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Sartre presentatIN wESTERN pHILOSOPHICAL AND pOLITICAL THOUGHT
- 1. Jean Paul Sartre AGNESF. MONTALBO | DTE | October 5, 2017 DR. PEDRITO PLACIO ADVANCED WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT
- 2. Biographical basics Born inParis, June 21, 1905 Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre Father’s death (when JPS was 1) had significant effect Intellect > physical unattractiveness Early writer (and never stopped!) Sociable to peers, rebellious against authority (grandfather, school officials, military conscription)
- 4. • Sartre sufferedproblems with his eyes. In 1909 (4 years old) he caught a cold which led to a leucoma in his right eye and strabism. • His life changed radically at age eleven when his mother remarried; at age 12 he joined her at La Rochelle, where his stepfather, Joseph Mancy directed a shipyard.
- 5. JPS and Simonede Beauvoir Met at Ecole Normale Superieure – tutor for exams Passionate, intellectual, lifelong relationship Never married; often apart; accepted affairs
- 6. Breznev, Soviet Union WithChe Guevarra
- 7.
- 8. Influence of WWII Servedfor France; captured in June, 1940 Put in German prison camp Escaped in March, 1941 Joined French Resistance movement
- 9. • After heescaped, he told Beauvoir that he no longer saw his work as separate from the social and political circumstances in which he lived; he was convinced that it must be rooted in the present situation and directed toward the cause of socialist revolution. • This marks the beginning of a new period in his career, characterized by his awareness of historicity. • For ten year or so his literary activity increased; the 1940s are par excellence the decade of Sartrean existentialism.
- 10. Post-war years Sartre himselfmoves to the left politically Existentialism takes off as a philosophy JPS wins Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964, refuses it “A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution.”
- 11. • After Sartrebecame unable to pursue his reading and writing, he turned to other lines of activity; music (for which he was very fond); conversations with Beauvoir and other friends, giving additional interviews and political activities such as marching and signing petitions. • He remained enthusiastic about the Maoist in France, with whom he had earlier collaborated.
- 12. • He diedin April 1980 after suffering for some time from circulatory and other difficulties.
- 13. (some of) Sartre’s WritingsNovels •Nausea (1938) • The Age of Reason (1945); The Reprieve (1947); Troubled Sleep (1950) (3 parts of a 4-part series) Plays • The Flies (1943) • No Exit (1944) • The Respectful Prostitute (1947) • The Condemned of Altona (1960) Biography & literary criticism • Baudelaire (1947) • Saint Genet (1952) • The Idiot of the Family (on Flaubert) (1971) Autobiography: Words (1963) Philosophical works • The Transcendence of the Ego (1937) • The Psychology of the Imagination (1940) • Being & Nothingness (1943) • “Existentialism is a Humanism” (1946) • Search for a Method (1957) • The Critique of Dialectical Reason (Vol. I, 1960; Vol. II, 1985)
- 14. EXISTENTIALISM BEFORE SARTRE •SOREN KIERKEGAARD (1813- - 1855) • He is a Danish Christian Existentialist philosopher. Existentialist themes: focus on absurdity of certain lifestyles and belief systems, the necessity of our choosing who we want to be without reason as a guide, individual choice, giving life our own meaning, total engagement in a project we decide upon • FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900), • He is a German/Swiss philosopher. His belief system focused on the awareness that God does not exist ("God is dead!"). According to him ethics is a human creation and should serve human needs. God's nonexistence, ethical conflict, individuality is the central role of humanity. Christian ethics is used destructively: represses our instincts, keeps us from the pleasures of the body, and makes us focus on an otherworldly existence rather than on becoming the best sort of people we can on earth. He advocated a new sort of morality based on individual excellence and the Übermensch (Superman).
- 16. • EVERYTHING HASAN ESSENCE AND OUR ESSENCE EXIST IN US BEFORE WE WERE BORN • ESSENCE GIVE US PURPOSE WE WERE BORN TO BE A CERTAIN THING – ESSENTIALISM
- 17. FIRST we simplyexist –THEN we create the nature of who and what we are • WHAT IF WE EXIST FIRST? • WHAT IF WE WERE BORN WITHOUT ANY HARDWIRED PURPOSE AND THEN IT IS UP TO US TO FIGURE OUT OUR OWN ESSENCE?
- 18. • The existentialistare not atheist, some are like Kierkegaard. God may exist but instilling us with a purpose or meaning is not included as a work of God. We are each born in a world in which our words and action lack ANY INHERENT importance this is what they call the ABSURD.
- 19. • We arecreatures who need meaning but we are abandoned in a universe full of meaninglessness. The world wasn’t created for a reason and it doesn’t exist for a reason.
- 21. We are painfullyfree, Sartre we are condemned to be free. Any situation in which one finds oneself is his own creation therefore, one creates his own world by supplying the meanings, the interpretations, the significance for things and events since the world is the product of my choice, I and and I alone bear responsibility for the world
- 22. it means thatwe have to accept the full weight of your freedom in the light of the absurb, you have to recognize that every meaning in your life has is given to it by you. And if you decide to follow on the path that other people has set, like parents, teachers or religion, you have bad faith.
- 23. Bad Faith • nota value judgment (bad vs. good) • Sartre’s conception of self-deception • the deliberate creation in oneself of the appearance of a belief which one in fact knows to be false • people oftentimes lie to themselves: “I am not an alcoholic,” says the alcoholic You can live in bad faith by not taking responsibility for actions, by pretending as if your actions are the result of genetics or environment or human nature or the actions of others, etc., by acting not as if you are choosing for all people, etc.,
- 24. Existentialese 101 Being-in-itself: inanimateobjects (observer creates “essence”) Being-for-itself: human consciousness (one chooses his/her “essence”) Bad faith to see ourselves as determined by an outside influence: our nature, our body, the physical world, and/or the expectations and pictures others have of us
- 25. More of Sartre’sideas, on . . . • FREEDOM is the central and unique potentiality which constitutes us as human. Sartre rejects determinism, saying that it is our choice how we respond to determining tendencies. • CHOICE. I am my choices. I cannot not choose. If I do not choose, that is still a choice. If faced with inevitable circumstances, we still choose how we are in those circumstances.
- 26. Responsibility • RESPONSIBILITY. Eachof us is responsible for everything we do. If we seek advice from others, we choose our advisor and have some idea of the course he or she will recommend. "I am responsible for my very desire of fleeing responsibilities."
- 27. No Exit Written in2 weeks in 1944 Literal translation = the French equivalent of the legal term in camera, referring to a private discussion behind closed doors "Hell is other people" (from the novel No Exit). He believed that the master/slave relationship defined the human condition in every dimension. Sartre’s No Exit is a great example of individual responsibility; three characters end up in hell together, as a result of their own cowardly and selfish actions. They try to dodge their responsibility throughout the play, but in the end, they must face the fact that they have no one to blame but themselves for their damnation.
- 28. Being and Nothingness Writtenin 1943 (Freedom and Responsibility) War: “There are no innocent victims” Why was I born? Sartre is making the point that at every step in life’s journey we make the choice as to what happens to us. You may be “obligated” to participate in a war due to conscription or defense, but you could always desert or kill yourself, too. “For lack of getting out of it, I have CHOSEN it.” I didn’t ask to be born You might try to abandon your responsibility by saying this. Sartre argues you can’t escape choice. Even if you want to abandon responsibility and be passive, you are still making that decision, which allocates responsibility to you. Even if you resent being alive, you recognize you are alive, and Sartre claims that in a way this means you choose life. Everything comes back to CHOICE
- 29. Existentialism is Humanism Writtenin 1946 “confronts man with a possibility of choice.” there is no ultimate truth, you are free to make your own decisions and create your own meaning. Our lives have meaning because we choose to make them so! “There is no reality except in action!” “meaninglessness,” what existentialists mean is that life on its own (as in the basic biological function) has no meaning. Meaning develops from the actions we take, and no external factors. Interestingly, Sartre also claims that when we make choices for ourselves, we are making choices for all of humanity; when we make decisions for ourselves, we are acting as we think all people should act; we are creating our ideal image of humanity (“in fashioning myself I fashion man). This gives us as individuals a massive amount of responsibility.
- 30. Humans are attheir best: rebelling against impersonal society taking responsibility not making excuses
Editor's Notes
- #3 He was born Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre on 21st June 1905, in Paris. The son of a naval engineer, Jean-Baptiste Sartre and his wife Anne-Marie, nee Schweitzer, first cousin of Albert Schweitzer (the famous Protestant theologian). When Sartre was over a year old, his father died of fever he had contracted in Indochina. Anne-Marie Sartre returned to live with her parents at Meudon and then to Paris.
- #4 Cute siya nung bata, nung ginupitan siya, nawala na iyong pumapansin sa kanya. So he tried to compensate by being brilliant in ecole
- #5 Sartre was allowed no friends of his own age so he sought the companionship of the books in his grandfather’s large library. Educated at home by Charles until he was eleven, Sartre attended a string of Lycees until intellectual and personal liberation came in the form of admittance to the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1924. Henceforth, he had hardly any vision left in that eye and was left with the distinctive squint which would be exploited with ruthless hilarity by political cartoonists when he became a world figure.
- #6 It was at the Ecole Normale that Sartre met his lifelong companion and lover Simone de Beauvoir (1908-86). She was to become the brilliant feminist existentialist author of Le Deuxieme Sexe (The Second Sex), (1948) many philosophical novels, and the most significant work of existentialist ethics: Pour Une Morale de L’Ambiguite (For a Morality of Ambiguity) (1944). The mutual influence of de Beauvoir and Sartre is immense. They tested their ideas against each other. Their relationship seems to have allowed of a frankness extremely rare between two human beings. The lifelong friendship between the two were intellectual as well as sexual. She wrote that they considered marriage only once- when there was a possibility that Sartre would go to Japan to teach.
- #7 It was usually in the company of de Beauvoir that Sartre travelled abroad. At first just for holidays, later at the invitation of political leaders, Sartre visited between the 1930s and 1980s Spain, England, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Greece, Morocco, Algeria, Norway, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, China, Italy, Yugoslavia, Cuba, the USA, Russia, Brazil and Japan. Some countries he visited more than once. He met Tito in Yugoslavia, Breznef in Russia and Castro in Cuba, as well as the Chinese communist leadership.
- #9 During World War II, he was active in the French resistance movement against the German leader of the French intellectual avante garde, In June 1940 he was involved in troop’s actions, though he did no real fighting and was captured on the twenty-first After he repatriated in March 1941, Until late winter of the next year he was a prisoner of war, first in a French camp, then at a German stalag. Although its effect was not immediately visible in his work, the experience changed him deeply. For the first time he was a member of a unit that was not family-based nor an intellectual one, and he discovered his solidarity with his fellow prisoners.
- #10 And for the rest of his life he was to write, and often demonstrate, on behalf of groups that sought to replace bourgeois capitalism in France with some sort of socialist state; but his position with respect to the French Communist party (which he never joined), the Soviets, and other European socialist parties varied widely, from explicit support for the U.S.S.R. to condemnation of its policies at the time of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 and the revolt in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
- #11 In recognition of his many novels and plays, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964 an honor he refused to accept.
- #13 In his last years he was cared for by friends, especially Beauvoir; despite his repeated affairs with other women and her displeasure especially over the seriousness of his liaison with El Kaim, their relationship at the last was like that of devoted spouses who have held the same values and pursued identical undertakings for fifty years.
- #16 ACCORDING TO PLATO AND ARISTOTLE
- #17 EVERYTHING HAS AN ESSENCE , READ SLIDE , IF THOSE PROPERTIES WERE MISSING, THEN THAT THING WILL BE A DIFFERENT THING. EXAMPLE A KNIFE WITHOUT A BLADE WILL NOT BE A KNIFE. PWEDENG MAY WOODEN HANDLE STEEL PERO PAG WALANG BLADE WALA. THE BLADE IS THE ESSENTIAL PROPERTY BECAUSE IT GIVES THE KNIFE ITS DEFINING FUNCTION PLATO AND ARISTOTLE EVERYTHING HAS AN ESSENCE AND OUR ESSENCE EXIST IN US BEFORE WE WERE BORN ESSENSE GIVE US PURPOSE WE WERE BORN TO BE A CERTAIN THING – ESSENTIALISM DUMATING SI JEAN PAUL SARTRE
- #18 OUR BIRTH HAPPENS FIRST, THEN IT IS UP TO US TO DETERMINE WHO WE ARE, WE DETERMINE WHO WE ARE WE HAVE TO WRITE OUR OWN ESSENCE TO THE WAY WE CHOOSE TO LIVE BUT THERE ARE NO PREDETERMINED PURPOSE, BEFORE SARTRE PEOPLE DO NOT FIND PURPOSE GOD DID IT FOR YOU existence precedes essence in order to make a table, the artisan must first have a conception of the table not so with human beings; we come into the world existent but without a nature, without essence; we define ourselves while existing we are the sum of our experiences reaction against rationalism existentialist Angst German for “dread” a recurrent state of disquiet concerning one’s life choice you must make choices; nothing forces you to do anything: “I have to go to class today”--Sartre argues “you want to go to class today
- #20 Parang pinanganak lang tayo, tinapon sa mundo.
- #21 No absolutes no rules, walang religion, bakit ka making sa religion? Parang si Kierkegaard. During and after world war 2 horrors of holocaust led the people to abandon any belief in an ordered world. Sartre head meaningless head on.
- #22 Eto ang concept niya ng freedom. You can trace this back to his childhood, kasi nawalan siya ng father figure, tatay, so wala siyang titingalain, wala siyang susundan. So I have a freedom to be what I can be. “There is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life; in this sense life is ‘absurd.’” Sartre insists that the only foundation for values is human freedom; there can be no external objective justification for the values one chooses to adopt
- #23 Authority, wala ring God. You can do what your parents say, those authorities are just like you, so the best thing we can do is to live authentically other peoples, authority manggaling sa iyo.
- #28 The play begins with three characters who find themselves waiting in a mysterious room. It is a depiction of the afterlife in which three deceased characters are punished by being locked into a room together for eternity. It is the source of Sartre's especially famous and often misinterpreted quotation "L'enfer, c'est les autres" or "Hell is other people",[citation needed] a reference to Sartre's ideas about the look and the perpetual ontological struggle of being caused to see oneself as an object from the view of another consciousness Three damned souls, Joseph Garcin, Inès Serrano, and Estelle Rigault, are brought to the same room in Hell and locked inside by a mysterious valet. They had all expected torture devices to punish them for eternity, but instead find a plain room furnished in the style of the French 'Second Empire'. At first, none of them will admit the reason for their damnation: Joseph says that he was executed for being a pacifist, while Estelle insists that a mistake has been made; Inès, however, is the only one to demand that they all stop lying to themselves and confess to their moral crimes. She refuses to believe that they have all ended up in the room by accident and soon realizes that they have been placed together to make each other miserable; she deduces that they are to be one another's torturers.
- #29 The Excerpt from Being and Nothingness has 2 major parts: The issue of war, and the issue of birth Sartre directly addresses the concepts we’ve been discussing War The statement “There are no innocent victims” is shocking to read at first, but Sartre is making the point that at every step in life’s journey we make the choice as to what happens to us. You may be “obligated” to participate in a war due to conscription or defense, but you could always desert or kill yourself, too. “For lack of getting out of it, I have CHOSEN it.” I didn’t ask to be born You might try to abandon your responsibility by saying this. Sartre argues you can’t escape choice. Even if you want to abandon responsibility and be passive, you are still making that decision, which allocates responsibility to you. Even if you resent being alive, you recognize you are alive, and Sartre claims that in a way this means you choose life. Everything comes back to CHOICE
- #30 NO! We enter life without meaning, but as Sartre said in “Existentialism is a Humanism,” this philosophy “confronts man with a possibility of choice.” That is, because This has roots in Nietzsche's concept of the Overman: as we learned last week, Nietzsche envisioned individuals strong enough to make their own decisions and create their own meaning of life.