this is one of the Important topic for all the Medical Students for better understanding of National & Global Health Problems.

1. Presented By:- Mrs. Sneha Sahay Youtham

2. DefinitionDefinition
 Health problems not only affect the individualHealth problems not only affect the individual
but they affect the family, community and thebut they affect the family, community and the
nation also. Actually their impact can be feltnation also. Actually their impact can be felt
all over the world.all over the world.

3. Causes of health problemsCauses of health problems
 Individual factors:Individual factors:
 Carelessness or lack of health consciousness.Carelessness or lack of health consciousness.
 Not following the rules of personal health.Not following the rules of personal health.
 Environmental factors:Environmental factors:
 Environmental pollution (water,air,soil pollution)Environmental pollution (water,air,soil pollution)
 Lack of safe drinking water.Lack of safe drinking water.
 Unhealthy style of living and inappropriateUnhealthy style of living and inappropriate
housing.housing.
 Crowded and noisy life (Sound population)Crowded and noisy life (Sound population)
 Improper waste management system.Improper waste management system.
 Natural calamities.Natural calamities.

4.  Socioeconomic Factors:Socioeconomic Factors:
 Illiteracy, poverty and lack of knowledge.Illiteracy, poverty and lack of knowledge.
 Superstitions, harmful customs and traditions.Superstitions, harmful customs and traditions.
 Unhealthy cultural standards.Unhealthy cultural standards.
 Lack of nutritionLack of nutrition
 Growth in populationGrowth in population
 Lack of faith in moral and social values.Lack of faith in moral and social values.
 Heterogeneous social structure.Heterogeneous social structure.

5.  Political factors:Political factors:
 Inappropriate national health policy.Inappropriate national health policy.
 Low budget for healthLow budget for health
 Lack of commitment towards health targets.Lack of commitment towards health targets.
 Insufficient primary health careInsufficient primary health care
 Uneven development and distribution of health andUneven development and distribution of health and
nursing services.nursing services.
 Other factors:Other factors:
 Insufficient participation of NGOs. And voluntaryInsufficient participation of NGOs. And voluntary
organizations.organizations.
 Relative inactivity of international health organizations.Relative inactivity of international health organizations.

6. Classification of Health ProblemsClassification of Health Problems
 Problems related to communicable diseases:Problems related to communicable diseases:
 LeprosyLeprosy- National Sample Survey to estimate the burden- National Sample Survey to estimate the burden
of Leprosy was taken up in June, 2010. Prevalence rateof Leprosy was taken up in June, 2010. Prevalence rate
of leprosy has decreased from 1.34 per 10,000of leprosy has decreased from 1.34 per 10,000
populations in 2005-06 to 0.69 per 10,000 populations inpopulations in 2005-06 to 0.69 per 10,000 populations in
2010-11 and annual new case detection rate has2010-11 and annual new case detection rate has
decreased from 14.27 per lakh population in 2005-06 todecreased from 14.27 per lakh population in 2005-06 to
10.48 per lakh population in 2010-11.10.48 per lakh population in 2010-11.
 TuberculosisTuberculosis - TB mortality has decreased from over 5- TB mortality has decreased from over 5
lakh deaths every year at the beginning the present levellakh deaths every year at the beginning the present level
of about 2.8 lakh deaths in India. Tuberculosis kills 1.7of about 2.8 lakh deaths in India. Tuberculosis kills 1.7
million people each year, with 9.4 million new cases amillion people each year, with 9.4 million new cases a
year in all over the world.year in all over the world.

7.  MalariaMalaria- Malaria which used to cause 75 million- Malaria which used to cause 75 million
cases in early 1950s has been reduced to lesscases in early 1950s has been reduced to less
than 1.5 million cases every year.than 1.5 million cases every year.
 Diarrhoeal diseaseDiarrhoeal disease
 STDs/STIs, Including AIDS-TheSTDs/STIs, Including AIDS-The free ARTfree ART
programme was scaled up to 324 centres and theprogramme was scaled up to 324 centres and the
number of patientsnumber of patients
receiving free ART services reached to 4,48,860 asreceiving free ART services reached to 4,48,860 as
of September, 2011. Second lineof September, 2011. Second line
ART initiated in Centres of Excellence and moreART initiated in Centres of Excellence and more
than 2,558 patients enrolled.than 2,558 patients enrolled.

8. Problems related to populationProblems related to population
 Current Population of India inCurrent Population of India in 20141,270,272,10520141,270,272,105
(1.27 billion)(1.27 billion)
 Total Male Population in IndiaTotal Male Population in India
655,875,026 (655.8 million)655,875,026 (655.8 million)
 Total Female Population in IndiaTotal Female Population in India
614,397,079 (614.4 million)614,397,079 (614.4 million)
 Sex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 malesAgeSex Ratio 940 females per 1,000 malesAge
structurestructure
 India's Population in 2012India's Population in 2012 1.22 billion1.22 billion
 India's Population in 2011India's Population in 2011 1.21 billion1.21 billion

9.  High maternal and infant mortality rate-High maternal and infant mortality rate- Mother andMother and
child constitute a big part of population: almost 62% atchild constitute a big part of population: almost 62% at
present. these two belong to the weakest segment.present. these two belong to the weakest segment.
Malnutrition, infection, uncontrolled reproduction, andMalnutrition, infection, uncontrolled reproduction, and
Medical reasons, influences the health of mother. PresentMedical reasons, influences the health of mother. Present
problem is to reduce the maternal and infant mortalityproblem is to reduce the maternal and infant mortality
rate. For the encouragement the spacing betweenrate. For the encouragement the spacing between
children, keeping the size of small family, improvementchildren, keeping the size of small family, improvement
in Nutrition, development of healthy habits and measuresin Nutrition, development of healthy habits and measures
to protect mother and child against communicableto protect mother and child against communicable
diseases are also necessary. Although the MMR droppeddiseases are also necessary. Although the MMR dropped
from 212 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2007-09 to 178from 212 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2007-09 to 178
in 2010-12, India is behind the target of 103 deaths perin 2010-12, India is behind the target of 103 deaths per
live births to be achieved by 2015 under the Unitedlive births to be achieved by 2015 under the United
Nations-mandated Millennium Development GoalsNations-mandated Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).(MDGs).

10.  High birth rate-High birth rate- Reducing in the birth rate is theReducing in the birth rate is the
only solution to population problems. Reduction inonly solution to population problems. Reduction in
mortality rates on one hand and absence of desiredmortality rates on one hand and absence of desired
reduction in birth rate are the reasons ofreduction in birth rate are the reasons of
uncontrollable growth in population. To reduce theuncontrollable growth in population. To reduce the
birth rate, it is necessary to increase thebirth rate, it is necessary to increase the
marriageable age, checking reproduction in earlymarriageable age, checking reproduction in early
years of marriage, improvement in economic level,years of marriage, improvement in economic level,
decrease in the desire to have son and payingdecrease in the desire to have son and paying
attention to other social and cultural aspects. It isattention to other social and cultural aspects. It is
important to emphasize the fact that growth andimportant to emphasize the fact that growth and
development in education reduces birth rate.development in education reduces birth rate.

11.  Problems due to improper nutrition:Problems due to improper nutrition: Over 7.5 millionOver 7.5 million
children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition andchildren under the age of 5 die from malnutrition and
mostly preventable diseases, each year.mostly preventable diseases, each year.
 Protein caloric malnutrition (PCM)-Protein caloric malnutrition (PCM)- This is a diseaseThis is a disease
found in children due to insufficient food. This is alsofound in children due to insufficient food. This is also
known as kwashiorkor and marasmus. Generally it is foundknown as kwashiorkor and marasmus. Generally it is found
in children below three years of agein children below three years of age
 Micronutrient deficiencies-Micronutrient deficiencies- Following diseases identifiedFollowing diseases identified
as health problem have been categorized under thisas health problem have been categorized under this
heading:heading:
 Iron deficiency anaemia.Iron deficiency anaemia.
 Iodine deficiency disorderIodine deficiency disorder
 Vitamin A deficiency eye disorders.Vitamin A deficiency eye disorders.
 Other than these serious health challenges are also posedOther than these serious health challenges are also posed
by the physical disabilities caused by consumption of aby the physical disabilities caused by consumption of a
toxic pulse called khesari dal.toxic pulse called khesari dal.

12.  Problems due to environmental population:Problems due to environmental population:
 Water, air, and sound population.Water, air, and sound population.
 Problems of disposal of waste.Problems of disposal of waste.
 Problems due to faulty medical healthProblems due to faulty medical health
servicesservices
 Unavailability of medical care/ resourcesUnavailability of medical care/ resources
 Uneven distribution of medical facilitiesUneven distribution of medical facilities
 Discrimination among various medical systemDiscrimination among various medical system
(therapies)(therapies)

13. Problem due to non communicableProblem due to non communicable
diseasedisease
 36 million deaths each year are caused by36 million deaths each year are caused by
noncommunicable diseases, such asnoncommunicable diseases, such as
cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes andcardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and
chronic lung diseases. This is almost two-chronic lung diseases. This is almost two-
thirds of the estimated 56 million deaths eachthirds of the estimated 56 million deaths each
year worldwide. (A quarter of these take placeyear worldwide. (A quarter of these take place
before the age of 60.)before the age of 60.)

14.  Problems due to non- communicable diseases:Problems due to non- communicable diseases:
 Heart and blood vessel disorders.Heart and blood vessel disorders.
 Respiratory disordersRespiratory disorders
 Cancer- A new National Programme ofCancer- A new National Programme of
Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, andPrevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, and
Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS)Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS)
was approved in July, 2010.was approved in July, 2010. Cardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular diseases
(CVDs) are the number one group of conditions causing(CVDs) are the number one group of conditions causing
death globally. An estimated 17.5 million people dieddeath globally. An estimated 17.5 million people died
from CVDs in 2005, representing 30% of all globalfrom CVDs in 2005, representing 30% of all global
deaths. Over 80% of CVD deaths occur in low- anddeaths. Over 80% of CVD deaths occur in low- and
middle-income countries.middle-income countries.
 programme will cover 100 districts selected onprogramme will cover 100 districts selected on
the basis of their backwardness,the basis of their backwardness,
 inaccessibility and poor health indicators, spreadinaccessibility and poor health indicators, spread
over 21 States, during 2010-11 andover 21 States, during 2010-11 and

15.  2011-12. The focus of the programme is on2011-12. The focus of the programme is on
promotion of healthy life styles, earlypromotion of healthy life styles, early
diagnosis and management of diabetes,diagnosis and management of diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular diseases andhypertension, cardiovascular diseases and
common cancers e.g. cervix cancer, breastcommon cancers e.g. cervix cancer, breast
cancer, and oral cancer and will cover aboutcancer, and oral cancer and will cover about
200 million persons in all the districts.200 million persons in all the districts.
 Maternal disordersMaternal disorders
 AccidentsAccidents
 DiabetesDiabetes
 Degenerative diseasesDegenerative diseases

16.  In 2008, some 6.7 million people died ofIn 2008, some 6.7 million people died of
infectious diseases alone, far more than theinfectious diseases alone, far more than the
number killed in the natural or man-madenumber killed in the natural or man-made
catastrophes that make headlines. (These arecatastrophes that make headlines. (These are
the latest figures presented by the Worldthe latest figures presented by the World
Health Organization.)Health Organization.)

17.  1.6 million people still die from pneumococcal1.6 million people still die from pneumococcal
diseases every year, making it the number onediseases every year, making it the number one
vaccine-preventable cause of death worldwide.vaccine-preventable cause of death worldwide.
More than half of the victims are children.More than half of the victims are children.
(The pneumococcus is a bacterium that causes(The pneumococcus is a bacterium that causes
serious infections like meningitis, pneumoniaserious infections like meningitis, pneumonia
and sepsis. In developing countries, even halfand sepsis. In developing countries, even half
of those children who receive medicalof those children who receive medical
treatment will die. Every second survivingtreatment will die. Every second surviving
child will have some kind of disability.)child will have some kind of disability.)