National income
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The document discusses different methods of measuring national income, including the income method, value added method, and expenditure method. It provides details on calculating national income using each method and compares the three approaches. Some key challenges in accurately measuring national income, such as problems of double counting and non-monetary transactions, are also outlined.
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National income
The document defines several concepts related to national income measurement. It explains that national income is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year. It then discusses several key concepts used to measure national income, including: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net domestic product (NDP), net national product (NNP), personal income, and disposable income. Formulas are provided for calculating several of these concepts.
Concepts & methods of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at current and constant prices, GDP at factor cost and market price. Estimating national income poses challenges like non-monetized transactions and income from illegal activities not being captured fully.
National income
National income is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using the gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), net national product (NNP), personal income (PI), and disposable income (DI). The key methods used to estimate national income are the value added method, income method, and expenditure method. National income estimates help indicate inflation and deflation trends, allow for comparisons of standards of living, and help identify the contributions and inequalities within an economy.
National income
This document defines and explains key concepts related to national income, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), National Income (NI), Personal Income (PI), Disposable Income (DI), and approaches to calculating national income such as the income, expenditure, and output approaches. It also discusses factors that determine national income, difficulties in calculating it, and uses of national income estimates.
2. national income
National income is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using three methods - the product or value added method, income method, and expenditure method. The product method sums the value added at each stage of production. The income method adds up incomes from factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption and investment expenditures. National income is important because it indicates a country's overall economic activity and standard of living.
National income
This document provides information about a seminar on National Income. It includes definitions of key concepts related to measuring national income such as Gross Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product, and Gross National Product. It discusses methods used to measure national income, including the product, income, and expenditure methods. It also outlines some of the difficulties in accurately measuring national income, such as how to account for non-market activities and government services. The document concludes by noting the importance of national income statistics for economic planning and development.
National income
The document defines key concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net domestic product (NDP), and net national product (NNP). It explains that national income can be measured using the production, income, and expenditure methods. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically in a given year, while GNP includes domestic income plus income earned abroad by residents minus income earned domestically by non-residents. NDP and NNP deduct depreciation from GDP and GNP, respectively.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
This document defines and explains key concepts related to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It discusses the history and development of GDP as an economic measure, provides the standard formula for calculating GDP, and compares nominal GDP to real GDP. Examples are given of GDP calculations for India from 1970-2015 to show economic growth rates over time. Limitations of GDP as a measure are also outlined.
Recommended
National income
The document defines several concepts related to national income measurement. It explains that national income is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year. It then discusses several key concepts used to measure national income, including: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net domestic product (NDP), net national product (NNP), personal income, and disposable income. Formulas are provided for calculating several of these concepts.
Concepts & methods of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at current and constant prices, GDP at factor cost and market price. Estimating national income poses challenges like non-monetized transactions and income from illegal activities not being captured fully.
National income
National income is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using the gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), net national product (NNP), personal income (PI), and disposable income (DI). The key methods used to estimate national income are the value added method, income method, and expenditure method. National income estimates help indicate inflation and deflation trends, allow for comparisons of standards of living, and help identify the contributions and inequalities within an economy.
National income
This document defines and explains key concepts related to national income, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), National Income (NI), Personal Income (PI), Disposable Income (DI), and approaches to calculating national income such as the income, expenditure, and output approaches. It also discusses factors that determine national income, difficulties in calculating it, and uses of national income estimates.
2. national income
National income is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using three methods - the product or value added method, income method, and expenditure method. The product method sums the value added at each stage of production. The income method adds up incomes from factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption and investment expenditures. National income is important because it indicates a country's overall economic activity and standard of living.
National income
This document provides information about a seminar on National Income. It includes definitions of key concepts related to measuring national income such as Gross Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product, and Gross National Product. It discusses methods used to measure national income, including the product, income, and expenditure methods. It also outlines some of the difficulties in accurately measuring national income, such as how to account for non-market activities and government services. The document concludes by noting the importance of national income statistics for economic planning and development.
National income
The document defines key concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net domestic product (NDP), and net national product (NNP). It explains that national income can be measured using the production, income, and expenditure methods. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically in a given year, while GNP includes domestic income plus income earned abroad by residents minus income earned domestically by non-residents. NDP and NNP deduct depreciation from GDP and GNP, respectively.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
This document defines and explains key concepts related to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It discusses the history and development of GDP as an economic measure, provides the standard formula for calculating GDP, and compares nominal GDP to real GDP. Examples are given of GDP calculations for India from 1970-2015 to show economic growth rates over time. Limitations of GDP as a measure are also outlined.
All macro economics ppts
National income can be measured using three methods - the product or output method, the income method, and the expenditure method. The product method adds up the total value of goods and services produced domestically. The income method sums the incomes received by the factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption + investment + government spending + net exports in an economy. National income data is useful for economic planning and policymaking but has some limitations like neglecting non-monetary activities.
Deficits and its types
This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Multiplier analysis
The document defines the investment multiplier as the ratio of change in national income due to a change in investment. It explains that an initial increase in investment can lead to an even greater increase in national income through subsequent rounds of spending. The multiplier effect is dependent on the marginal propensity to consume. The document also outlines the assumptions, workings, and limitations of the multiplier model.
7. consumption function
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
GDP:an overview
The document defines GDP (gross domestic product) and provides three equivalent definitions:
1) Total expenditures on final goods and services produced domestically in a year
2) Sum of the value added at each stage of production by all domestic industries plus taxes and subsidies
3) Sum of all domestic income including employee compensation, business profits, taxes, and subsidies.
National Income
There are three main measures of a nation's income:
1. Total value of goods and services produced
2. Total income received by households and businesses
3. Total spending by households, businesses, government, and foreign purchasers
National income is measured at both current and constant prices to allow for comparisons over time after adjusting for inflation. GDP and GNP are the most widely used measures of national income.
National income
This document discusses various concepts related to measuring national income, including:
1. There are four main methods of measuring national income - the product method, income method, expenditure method, and value added method.
2. The income approach to gross national product (GNP) involves adding up all income payments to the factors of production.
3. The expenditure approach to GNP involves totaling personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic investment, net foreign investment, and government expenditures.
4. Other concepts discussed include net national product, disposable income, real income, and per capita income. Challenges in measuring national income, especially in developing economies, are also outlined.
Consumption Function
The document discusses Keynes' consumption function, which posits that consumption is a function of income. It states that according to Keynes:
1) Consumption increases as income increases, but not by as much as the increase in income.
2) When income increases, the increment is divided between consumption spending and savings.
3) Both consumption spending and savings will rise as income increases.
The document then defines key terms in Keynes' consumption function analysis, such as average propensity to consume, marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to save, and marginal propensity to save.
Indifference Curves
An indifference curve shows combinations of goods that give a consumer the same level of satisfaction or utility. It is normally drawn as convex to the origin to reflect the assumption that as consumption of a good increases, the marginal utility from additional units decreases. Points on the same indifference curve represent combinations that are indifferent to the consumer, while higher indifference curves correspond to greater total utility or satisfaction.
Unit 1 circular flow of income
A fantastic PPT on the topic circular flow of income. It gives a complete understanding of the working of an economy in two sector, three sector and four sector models. It explains how production, income and expenditure are interrelated and how they move in a circular way.
National income power point a.meenaiah
The document defines several key terms used to measure national income:
1) Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced by a nation during a year plus net income from abroad.
2) Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation. It is also called national income at market prices.
3) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year.
Lecture5
This document summarizes key concepts in consumer behavior and utility analysis:
- It outlines consumer behavior, total utility, marginal utility, and cardinal and ordinal utility analysis.
- It explains the law of diminishing marginal utility using an example schedule. As consumption increases, marginal utility decreases while total utility initially increases but at a decreasing rate.
- It also explains the law of equi-marginal utility, which states that total utility is maximized when the marginal utility per unit of expenditure is equal across goods, given a consumer's budget. An example schedule demonstrates this.
- The document notes some assumptions and limitations of these economic laws and concepts.
Basics of Open Market Economics
The document discusses key concepts in open-economy macroeconomics. It defines open and closed economies and explains that open economies interact through international trade and capital flows. It describes how goods and capital move across borders through exports, imports and net exports as well as foreign investment and net capital outflows. These international flows are determined by economic factors like prices, incomes and exchange rates. The document also introduces purchasing power parity theory which posits that exchange rates should adjust so that currencies have equal purchasing power in different countries.
National Income
National income is defined as the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It is measured in monetary terms as it is not possible to add different goods measured in physical units. GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP are the key concepts used to measure national income using methods like product, income and expenditure. National income accounts help analyze economic growth, productivity and guide policymaking. Issues in estimating national income include exclusion of non-monetized and informal sectors in developing countries.
National Income in India, Concept and Measurement
National income is defined as the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during one year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at factor cost and market price. Problems in estimating Indian national income include large non-monetized transactions. National income statistics are important for economic planning and policymaking.
Presentation macroeconomic aggregate
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
National income
National income is the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. After independence, India established the National Income Committee to compile estimates. National income includes contributions from the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. It is measured using methods like expenditure, output, and income, which take factors like GDP, GNP, NDP, and NNP into account. National income plays a vital role in measuring a country's economic development.
Investment Multiplier
Investment multiplier is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to show the relationship between initial investment and the resulting increase in aggregate income. The multiplier (k) is calculated as the change in national income (ΔY) divided by the change in investment (ΔI). For example, if an additional investment of Rs. 4,000 crores leads to an additional income of Rs. 16,000 crores, then the multiplier is 4. The value of the multiplier depends directly on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), as a higher MPC means more of additional income will be spent on consumption, leading to a larger increase in total income.
The Circular-Flow Diagram EFM
This document discusses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its measurement. It begins by defining GDP as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It then explains the components of GDP - consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate real GDP versus nominal GDP, and how to compute GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator.
Goodwill
1. The document presents methods for calculating goodwill in a business. Goodwill represents the value of assets like brand name, customer base, supplier relationships, and workforce that are not separately recognized in a business acquisition.
2. There are three main methods discussed: average profits method, super profits method, and capitalization method. The average profits and super profits methods calculate goodwill as a multiple of average or excess profits. The capitalization method estimates goodwill as the difference between total capitalized value and net assets.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating goodwill under the super profits capitalization method. Goodwill is estimated as super profits multiplied by a capitalization rate based on normal returns.
Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
Measurement of national income
The document discusses three methods for measuring national income: the value added/output method, income method, and expenditure method. It focuses on explaining the value added method. This method calculates national income by adding the net value added at the factor cost by all producing units during an accounting year within a country's domestic territory. It also discusses steps for estimating national income which includes primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, and how gross domestic product at market prices is calculated by finding the gross value added for each sector and adding them together.
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All macro economics ppts
National income can be measured using three methods - the product or output method, the income method, and the expenditure method. The product method adds up the total value of goods and services produced domestically. The income method sums the incomes received by the factors of production. The expenditure method equals total consumption + investment + government spending + net exports in an economy. National income data is useful for economic planning and policymaking but has some limitations like neglecting non-monetary activities.
Deficits and its types
This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Multiplier analysis
The document defines the investment multiplier as the ratio of change in national income due to a change in investment. It explains that an initial increase in investment can lead to an even greater increase in national income through subsequent rounds of spending. The multiplier effect is dependent on the marginal propensity to consume. The document also outlines the assumptions, workings, and limitations of the multiplier model.
7. consumption function
The document discusses key concepts related to consumption functions, including:
1) Consumption depends mainly on current income but is also influenced by other factors like interest rates and wealth. As income rises, consumption increases at a lower rate due to savings.
2) Average Propensity to Consume (APC) and Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) measure the relationship between consumption and income. APC is the ratio of total consumption to total income, while MPC is the change in consumption over a change in income.
3) Effective demand, the combination of consumption and investment demand, must remain high to maintain employment levels. Investment demand depends on the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC).
GDP:an overview
The document defines GDP (gross domestic product) and provides three equivalent definitions:
1) Total expenditures on final goods and services produced domestically in a year
2) Sum of the value added at each stage of production by all domestic industries plus taxes and subsidies
3) Sum of all domestic income including employee compensation, business profits, taxes, and subsidies.
National Income
There are three main measures of a nation's income:
1. Total value of goods and services produced
2. Total income received by households and businesses
3. Total spending by households, businesses, government, and foreign purchasers
National income is measured at both current and constant prices to allow for comparisons over time after adjusting for inflation. GDP and GNP are the most widely used measures of national income.
National income
This document discusses various concepts related to measuring national income, including:
1. There are four main methods of measuring national income - the product method, income method, expenditure method, and value added method.
2. The income approach to gross national product (GNP) involves adding up all income payments to the factors of production.
3. The expenditure approach to GNP involves totaling personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic investment, net foreign investment, and government expenditures.
4. Other concepts discussed include net national product, disposable income, real income, and per capita income. Challenges in measuring national income, especially in developing economies, are also outlined.
Consumption Function
The document discusses Keynes' consumption function, which posits that consumption is a function of income. It states that according to Keynes:
1) Consumption increases as income increases, but not by as much as the increase in income.
2) When income increases, the increment is divided between consumption spending and savings.
3) Both consumption spending and savings will rise as income increases.
The document then defines key terms in Keynes' consumption function analysis, such as average propensity to consume, marginal propensity to consume, average propensity to save, and marginal propensity to save.
Indifference Curves
An indifference curve shows combinations of goods that give a consumer the same level of satisfaction or utility. It is normally drawn as convex to the origin to reflect the assumption that as consumption of a good increases, the marginal utility from additional units decreases. Points on the same indifference curve represent combinations that are indifferent to the consumer, while higher indifference curves correspond to greater total utility or satisfaction.
Unit 1 circular flow of income
A fantastic PPT on the topic circular flow of income. It gives a complete understanding of the working of an economy in two sector, three sector and four sector models. It explains how production, income and expenditure are interrelated and how they move in a circular way.
National income power point a.meenaiah
The document defines several key terms used to measure national income:
1) Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced by a nation during a year plus net income from abroad.
2) Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation. It is also called national income at market prices.
3) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year.
Lecture5
This document summarizes key concepts in consumer behavior and utility analysis:
- It outlines consumer behavior, total utility, marginal utility, and cardinal and ordinal utility analysis.
- It explains the law of diminishing marginal utility using an example schedule. As consumption increases, marginal utility decreases while total utility initially increases but at a decreasing rate.
- It also explains the law of equi-marginal utility, which states that total utility is maximized when the marginal utility per unit of expenditure is equal across goods, given a consumer's budget. An example schedule demonstrates this.
- The document notes some assumptions and limitations of these economic laws and concepts.
Basics of Open Market Economics
The document discusses key concepts in open-economy macroeconomics. It defines open and closed economies and explains that open economies interact through international trade and capital flows. It describes how goods and capital move across borders through exports, imports and net exports as well as foreign investment and net capital outflows. These international flows are determined by economic factors like prices, incomes and exchange rates. The document also introduces purchasing power parity theory which posits that exchange rates should adjust so that currencies have equal purchasing power in different countries.
National Income
National income is defined as the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It is measured in monetary terms as it is not possible to add different goods measured in physical units. GDP, GNP, NNP, NDP are the key concepts used to measure national income using methods like product, income and expenditure. National income accounts help analyze economic growth, productivity and guide policymaking. Issues in estimating national income include exclusion of non-monetized and informal sectors in developing countries.
National Income in India, Concept and Measurement
National income is defined as the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during one year. It can be measured using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, GDP at factor cost and market price. Problems in estimating Indian national income include large non-monetized transactions. National income statistics are important for economic planning and policymaking.
Presentation macroeconomic aggregate
Firms must consider the macroeconomic environment when making production and pricing decisions. Key indicators of an economy's performance include aggregate output, price levels, investment, consumption, and balance of payments. The macro economy represents the aggregation of individual households and firms. Common measures used to evaluate price movements are the consumer price index, wholesale price index, and GDP deflator.
National income
National income is the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. After independence, India established the National Income Committee to compile estimates. National income includes contributions from the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. It is measured using methods like expenditure, output, and income, which take factors like GDP, GNP, NDP, and NNP into account. National income plays a vital role in measuring a country's economic development.
Investment Multiplier
Investment multiplier is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to show the relationship between initial investment and the resulting increase in aggregate income. The multiplier (k) is calculated as the change in national income (ΔY) divided by the change in investment (ΔI). For example, if an additional investment of Rs. 4,000 crores leads to an additional income of Rs. 16,000 crores, then the multiplier is 4. The value of the multiplier depends directly on the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), as a higher MPC means more of additional income will be spent on consumption, leading to a larger increase in total income.
The Circular-Flow Diagram EFM
This document discusses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its measurement. It begins by defining GDP as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It then explains the components of GDP - consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate real GDP versus nominal GDP, and how to compute GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator.
Goodwill
1. The document presents methods for calculating goodwill in a business. Goodwill represents the value of assets like brand name, customer base, supplier relationships, and workforce that are not separately recognized in a business acquisition.
2. There are three main methods discussed: average profits method, super profits method, and capitalization method. The average profits and super profits methods calculate goodwill as a multiple of average or excess profits. The capitalization method estimates goodwill as the difference between total capitalized value and net assets.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating goodwill under the super profits capitalization method. Goodwill is estimated as super profits multiplied by a capitalization rate based on normal returns.
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Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
Measurement of national income
The document discusses three methods for measuring national income: the value added/output method, income method, and expenditure method. It focuses on explaining the value added method. This method calculates national income by adding the net value added at the factor cost by all producing units during an accounting year within a country's domestic territory. It also discusses steps for estimating national income which includes primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, and how gross domestic product at market prices is calculated by finding the gross value added for each sector and adding them together.
Eco national income
This document discusses several issues that can impact the accurate calculation of national income, including non-market transactions that are not counted, double counting of intermediate goods, inadequate or incomplete information, underground economic activity that is not reported, externalities like pollution that are not deducted, and that GDP alone does not provide information on the distribution of output in a society.
Concepts of NATIONAL INCOME
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National Income Accounting
This presentation includes the definition of National Income Accounting, it also covers Gross Domestic Products including: types, difference between nominal and real GDP and it also covers the other measure of output and income :)
National income concept,principles and application
The document discusses various methods of measuring a nation's income and economic output, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), national income, and per capita income. It provides definitions and explanations of GDP components like consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP is distinguished from nominal GDP.
National income
National income refers to the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. There are several ways to measure national income, including GDP, GDI, NNP, and NI. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. It can be calculated using the production, income, and expenditure approaches. Other key metrics include per capita income, which is total income divided by population, and NNP and NDP, which are GDP and GNP minus depreciation. National income data provides information on a country's economy, growth trends, production sectors, living standards, and helps guide government policymaking.
National income concept
National income refers to the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. It is also known as gross domestic product. There are several concepts used to define and measure national income, including gross national product, net national product, national income at factor cost, personal income, and disposable personal income. The measurement of national income is important for understanding a country's economic conditions, enabling government policymaking, and aiding research. Economists generally use gross domestic product, gross national product, net national product, and national income at factor cost to measure national income.
Assignment on NATIONAL INCOME MEASUREMENT
1) The document outlines the contents of national income measurement in Bangladesh, including methodology, indicators, and sources of national income.
2) It discusses the contribution and problems of key economic sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, industry, electricity, and garments. It also examines tourism, human resource development, and tax rates.
3) The document acknowledges the efforts of the group members in preparing the assignment on national income measurement in Bangladesh under the guidance of their course teacher.
national income
National income is the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It can be measured using the final product approach, value added approach, and expenditure approach. The final product approach sums the market value of all final goods and services. The value added approach sums value added at each stage of production. The expenditure approach sums all final expenditures on goods and services, including consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. There are challenges in accurately measuring national income, such as double counting, transfer payments, and difficulties in valuing non-monetary activities.
Introduction of national income
1. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the aggregate money value of final goods and services produced in a country during one year.
2. Net domestic product (NDP) is GDP minus depreciation charges.
3. Gross national product (GNP) is the money value of goods and services produced by a country in one year, plus incomes earned abroad by its citizens, minus incomes earned within the country by foreigners.
National Income
The document discusses different methods for measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP). GDP can be calculated through the expenditure method by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. It can also be calculated through the income method by adding various incomes like wages, profits, and rent. GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within a country. Gross national product (GNP) also includes income generated from domestic assets owned abroad. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure the actual volume of economic output and growth. National income statistics help analyze economic performance and living standards over time.
Chapter 2-measuring national economic activity for BBA
The document discusses concepts related to measuring national economic activity and calculating gross domestic product (GDP). It provides definitions of GDP as the total value of final goods and services produced domestically in a given time period. GDP can be measured through total expenditures or total income in the economy. The circular flow of income between firms, households, and the government is also illustrated. National accounts seek to quantify these economic concepts.
National income
National income accounting measures the total income generated in an economy. It was first developed in the 17th century and modernized by Kuznets. There are separate accounts for production sectors, households, government, and the rest of the world. National income accounting identifies economic achievements and provides an objective basis for policy evaluation. It is useful for estimating and comparing national incomes, describing economic growth, and suggesting policies. National income is measured through the income, expenditure, and value added methods by estimating payments to factors of production, final expenditures, and value of total output less intermediate consumption respectively.
Measuring of national output and national income
This document outlines key concepts for measuring national output and income, including:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach (personal consumption + investment + government spending + net exports) or the income approach (compensation of employees + business income). Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for inflation using a price index. While GDP measures market output, it does not account for non-market activities or income distribution, and other factors like leisure time or crime rates are not included.
A case study on national income of India
This document presents a case study on India's national income from 1975-2010. It summarizes key growth rates during this period, such as 9.5% in 1975-76 and 8.9% in 2010. It defines national income as the value of goods and services produced within a country during a year. National income in India is prepared based on three categories: agriculture and related sectors, electricity and related sectors, and other services. The document also discusses measuring national income at constant prices to analyze physical output over time and limitations of different measurement methods.
National income Managerial Economics
National income is defined as the aggregate money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year. It can be measured using three methods: production, income, and expenditure. The production method sums the value added from primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The income method sums incomes from factors of production like wages, profits, and rents. The expenditure method sums components of final demand like consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. National income provides a measure of economic growth.
National Income by Manish Rangari
This document discusses national income and its measurement. It defines key terms like GDP, GNP, NDP and NNP. It also describes the main methods used to measure national income - the production method, income method and expenditure method. Finally, it lists some important factors that determine a country's level of national income, such as natural resources, labor, capital, organization and social/political structure.
National income & related concepts
The document discusses key concepts related to measuring national income in India such as GDP, NDP, NNP, and per capita income. It provides details on how the Central Statistical Organization of India estimates these aggregates using methods like product, income, and expenditure to measure economic activity at both current and constant prices. It also outlines the evolution of base years used in the national accounts statistics from 1948-49 to the latest base year of 1999-2000 in the new series of estimates.
National income
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
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National income
This document provides information on key macroeconomic concepts and metrics including:
1. It defines national income as the net value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents during a financial year.
2. It explains the importance of studying national income for economic policy, planning, understanding economic structure, and more.
3. It distinguishes between national income measured at current prices versus constant prices, and how this impacts understanding economic growth.
4. It provides definitions and explanations of related concepts like GDP, GVA, business cycles, aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and more.
National Income and its Measurement.ppt
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time. The Central Statistical Organisation of India estimates the national income and publishes these estimates. There are three main methods to measure national income - the product method, which calculates the money value of final goods and services produced; the value added method, which sums the value added at each production stage; and the factor income method, which sums payments to factors of production like wages, rent, interest and profit.
Eme unit 2
National Income and Its Measurement
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National Income and its Measurement.ppt
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time. The Central Statistical Organisation of India estimates the national income and publishes these estimates. There are three main methods to measure national income - the product method, which calculates the money value of all final goods and services produced; the value added method, which sums the value added at each stage of production to avoid double counting; and the factor income method, which sums the incomes from major factors of production like wages, rent, interest, and profits.
National Income and its Measurement pptx
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced within an economy over a period of time. The Central Statistical Organisation of India estimates the national income and publishes these estimates. There are three main methods to measure national income - the product method, which calculates the money value of all final goods and services produced; the value added method, which sums the value added at each stage of production to avoid double counting; and the factor income method, which sums the incomes from major factors of production like wages, rent, interest, and profit.
NATIONAL INCOME====by sumit mukherjee
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
Natl income
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by residents of a country in a year. It is measured to analyze the size and growth of the economy, trace economic trends over time, understand the structure of different sectors, and help formulate government development plans and policies. National income is estimated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and is presented in current and constant prices to allow for inflation adjustments. While it provides a overall measure of economic activity, national income does not fully reflect human development or welfare as it does not consider income distribution, unpaid work, and environmental costs.
nationalincome-171023143721 (1).pdf
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using the income method, product method, and expenditure method. The key concepts include gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, and national income. National income accounting helps analyze trends in economic growth and structure as well as issues in estimating national income for countries.
presentation_national_income_1565424695_364760.pptx
National income is defined as the money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during one year. It provides a measure of economic activity and is used for economic planning and policymaking. National income accounting estimates GDP using the product, income, and expenditure methods and tracks trends in economic growth, productivity, employment, and living standards over time. Calculating national income involves challenges due to non-monetized sectors, unpaid work, and lack of data in some countries.
National Income.pdf
the ppt includes all the basic concepts of national income. the different components of national income as well as the method to calculate national income.
National income
The document discusses different concepts and methods of measuring national income. It defines national income as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a given year. It describes three main methods to measure national income - the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The product method measures national income from the production side by sectors. The income method measures it from the distribution side by adding incomes of factors of production. The expenditure method measures it by adding total expenditures by individuals, businesses, and the government.
National income in India
This document discusses the importance and measurement of national income in India. It begins by outlining the key reasons for measuring national income, including to assess economic performance, growth, sectoral composition, and inform policymaking. It then provides an overview of the circular flow of income and different sector models. The document outlines India's pre-independence and post-independence estimates of national income, conducted by various committees and now by the Central Statistical Organization. It notes some difficulties in measuring India's national income given its large unorganized sector and lack of statistical data.
Macro economics.pptx Nationalbhyhfdhgrtt
National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of aggregate demand for goods and services. national income is the money value of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large number of goods and services, and make net addition to the national stock of capital. National income is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation valued in terms of money. National income is the most important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of national income determines the level of
presentation_national_income_1565424695_364760.pptx
National income is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It must be measured in a common unit (money) to be added together. There are several ways to calculate national income including gross domestic product, gross national product, and net national product. Calculating national income at constant prices and factor cost aims to exclude price changes and taxes to better measure real production. Challenges in calculating national income for developing countries include non-monetized sectors and lack of statistical data. India's national income has grown at an average annual rate of 4-6% in recent decades.
National income
National income is important to measure a country's economic performance, growth, composition and structure. It helps governments formulate development plans and policies and helps producers forecast demand. National income represents the total value of all final goods and services produced domestically during a year, including net income from abroad. It is calculated using product, income and expenditure methods. India's national income estimation evolved from individual studies to an official Central Statistical Organization that regularly revises estimation methods and base years. Key difficulties include non-monetized sectors and lack of reliable statistical data.
National Income and its Measurement.ppt
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. The Central Statistical Organisation estimates India's national income and publishes these estimates. National income analysis provides an index of economic activity and aids economic planning by indicating economic growth and helping policymakers frame policies to achieve goals like full employment and growth. National income can be measured via the product method, factor income method, or expenditure method.
NATIONAL INCOME - Economic Growth and Development
National income is the total value of all the final services and goods produced in an economy during a specific period of time.
ME unit 5 2022.pptx
The document discusses concepts related to macroeconomics, national income, and government policies. It defines national income as the aggregate value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Gross domestic product and gross national product are introduced as measures of national income. The document also outlines methods to calculate national income, including the product, income, and expenditure methods. It further explains the objectives, tools, and types of both monetary policy, which is used by central banks to influence money supply and interest rates, and fiscal policy, which involves government taxation and spending.
CHAPTER 2 NATIONAL INCOME AND OUTPUT.pptx
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to measuring national income, including:
1) It defines national income as the total market value of final goods and services produced in an economy in a period of time, as measured by GDP.
2) It discusses the circular flow of income and how income is generated and spent among households, firms, and other sectors in an economy.
3) It outlines three main approaches to measuring national income - expenditure, income, and output approaches - and provides examples of calculating GDP using each.
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"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.International Sustainability Standards Board
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快速办理(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(美国Fordham毕业证书)福德汉姆大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(美国Fordham毕业证书)福德汉姆大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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快速办理(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
高仿英国伦敦艺术大学毕业证（ual毕业证书）文凭证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦艺术大学毕业证（ual毕业证书）文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.Bridging the gap: Online job postings, survey data and the assessment of job ...
Bridging the gap: Online job postings, survey data and the assessment of job ...Labour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
Governor Olli Rehn
Bank of Finland
Press conference on the outlook for the Finnish economy
Helsinki, 11 June 2024
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
How to Use Payment Vouchers in Odoo 18.
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
做澳洲澳大利亚国立大学毕业证荣誉学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【澳洲澳大利亚国立大学毕业证荣誉学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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National income
- 1. NATIONAL INCOME PRESENTED BY: Ravi Muchhal Doon Business School PGDM 2013-15 1 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 2. CONTeNT 1. Meaning of national income 2. Concept of national income 3. Methods of measuring national income 4. Income method 5. Value added method 6. Expenditure method 7. Comparison of three methods 8. Problems 2 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 3. MEANING OF NATIONAL INCOME • National income or national product is defined as the total market value of all the final goods and services produced in an economy in a given period of time. • The money value of all goods and services produced in a country during a year is called national income. • A country is high national income is said to be a prosperous country. 3 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 4. NATIONAL INCOME AGGREGATES 1 . GROSS=NET+DEP 2. NET=GROSS+DEP 1.NATIONAL=DOMESTIC+N FI 2.DOMESTIC=NATIONAL- NFIA 1.MP=FC+NIT 2.FC=MP-NIT 4 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 5. Concept of national income • GDPFC = NDPFC +D • GDPMP= GDPFC + N.I.T • GNPMP= GDPMP+NFIA • NDPFC= NNPFC- NFIA • NNPMP= GDPMP -D • NNPFC= NNPMP -N.I.T 5 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 6. METHODS OF MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME CIRCULAR FLOW INCOME EXPENDITURE VALUE ADDED 6 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 7. INCOME METHOD • This method approaches national income from distribution side. In the other words , this method measures national income ath the phase of distribution and appears as income paid and or received by individuals of the country. • Income has three important variables: – COE ( COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES) – OS (OPERATING SURPLUS) – MISE (MIXED INCOME SELF EMPLOYED) 7 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 8. Compensation of Employees Operating Surplus Mixed Income of the Self Employed SALARY PAID SALARY CASH IN PAID IN HAND KIND •BASIC PAY FREE HOUSING •DEARNESS MEDICAL ALLOWANCE FACILITIES •OVERTIME FREE UNIFORM •COST OF FREE FOOD TRAVEL INCOME INCOME FROM FROM PROPERTY WORK • RENTAL UP INCOME (UNDIVIDED PROFIT) • INTEREST CT INCOME (CORPORATE) (CORPORATE TAX) • ROYALTY D (DIVIDEND) 1. Profession of Doctors, Lawyers 8 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 9. VALUE ADDED METHOD • The production method measures national income as the sum of net products produced by the production units in the given period. • The production approches looks at GDP from the stand point of value added by each input in the production process. • Major challenge- problem of double counting output of many business = input of some other. 9 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 10. Expenditure method • Under expenditure method (which is also known as “consumption and investment method” or “income disposal method”). • National income is estimated by aggregating all the final expenditures in an economy during a year. • The estimation of national income under expenditure method involves following steps: • Step1: To identify economic units incurring final expenditure. • Step2: Classification of final expenditure • Step3: Measurement of final expenditure on domestic product • Step4: Estimation of NFIA • Step5: Estimation of national income. 10 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 11. Calculation of NI through expenditure method • Gross domestic product at mp (GDPmp)= private final consumption expenditure + govt. final expenditure + gross fixed capital formation + change in stock + net acquisition of valuables + net exports (exports – imports) • GNPfc = GDPmp – NFIA • NNPfc = GNPmp – DEP. – NET INDIRECT TAXES. 11 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 12. COMPONENTS OF FINAL EXPENDITURE 12 Final consumption expenditure Gross domestic capital formation Net exports Pvt. Final consumption expenditure Govt. final consumption expenditure exports imports Gross domestic fixed capital formation Change in stocks Net acquisition of variables Closing stock Opening stock Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 13. Comparision of three methods • The PRODUCT METHOD is very suitable for the primary sector such as agriculture, industries etc. • The INCOME METHOD is appropriate for the teritary and service sectors. • The EXPENDITURE METHOD is only for the calculation of identical relationship between three method. 13 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 14. Problems in calculating national income • Problems of double counting • Non-monetary transaction • Public services • Transfer payments • Existence of Non-Monetized Sector • Production for Self Consumption. 14 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 15. 2 . Measurement of national income in india was done by using: a. income method b. output method c. expenditure method d. both income and output methods 15 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 16. 3. The domestic product is estimated on the basis of the prevailing prices it is called a. GDP at current price b. GDP at constant price c. GDP at market price d. None of the above 16 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 17. 4. GDP at factor cost can be measure as: a. GDP at market price- income tax+ subsidies b. GDP at constant price - income tax+ subsidies c. GDP at current price - income tax+ subsidies d. None of the above 17 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 18. 5 . Estimate of national income in india are usually prepared by: a. Reserve bank of india b. Planning commission c. Central statistical organisation d. National income commitee 18 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS
- 19. 19 Ravi Muchhal (R) 2013-15 DBS