Narrative theory analyzes how stories are structured and conveyed. Vladimir Propp analyzed character roles in stories, identifying common roles like the hero, helper, and villain. Claude Levi-Strauss studied how unconscious cultural values are reflected in binary opposites, like cowboys vs. Indians. Tzvetan Todorov proposed that every story follows a fixed model of equilibrium, disruption, realization, restored order, and new equilibrium. Roland Barthes identified five codes that structure narratives: the hermeneutic code of mystery, the enigma code of suspense, the semantic and symbolic codes of meaning, and the cultural code of audience knowledge.

1. Narrative theory
By Emre Kebir

2. What is narrative theory?
The definition of narrative theory is ‘the way in which a story is
told in both fictional and non-fictional media texts’. There are
many different theories from different individuals regarding
narrative theory, with many theorists interpreting different
aspects of narrative in certain ways.

3. Propp's Theory
Vladimir Propp (1895-1970) was a Soviet literary theorist
and scholar who came up with a theory that revolved
around character roles in films in 1928. His theory
concluded that in films there were clearly defined roles,
these roles had clearly defined actions. They are as
follows:
• The hero- Is given a quest or magic object by the donor,
marries the princess
• The helper- Helps hero along the way
• The villain- Tries to stop the hero on their quest
• The donor- Gives the hero a quest/magical object
• The princess- Is seen as a prize to the hero, story ends
when they wed.
• The princess’ father- Awards the hero/ identifies false
hero
• False hero- Tries to take credit for heroes actions and
tries to wed princess
A good example of Propp’s theory can be seen in ‘Star
wars’ and ‘Shrek’.

4. Levi-Strauss’ theory
Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) was a
French social anthropologist who’s theory
stated that stories unconsciously reflect on a
culture’s values, beliefs and myths through
binary opposites. A good example of Levi-
Strauss’ theory can be seen in the portrayal of
Cowboys and Indians in most western films,
how Cowboys are traditionally weak, domestic
Christians, while Indians are strong, savage
Pagans.

5. Todorov’s theory
Tzvetan Todorov (born 1939) is a Bulgarian
theorist and historian whose theory states
that every story has a fixed model that is as
follows:
• Equilibrium- A happy start where everyone
and thing is content.
• Disruption- A problem that interrupts the
happiness.
• Realisation- When chaos hits due to
everyone realising the problem.
• Restored order- When the problem is
resolved and damage repaired.
• New/second equilibrium- After the problem
is resolved happiness is once again restored.

6. Barthes' Theory
Roland Barthes (1915-1980) was a French
semiologist and theorist who’s theory stated
actions in a text can be narrowed down into 5
different codes:
• The hermeneutic code- the way in which a
story doesn't give away too much to give hints
and mystery to it’s audience.
• The enigma code- the way in which tension is
built up giving suspense to the audience.
• The semantic code- the way in which
something in a text can have more than one
thing, or how it can symbolise something.
• The symbolic code- much like the semantic
code, but putting semantic codes into more
wider and broader meaning.
• The cultural code- look at audiences
knowledge and ideology.