This document discusses narrative theories and several theorists. It explains that narratives share characteristics across different media types and can be fictional or non-fictional. It provides biographical information on Claude Levi-Strauss, noting he was influential in showing culture is a system with underlying structures common across societies. It outlines Tzvetan Todorov's 5-step theory of narrative structure involving an equilibrium disruption, recognition, action, and new equilibrium. Finally, it mentions Roland Barthes and that Todorov suggested narrative has 5 codes including action, enigma, symbolic, semonic, and cultural.

1. Narrative theories
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By Shahzaib Yasir

2. Is the media term for story telling which includes
both, fictional and non-fictional media texts.
Narratives share certain characteristics in stories
which vary with different types of media.
Narrative

3. Claude Levi-Strauss
Levi-Strauss was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1908. He
grew up in France and was educated in Paris. He is best
known for his theory of culture and mind that
revolutionized modern anthropology. He showed that
culture is a system with underlying structures that are
common to all societies regardless of their differences.
Through his analyses he showed that patterns of
structures including behavior and thought are universal
to all societies, and rejected the concept of primitive and
modern mind, arguing that all men have the same
intellectual potential. According to Levi-Strauss, all
people think of the world around them in terms of
binary opposites such as up and down, life and death,
etc. and therefore every culture can be understood in
these terms.

4. Tzvetan Todorov
The theory of Mr. Todorov is split into 5 steps:
1.State of equlibrium, where everything is stable.
2.An event cause by and outsider disrupting the
equilibrium.
3.The disruption is recognised.
4.Action against the disruption.
5.A new equilibrium is achieved.
This structure is considered to be a circular
structure.

5. The French semiologist suggested that narrative has 5
codes which allows the reader/viewer to make sense of
the story.
1.Action is a narrative device which portrays the story
which action sequences.
2.Enigma has the narrative characteristic of a suspense
story as it plays with the audiences’ minds and make
them curious.
3.Symbolic is connotation.
4.Semonic is denotation.
5.Cultural, narrative device which allows the audience
to recognize a specific culture.
Roland Barthes