of the past- glorious
developments.
 in all areas like architecture, science,
maths, astronomy, religion, culture,
philosophy, law, trade….
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47.  A growing anger against the British
 A common struggle for freedom
 INC tried to channel the grievances of
the people
 But various groups; various
expectations….
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48.  Achieved freedom through peace &
non violence, in 1947.
 Through ahimsa, a novel weapon
advised by Gandhiji.
 Today we are the largest democracy in
the world.
 The biggest secular nation in the
world…..
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51. July 25, 1947; When Lord
Mountbatten addressed The
Chamber of Princes to choose
either of the 2 dominions; India
or Pakistan, there was NO THIRD
OPTION
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