This document discusses various nano modification and coating techniques for dental implants to improve osseointegration and soft tissue integration. It describes methods like mechanical polishing and sandblasting, chemical etching and electrochemical deposition to modify implant surfaces at the nanoscale. Common nanomaterials used in coatings include silver, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles which have antibacterial properties. The document also discusses how quercitrin nanocoatings can reduce inflammation and improve soft tissue regeneration. Nanosurface topographies are said to influence the interaction between implant surfaces and mesenchymal stem cells.

1. AUTHOR: Dr. PAVITHRARANI M
CO-AUTHOR: Dr. MOHANAPRIYA R
DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTICS
SRI RAMAKRISHNA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE.

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• NANO MODIFICATION METHODS
• NANOPATTERN FABRICATION
TECHNIQUES FOR SURFACE
MODIFICATION
• NANOPARTICLE SURFACE COATING
• NANOMATERIALS
• NANOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
• PREPARATION OF NANO COATING
• NANO METALLIC ANTIBACTERIAL
AGENTS
• QUERCITRIN-NANOCOATED IMPLANTS
• INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES
AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
• TISSUE INTEGRATION
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Implants are commonly used in dentistry for restoring missing teeth. One of the
challenges in implantology is to achieve and maintain the osseointegration as well
as the epithelial junction of the gingival tissue with implants.
• Surface modifications with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-
regenerative agents could improve soft tissue regeneration and reduce dental
implant failure by enhancing the interaction between the implant’s surface and its
surrounding bone which will facilitate osseointegration while minimizing the
bacterial colonization to reduce the risk of biofilm formation.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Nanotechnology has been defined as “the creation of functional materials, devices
and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale (1–100 nm),
and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, and
biological) at that length scale”.
• The impact of nanotechnology has begun to appear on the dental implant surface
designs in a significant manner and this technology involves increasing the
complexity of the surface topography with the addition of nanoscale molecules
composed of nano-sized materials.

5. NANO MODIFICATION METHODS
• Nano modifications
involves two method:
Implant surface is
changed by exposing
to physical and
chemical agents
Layer of new
material is applied on
implant surface

6. NANOPATTERN FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION
Nanofabrication
techniques
Mechanical methods Chemical methods Physical methods
Polishing using
nanoparticles
Sand blasting using
nanoparticles
Acid etching
Electrochemical
deposition
Ion beam
deposition
Compaction of
nanoparticles
Accioni F, Vázquez J, Merinero M, Begines B, Alcudia A. Latest Trends in Surface Modification for Dental Implantology:
Innovative Developments and Analytical Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(2):455.

7. MECHANICAL METHOD
• Nano-abrasive particles are used.
• Slurry of chemically inert substances like alumina, silica
and diamond are used.
Polishing
• Projection of nanoparticle through a nozzle onto the
surface by compressed air to erode the surface.
• Favorable technique due to its capability of controlling
surface roughness.
Sand blasting

8. CHEMICAL METHOD
• used to clean and remove any oxide contamination from the
layer and produce a homogenous surface.
Acid
etching
• Technique to fabricate nanostructured surfaces via
potentiostatic or galvanostatic anodization by controlling
several parameters including electrolyte composition, electric
current, anode potential, temperature, and distance between
the anode and cathode.
Electroche
mical
deposition

9. PHYSICAL METHOD
• Compaction of nanoparticle on the implant
surface conserves the chemistry of the underlying
surface while changing or modifying the
chemistry and structure of the outer surface
layer
Compaction of
nanoparticles
• Direct beam deposition process that directly
applies an ionized particle beam onto substrate
surface to fabricate thin-film coatings on
substrate surface.
Ion beam
deposition

10. NANOPARTICLE SURFACE COATING
• Nanotechnology has enabled addition of metals into their nanosize, leading to
extreme changes in chemical, physical and optical properties of metals. The
metallic nanoparticles are the most promising agents as they show ideal properties
such as enhanced antibacterial activity.
• Metallic nanoparticles as dental implant coatings have been reported to be
efficient agents to improve the success of implants.

11. NANOMATERIALS
• Metallic antibacterial agents like silver, zinc and copper when incorporated with
nanomaterials of particle size ranging from 1- 100 nm, can be used for surface
modification of implants
• This nanomaterials improves the bactericidal effect in comparision to traditional
antibacterial agents
Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, H., and Wang, X. (2020). Advances and challenges in metallic nanomaterial synthesis
and antibacterial applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 8, 4764–4777.

12. NANOMATERIALS CLASSIFICATION
Saleh, Tawfik A. (2020). Nanomaterials: Classification, properties, and environmental toxicities. Environmental Technology
& Innovation, (), 101067

13. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING
1. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
2. PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
Single substance or compound containing one or more gas phases of elements is utilized
to perform a chemical reaction on the substrate surface and produce a coating.
Coating strategy consisting of vaporizing solid metal in a high vacuum environment and
depositing it on electrically conductive materials.

14. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING
3. SOL-GEL METHOD
4. SPIN ON DEPOSITION
Hydrolysis
and
condensation
Uniformly mixed
raw material in
liquid phase
Stable sol
Colloidal
particles
polymerize to
form gel
Gel is dried
sintered and
solidified on
the substrate
The spin-coating
droplets are injected
onto the surface of the
substrate
High-speed rotation
spin coating solution
is spread on the
surface
Remaining solvent
is removed by
drying
Uniform film
formation

15. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING
Metal is metal to molten
state by plasma arc
Molten metal sprayed
onto the surface at
high speed
Resulting in firmly
attached surface
coating
Outer layer of ions exerts
pressure on the charged
particles
Leading to deposition
of the particle
Forcing the particles
to gather near the
electrode
5. PLASMA SPRAYING
6. ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION

16. PREPARATION OF NANO COATING
7. LAYER-BY-LAYER SELF-
ASSEMBLY
Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Peng, Q., Lin, J., and Wen, C. (2019d).
Biocompatibility of nanoscale hydroxyapatite coating on TiO(2)
nanotubes. Materials 12:1979.

17. 1. SILVER NANOPARTICLE
• Silver ion (Ag+) is a strong
antibacterial agent with
reasonable stability and broad
spectrum antimicrobial effects
on both gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria.
• Ag+ nanoparticles are
biocompatible with
antibacterial activity.
DDIFFERENT MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
SILVER ION ON BACTERIA
NANO METALLIC ANTIBACTERIALAGENTS
Yin IX, Zhang J, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Li Q, Chu CH. The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its
Application in Dentistry. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 Apr 17;15:2555-2562.

18. AgNPs act at
a membrane
level
penetrate the
outer
membrane
and
accumulates
in the inner
membrane
increasing
membrane
permeability
induces
leakage of
cellular
content
Death
AgNPs interacts with sulfur
or phosphorus groups,
present in DNA and proteins
Altering their structure and
functions
Mechanism of action of ZnO in bacterial cell involves 3 mechanisms
A.
B.
2. ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE

19. • Memarzadeh et al (2015) tested a system containing mixtures of ZnO
nanoparicles and nanohydroxyapatite as a coating material to reduce bacterial
adhesion and support osteoblast growth and found that ZnO can be considered as
an optimal coating for implants in terms of both antimicrobial activity and
biocompatibility. They used an electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA) to
deposit mixtures of ZnO nanoparticles and nanohydroxyapatite onto the surface.
Interacts with
thiol group
Induce ROS and
free radical
Alters the
respiratory chain
in the inner
membrane
damage the
intracellular
machinery and
activates the
apoptosis
pathway
C.
Memarzadeh K, Sharili AS, Huang J, Rawlinson SC, Allaker RP. Nanoparticulate zinc oxide as a coating material for
orthopedic and dental implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2015;103:981-9.

20. Copper Oxide
Nanoparticle
passing through
nano-metric pores
existing on
bacterial cellular
membranes
damages the vital
enzymes of
bacteria
Restricts the
bacterial growth
Anu et al (2016) coated dental implants using CuO nanoparticles by a standard slurry dipping
method and chemical synthesis and found that CuO nanoparticles can be efficient as dental coating to
suppress dental infections. They calculated the diffusing ability of the antibacterial drugs from the
CuO nanoparticles coated titanium dental implants to retard the growth of test bacteria seeded on
plate using the zone of inhibition. The results of zone of inhibition measured (in millimeters) revealed
no inhibitory zones for uncoated materials, while the CuO nanoparticles coated titanium dental
implants showed significant inhibitory zones.
Anu K, Maleeka Begum S, Rajesh G, Renuka Devi K. Wet Biochemical Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Coated on Titanium
Dental Implants. 2016; 3: 1191-1194
3. COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLE

21. QUERCITRIN-NANOCOATED IMPLANTS
Anti-
inflammatory
Anti-oxidant
Improves soft
tissue
integration
Gomez-Florit et al (2016) tested the anti-inflammatory properties and potential of
quercitrin-nanocoated titanium surfaces to improve soft tissue regeneration using
human gingival fibroblasts. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties, they mimicked
an inflammatory situation using interleulin-1-beta. And the results showed that
quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces increased human gingival fibroblasts attachment. The
anti-inflammatory results showed increased collagen mRNA levels, decreased matrix
metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinanse-1 mRNA ratio and decreased
pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 release under basal and inflammatory conditions
Gomez-Florit M, Pacha-Olivenza MA, FernándezCalderón MC, Córdoba A, González-Martín ML, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Quercitrin-
nanocoated titanium surfaces favour gingival cells against oral bacteria. Scientific reports. 2016;6: 1-7.

22. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES AND
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
• Nanosurface topography of implant surface created by different nanofabrication
technique shows increased number of atoms and crystal grains at their surfaces
and possess a higher surface area to volume ratio, thereby altering the
corresponding surface energy for protein adsorption.
• According to Webster et al (2001) fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin and collagen
are proteins known to enhance osteoblastic function was shown to increase greatly
on nanobiomaterial.

23. Thakral G, Thakral R, Sharma N, Seth J, Vashisht P. Nanosurface - the future of implants. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 May;8(5):ZE07-10. doi:
10.7860/JCDR/2014/8764.4355. Epub 2014 May 15.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SURFACES
AND MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

24. BSEM
TISSUE INTEGRATION
Lavenus, Sandrine; Louarn, Guy; Layrolle, Pierre (2010). Nanotechnology and Dental Implants. International Journal of
Biomaterials, 2010(), 1–9.
Bare Titanium Implant
Coated Titanium Implant
HISTOLOGY

25. CONCLUSION
• Nanomaterials have the characteristics of small size and large specific surface area which
makes them more potent. Thus, Nanoscale surface modifications have high potential for
the improvement of the Ti implant performances, such as the acceleration of
osseointegration, the protection from chemical corrosion exerted by body fluids, and the
reduction of bacterial adhesion.
• Therefore, the combination of long-lasting features such as nanotopographies and NPs
may be considered as an ideal modification for the next generation of dental implants.