Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles can be used for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment. They provide contrast for MRI and ultrasound imaging, and can target sites of thrombosis and angiogenesis. In animal models, fibrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles accurately detected thrombi, while integrin-targeted nanoparticles identified neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaques. The nanoparticles allowed simultaneous 19F imaging and 1H MRI, providing anatomical and molecular pathology information. Anti-angiogenic drug-loaded nanoparticles reduced plaque growth in hyperlipidemic rabbits with a single dose, demonstrating the potential of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for cardiovascular disease applications.
DNA IMAGE SEGMENTATION – A COMPARISON OF EDGE DETECTION TECHNIQUESijbbjournal
Bioinformatics is a computer-assisted interface discipline dealing with the acquisition, storage,
management, access and processing of molecular biology data. It is an interdisciplinary scientific tool
without barriers among various disciplines of science like biology, mathematics, computer science and
information technology. Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology.
Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of genetic and genomic data and more generally in the
understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. In structural biology, it aids in the simulation
and modelling of DNA, RNA and Protein structures as well as molecular interactions. The most important
feature of DNA is that it is usually composed of two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other in the
form of a double helix. In this paper we have easily identified the complicated structure of DNA images for
using several techniques of edge detection in image processing .we consider various well known Algorithms
and metrics used in image processing applied to DNA images in this comparison .
DNA IMAGE SEGMENTATION – A COMPARISON OF EDGE DETECTION TECHNIQUESijbbjournal
Bioinformatics is a computer-assisted interface discipline dealing with the acquisition, storage,
management, access and processing of molecular biology data. It is an interdisciplinary scientific tool
without barriers among various disciplines of science like biology, mathematics, computer science and
information technology. Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology.
Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of genetic and genomic data and more generally in the
understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. In structural biology, it aids in the simulation
and modelling of DNA, RNA and Protein structures as well as molecular interactions. The most important
feature of DNA is that it is usually composed of two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other in the
form of a double helix. In this paper we have easily identified the complicated structure of DNA images for
using several techniques of edge detection in image processing .we consider various well known Algorithms
and metrics used in image processing applied to DNA images in this comparison .
Please join us for a quarterly update call with the Kaseya Management Team. The team will discuss our progress towards our goals, what our near term deliverables are, and our key strategic directions for this quarter and beyond. Ample time will be allotted to answer your questions.
Como ya es costumbre, cada año celebramos el aniversario de nuestro pueblo con la fiesta deportiva, este año no será la excepción, dicho evento se llevará a cabo los días 17 y 18 de septiembre del presente, adjunto se encuentra la convocatoria. ¡JALLALLA SULLKATITI TITIRI!
Présentation du Dr Dake lors du plus grand congrès de cardiologie interventionnelle.
Présentation faite en salle plénière devant plus de 800 personnes.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
2. PERSPECTIVE – Lanza, Winter, Caruthers et al.
Figure 1. ‘Lipid streaming’ into the acute coronary syndromes and strokes, which
plasma membrane. often occur in asymptomatic vascular segments
with modest disease. Until recently, the dogma
has been that a single complex lesion was respon-
sible for the clinical event. However, the diffuse
nature of arterial tree inflammation renders many
lesions within a vascular bed equally susceptible
to fissuring of thinning fibrous cap. Although
multiple sites of rupture are uncommon as a
cause of sudden coronary death, luminal fibrin
from multiple ruptures are frequent and associ-
ated with plaque hemorrhage and superficial
macrophages [12–14]. These sites of intimal tears,
demarcated by accumulated surface fibrin, are
suggested to be responsible for the rapid progres-
sion of vascular stenosis in patients [15]. In fact,
accumulated surface fibrin may be the critical
hallmark of lesion instability.
We have previously reported and demon-
A high-power image of a bound phospholipid- strated the use of fibrin-specific paramagnetic
rhodamine-labeled nanoparticle with adjacent lipid nanoparticles for detecting fibrin with MRI [6],
mixing into the plasma membrane of a C-32 while others have used small paramagnetic pep-
melanoma cell transiently expressing a green tides [16,17]. Fibrin-targeted nanoparticles densely
endocytic cytoplasmic marker. and specifically adhere to fibrin fibrils along the
Reproduced with permission from [11].
clot surface, delivering enormous payloads of
gadolinium atoms with each bound particle. In
Nanoparticle diagnosis of dogs, gradient echo images of thrombus targeted
unstable plaque with antifibrin paramagnetic nanoparticles dis-
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory dis- play high signal intensity (1780 ± 327), whereas
ease, which evolves from early ‘fatty streak’ contralateral control clot had a lower signal
lesions present at childhood into mature, patho- intensity (815 ± 41), similar to that of the adja-
logically complicated plaques. Thrombosis sec- cent muscle (768 ± 47) (Figure 2A). The contrast-
ondary to plaque rupture is the principal cause of to-noise ratio (CNR) between the targeted clot
and blood measured with this sequence was
Figure 2. Molecular imaging of fibrin in thrombi in vivo and
approximately 118 ± 21; whereas, the CNR
ex vivo.
between the targeted clot and the control clot
B
was 131 ± 37. The concept of detecting human
A
α-fibrin NP ruptured plaque was illustrated in vitro using
carotid artery endarterectomy specimens from a
T Lumen
Plasma symptomatic patient in which microscopic fibrin
deposits within the ruptured ‘shoulders’ of the
plaque were readily apparent in contradistinction
compared with control specimens (Figure 2B).
Although the recognition of intraluminal
Calcium
fibrin within diseased vascular segments repre-
sents a potential major step forward in the pre-
Targeted Control
vention of infarction or stroke, there is a need to
differentiate minimal cap fissuring, which is
(A) Thrombi in the external jugular vein targeted with fibrin-specific
paramagnetic nanoparticles demonstrating dramatic T1-weighted contrast
likely to heal, from plaque ruptures that lead to
enhancement in the gradient echo image (arrow). (B) Color-enhanced MRI thrombo-occlusive or -embolic sequellae. The
images of fibrin-targeted and control carotid endarterectomy specimens high fluorine content of fibrin-targeted nano-
revealing contrast enhancement (white) of a small fibrin deposit on a particles affords a unique opportunity to quan-
symptomatic ruptured plaque. Calcium deposit (black). (3D, fat-suppressed, tify the extent of luminal surface thrombus,
T1-weighted fast gradient echo). which we hypothesize will correlate with the risk
Reprinted with permission from [6].
of clinically significant disease progression.
322 Nanomedicine (2006) 1(3)
3. Cardiovascular disease and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles – PERSPECTIVE
Figure 3. Dual 1H/19F imaging of thrombus in human carotid PFC nanoparticle approach to early
endarterectomy specimen. atherosclerotic disease
A key feature of the atherosclerotic process is the
A B C
angiogenic expansion of the vasa vasorum in the
adventitia, which extends into the thickening
intimal layer of the atheroma in concert with
other neovessels originating from the primary
arterial lumen [20–22]. Extensive neovascular pro-
liferation within atherosclerotic plaques is promi-
nent within ‘culprit’ lesions associated clinically
with unstable angina, myocardial infarction and
stroke [23–25], and has been suggested to promote
D plaque growth, intraplaque hemorrhage and
Concentration of lesion instability [12]. Moulton and colleagues
nanoparticles (nM)
>1.5
have reported that reduction in plaque angio-
genesis can diminish atheroma growth despite
1.0 persistent elevation of total cholesterol levels in
apolipoprotein (Apo)E-/- mice treated with TNP-
0.5 470 [26], a direct inhibitor of endothelial cell pro-
liferation through methionine aminopeptidase 2
0 blockade [27–29]. Unfortunately, chronic, high
doses of TNP-470 administered systemically
(A) Optical image of a cross-section of a human carotid endarterectomy with have neurocognitive side effects in humans [30,31].
moderate lumenal narrowing, several atherosclerotic lesions and areas of MR molecular imaging of focal angiogenesis
calcification. (B) A 1H image acquired at 4.7 T at the same location reveals signal with integrin-targeted paramagnetic contrast agents
enhancement due to the presence of antifibrin paramagnetic nanoparticle. has been reported with PFC nanoparticles [32–34]
(C) A 19F projection image acquired at 4.7 T through the entire carotid artery and liposomes [35–37]. ανβ3-targeted PFC nano-
sample shows high signal in the same areas due to nanoparticles bound to particles were demonstrated to detect the expan-
fibrin. (D) 1H image in (B) with a false color overlay of the quantified
sion of the aortic neovasculature in
nanoparticle concentration in the carotid as derived from the 19F image.
Reproduced with permission from [18]. hyperlipidemic New Zealand White rabbits [38].
Administration of ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic
To illustrate this concept, human carotid endar- nanoparticles intravenously, followed by dynamic
terectomy specimens were exposed to fibrin-tar- T1-weighted MR images of the aorta over the fol-
geted PFC nanoparticles and produced high levels lowing 2 h, illustrated the heterogeneous neovas-
of T1-weighted signal enhancement along the culature development associated with early
lumenal surface (Figure 3) [18]. 19F projection images atherosclerotic disease. Aortic wall contrast
of the same artery corroborated the asymmetric enhancement occured variably along the circum-
distribution of fibrin-targeted nanoparticles ference and length of the aorta with greater signal
around the vessel wall. Spectroscopic quantifica- enhancement relative to controls observed in vir-
tion of nanoparticle binding allowed a quantitative tually every aortic slice of the cholesterol-fed/tar-
19F map of signal intensity that is coregistered with geted rabbits. Among cholesterol-fed rabbits
the 1H image and provides visualization of ana- receiving ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparti-
tomical and pathological information in a single cles, aortic wall contrast increased 26 ± 4% and 47
image. Indeed, combination of the 1H and 19F sig- ± 5% over baseline at 15 and 120 min, respec-
nals in ‘real time’ synergistically increases informa- tively (Figure 4). In cholesterol-fed rabbits receiving
tion content. These data alone, or in combination nontargeted nanoparticles, the aortic wall
with contrast-directed, high resolution MRI imag- enhanced by 19 ± 1% within 15 min and
ing of identified segments [19], may support the remained at 26 ± 1% from 60 to 120 min, reflect-
development of rational guidelines to support stra- ing delayed-washout of the paramagnetic nano-
tegic decisions regarding acute mechanical inter- particles from the dysmorphic vasculature.
vention versus medical therapy for plaque Competitive blockade of angiogenic
stabilization. However, plaque rupture is a late ανβ3-integrins with targeted nonparamagnetic
manifestation of atherosclerotic plaque progression nanoparticles reduced the signal enhancement of
and further techniques are required to assess and ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles by at
treat the disease earlier in its natural progression. least 50%, to approximately the level of the
www.futuremedicine.com 323
4. PERSPECTIVE – Lanza, Winter, Caruthers et al.
Figure 4. Percent enhancement maps (false-colored from blue cells [39], effective antiangiogenic drug delivery
to red). with ανβ3-targeted nanoparticles laden with
fumagillin (the lipophilic parent compound of
TNP-470) was demonstrated in hyperlipidemic
100
New Zealand White rabbits using a single-dose
80 treatment [40], which delivered far less drug than
60 previously used in the ApoE model studies [26].
40 In one experiment, hyperlipidemic rabbits
20
(∼80 days on diet) were administered ανβ3-tar-
geted fumagillin nanoparticles, ανβ3-targeted
From individual aortic segments at the renal artery (A), mid-aorta (B) and nanoparticles without fumagillin or nontargeted
diaphragm (C) 2 h after treatment in a cholesterol-fed rabbit given fumagillin nanoparticles and were imaged before
αvβ3-targeted nanoparticles.
and 4 h after treatment to assess the magnitude
Reproduced with permission from [38].
and distribution of signal enhancement [40].
1 week later, the extent of ανβ3-integrin expres-
nontargeted group. In control-diet rabbits, aortic sion in each animal was reassessed with integrin-
contrast from ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic nano- targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles (i.e., no
particles paralleled the effects noted among cho- drug). Consistent with the early stage of athero-
lesterol-fed animals receiving the nontargeted sclerosis in this animal model, T1-weighted
agent. The signal enhancement in adjacent skele- black-blood images demonstrated no gross evi-
tal muscle produced by ανβ3-targeted and nontar- dence of plaque development in terms of luminal
geted paramagnetic nanoparticles was negligible. narrowing or wall thickening when compared
MR images were consistent with immunohisto- with previous experiments using age-matched,
chemistry observations that showed expansion of nonatherosclerotic rabbits [38]. ανβ3-targeted
the aortic vasa vasorum (platelet-endothelial cell nanoparticle enhancement exhibited a patchy
adhesion molecule [PECAM]-positive) among distribution within the aortic wall with higher
atherosclerotic rabbits in comparison with the levels of angiogenesis noted near the diaphragm.
controls (Figure 5). The average MRI signal enhancement measured
Site-targeted PFC nanoparticles also offer the at 4 h for each slice and integrated across the
opportunity for local drug delivery in combina- entire aortic wall was identical for ανβ3-targeted
tion with molecular imaging. After initially dem- nanoparticles with (16.7 ± 1.1%) and without
onstrating this mechanism in vitro using (16.7 ± 1.6%) fumagillin. At 1 week later, MRI
doxorubicin and paclitaxel nanoparticles to inhibit aortic wall signal enhancement following ανβ3-
the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle targeted fumagillin nanoparticle treatment was
markedly reduced (2.9 ± 1.6%; p < 0.05) in
Figure 5. Microscopic images of aorta from control and both spatial distribution and intensity, while sig-
hyperlipidemic rabbits depicting an increase in neovascularity nal from rabbits given ανβ3-targeted nano-
stained for ανβ3-integrin expression (LM-609) along the particles lacking fumagillin was undiminished
media–adventia border. (18.1 ± 2.1%) (Figure 6). Treatment with non-
targeted fumagillin nanoparticles did not signifi-
cantly diminish ανβ3-integrin levels, although a
Cholesterol fed Control diet
numerical decrease was observed (12.4 ± 0.9%).
In a separate cohort of rabbits, abdominal
aorta sections obtained 1 week after nanoparti-
cle treatment revealed mild, heterogeneously
distributed intimal thickening [40]. The vast
majority of neovessels within the aortic wall
were located in the adventitia opposite regions
of thickening intimal plaque (Figure 7A), with
very few vessels observed in the media or plaque
in these animals. The total number of
PECAM-positive microvessels per section when
Increased angiogenesis averaged across all aortic slices was greater in
Reproduced with permission from [38]. untreated rabbits receiving ανβ3-targeted parti-
cles without drug (65 ± 28) than in those given
324 Nanomedicine (2006) 1(3)
5. Cardiovascular disease and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles – PERSPECTIVE
Figure 6. MRI aortic wall signal enhancement with heparin-coated stents, to the more recent, new
ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticle (no drug) 1 week
class of drug-eluting stents (DESs), have
following treatment with ανβ3-targeted fumagillin or control expanded our armamentarium for reopening
(no drug) nanoparticles. stenotic vessels while preventing vascular re-
occlusion. Within the last few years, the use of
conventional balloon angioplasty and bare-
Before After metal stent implantation, which were associated
with clinical restenosis rates of 32–42% and
Targeted 19–30%, respectively [41–43], have been
nanoparticles improved with the local deposition of a phar-
with drug macological agent to suppress neointimal pro-
(30 µg fumagillin/kg)
liferation. Current DESs have reduced the rate
of angiographic restenosis to below 9% and
diminished the frequency for repeat revasculari-
zation to under 5% [44,45]. Unfortunately, DESs
cannot be used routinely for all lesions. In some
Targeted nanoparticles situations, vessel tortuosity or the distal loca-
without drug tion of lesions prevents manipulation of the rel-
atively inflexible DES. In other cases, the vessel
diameter at the culprit lesion is too small for
stent placement. As a result, many lesions, in
Reproduced with permission from [40].
whole or part, do not receive the benefit of local
antirestenotic therapy after revascularization.
Moreover, despite the clear success of DESs,
ανβ-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles (32 ± 11), the incidence of late in-stent thrombosis has
particularly in the upper half of the aorta, which arisen as an infrequent but serious complication
typically displayed more prominent disease of delayed endothelial healing [46]. To avoid
(Figure 7B) between untreated and treated animals acute thrombosis, aggressive dual (and occa-
(73 ± 28 vs 24 ± 5, respectively; p = 0.05) and sionally triple) antiplatelet therapy is employed
paralleled the overall distribution of MR signal for 6 months to 1 year. We now recognize that
enhancement changes observed. The total dose of some patients are nonresponders to one or
fumagillin administered as a single injection in more of the drugs [47–49]. In other instances,
ανβ3-targeted nanoparticles was more than thrombosis presents when antithrombotic
10,000-times lower than the cumulative oral dose drugs are withheld secondary to bleeding com-
of TNP-470 reported by Moulton and col- plications or the need for emergent surgery.
leagues. Uniquely, incorporation of fumagillin Late in-stent thrombosis has been linked to
into paramagnetic nanoparticles allowed local fatal outcomes [46] and the risk can persist up to
drug delivery to be confirmed, assessed and quan- 30 months after DES implantation [48,49]. Tar-
tified noninvasively. From a clinical perspective, geted local delivery of antirestenotic drugs,
these studies illustrate how nanomedicine tech- such as paclitaxel or rapamycin, into the
niques allow the severity and distribution of stretch-injured arterial wall rather than the inti-
atherosclerosis to be quantified directly. In indi- mal surface could permit better healing and
viduals requiring early, aggressive intervention, recovery of the endothelium. More rapid
targeted PFC nanoparticles may provide a vehicle endothelial repair of the injured wall should
to treat rapidly progressing plaque locally with substantially diminish the incidence of throm-
direct, noninvasive longitudinal follow-up. bosis and reduce the long-term requirement for
aggressive antiplatelet therapy.
Nanomedicine approaches to Nanomedicine offers techniques to address
antirestenotic therapy restenosis in lesions not amenable to current
following angioplasty DES technology. Ligand-directed PFC nano-
Far too often, the progression of atherosclerosis particles can penetrate balloon-injured vessel
to acute coronary syndromes presents the need walls and target intramural biomarkers, includ-
for acute revascularization. Fortunately, contin- ing tissue factor [50], collagen III and integrins
uous advances from balloon-angioplasty, bare- (Figure 8) [51]. Using intramural targeting and
metal stents and drug-covered stents, such as anchoring of rapamycin nanoparticles to
www.futuremedicine.com 325
6. PERSPECTIVE – Lanza, Winter, Caruthers et al.
Figure 7. Angiogenesis associated rapamycin were administered to one artery while
with neointima formation is the contralateral vessel received targeted nano-
diminished with integrin-targeted particles without drug or saline. At 2 weeks after
fumagillin nanoparticles. nanoparticle treatment, plaque development was
determined by MR angiography and microscopic
morphometric quantification. Routine MR angi-
A ograms were indistinguishable between control
and targeted-vessel segments. Microscopic analy-
sis of serial vascular sections 2 weeks after injury
revealed that the intimal plaque:lumen area ratio
of vessels treated with ανβ3-targeted rapamycin
nanoparticles was significantly less (∼50%;
p < 0.05) than arteries receiving targeted nano-
particles without drug or saline. Although pre-
liminary, these data suggest that ανβ3-integrin-
targeted nanoparticles can provide effective local,
intramural therapy and may be a tool to extend
B the use of antirestenotic drugs to revascularized
100 sites with or without adjunctive stent placement.
Neovessels/section
75 Conclusion
Nanomedicine is a new evolving field referred to
50
by many names, which promises to significantly
* enhance the tools available to clinicians to address
25
some of the serious challenges responsible for
0 profound mortality, morbidity and numerous
Targeted, Targeted,
with drug no drug societal consequences. Unlike the simple pharma-
ceutics of the past, nanomedicine agents are typi-
(A) Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule
cally 3D, multicomponent systems that require
(PECAM)-stained section (4x) of abdominal aorta
from a hyperlipidemic rabbit displaying adventitia,
interdisciplinary expertise to produce and use. In
media and plaque. Higher magnification inset (20x) this article, we have briefly introduced the oppor-
shows microvessels were located predominantly in tunities associated with targeted PFC nanoparti-
the adventitia, associated with thickening cles in atherosclerosis-related diseases. The
neointima. Neovessels were generally not found in potential impact of these few concepts is enor-
regions where plaque progression was minimal or mous, but pales in comparison with the advance-
nonexistant in this cohort of rabbits. Note that
ments likely to evolve in this field over the
larger, mature vessels stained positively for PECAM
were not included in the estimates. (B) The
coming decades.
number of neovascular vessels within the
adventitia was reduced (*p = 0.05) in fumagillin- Future perspective
treated rabbits over the proximal half of the aorta Developments in nanotechnology are proceed-
(i.e., renal artery to diaphragm), which correlated ing at breakneck speeds, particularly in the mate-
with the region of greatest MR signal and rials science arena, although biomedical
fumagillin response in the imaging studies.
applications of these techniques have lagged. In
Reproduced with permission from [40].
general, ‘nanoceuticals’, involving targeted diag-
nostic and/or drug delivery, are considerably
ανβ3-integrin expressed on smooth muscle cells more complex to develop than traditional drug
and other plaque components (e.g., macrophages candidates, since they often incorporate multiple
or T cells), the inhibition of vascular stenosis fol- active pharmaceutical ingredients and present
lowing balloon overstretch injury in rabbit mod- complex process, stability and safety challenges.
els was demonstrated [52]. In those studies, Yet, the opportunity for these technologies to
femoral arteries of 12 rabbits on atherogenic diets reach the clinic has never been better.
for 3 weeks were subjected to balloon stretch Only 10 years ago, the concept of ligand-
injury via a catheter approach from the left com- directed targeted imaging for MRI and ultra-
mon carotid artery. Using a double-balloon tech- sonography was the scientific equivalent of the
nique, paramagnetic ανβ3-nanoparticles with search for the ‘holy grail’. Today, these tools are
326 Nanomedicine (2006) 1(3)
7. Cardiovascular disease and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles – PERSPECTIVE
Figure 8. Volume-rendered image consisting of a 3D MR more commonplace. Platform technologies,
angiogram coregistered with T1 enhancement in the wall of such as PFC nanoparticles, are emerging with
carotid arteries of a domestic pig following angioplasty and the ability to detect, treat and monitor nascent
exposure to ανβ3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles. disease, and will soon enter clinical trials, prob-
ably in 2007. Conservatively speaking, nano-
Carotid arteries medicine has turned the feasibility corner and
R L L R
demonstrated opportunity in numerous animal
model studies by several independent investiga-
tors. The question is no longer whether bio-
αvβ3-
medical nanotechnology is destined for the
targeted clinic, but only when such tools will be
contrast approved and available in the marketplace.
Disclosures
Depiction of ανβ3-targeted contrast (golden; arrows) in the vascular wall. Frames Equipment support from Philips Medical Systems, Cleve-
at different angles detailing the asymmetry and morphology of balloon land, OH, USA. Financial Support:
overstretch injury pattern.
NHLBI/NCI/NIBIB. Co-founders (GL, SW): Kereos,
Reproduced with permission from [51].
Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA.
Executive summary
Nanomedicine promises to enhance the ability of clinicians to address some of the serious challenges responsible for cardiovascular
mortality, morbidity and numerous societal consequences. In cardiology, new nanotechnologies offer the following possibilities:
• Ligand-directed perfluorocarbon nanoparticles provide a platform for use with all clinically relevant imaging modalities.
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles may be used alone or in combination with imaging to deliver drugs locally and treat pathology early
in its natural progression.
• Fibrin-specific perfluorocarbon nanoparticles may allow the detection and quantification of unstable plaque in susceptible
patients, which may be an important feature of future strategies to prevent heart attacks or stroke.
• Integrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles may allow direct and serial assessments of angiogenesis in atherosclerosis as a
biosignature and catalyst of plaque progression.
• Integrin-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles could deliver anti-angiogenic therapy locally at markedly lower dosages than
could be used systemically to modify and stabilize plaque progression.
• Targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles could locally deliver antirestenotic drugs, with or without adjunctive bare-metal stent
placement, to extend the benefits of antiproliferative drugs post-angioplasty.
The potential impact of these ‘nanoceutical’ concepts is exciting and illustrates the advancements in nanotechnology that are now
reported worldwide.
Bibliography 5. Lanza G, Lorenz C, Fischer S et al.: 9. Lanza GM, Winter PM, Neubauer AM,
1. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W et al.: Enhanced detection of thrombi with a novel Caruthers SD, Hockett FD, Wickline SA:
Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2006 fibrin-targeted magnetic resonance imaging 1H/19F magnetic resonance molecular
update: a report from the American Heart agent. Acad. Radiol. 5(Suppl. 1), s173–s176 imaging with perfluorocarbon
Association Statistics Committee and Stroke (1998). nanoparticles. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 70,
Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 113, 6. Flacke S, Fischer S, Scott M et al.: A novel 57–76 (2005).
e85–e151 (2006). MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging 10. Caruthers SD, Neubauer AM, Hockett FD
2. Lanza G, Wallace K , Scott M et al.: A novel of fibrin: implications for detecting et al.: In vitro demonstration using 19F
site-targeted ultrasonic contrast agent with vulnerable plaques. Circulation 104, magnetic resonance to augment molecular
broad biomedical application. Circulation 94, 1280–1285 (2001). imaging with paramagnetic perfluorocarbon
3334–3340 (1996). 7. Winter P, Caruthers S, Yu X et al.: Improved nanoparticles at 1.5 Tesla. Invest. Radiol. 41,
3. Mattrey RF: The potential role of molecular imaging contrast agent for 305–312 (2006).
perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in diagnostic detection of human thrombus. Magn. Reson. 11. Crowder KC, Hughes MS, Marsh JN et al.:
imaging. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Med. 50, 411–416 (2003). Sonic activation of molecularly-targeted
Biotechnol. 22, 295–313 (1994). 8. Yu X, Song S-K, Chen J et al.: High- nanoparticles accelerates transmembrane
4. Hall CS, Lanza GM, Rose JH et al.: resolution MRI characterization of human lipid delivery to cancer cells through
Experimental determination of phase velocity thrombus using a novel fibrin-targeted contact-mediated mechanisms: implications
of perfluorocarbons: applications to targeted paramagnetic nanoparticle contrast agent. for enhanced local drug delivery. Ultrasound.
contrast agents. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Magn. Reson. Med. 44, 867–872 (2000). Med. Biol. 31, 1693–1700 (2005).
Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 47, 75–84 (2000).
www.futuremedicine.com 327
8. PERSPECTIVE – Lanza, Winter, Caruthers et al.
12. Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Burke AP et al.: 22. Gossl M, von Birgelen C, Mintz GS et al.: 33. Schmieder A, Winter P, Caruthers S et al.:
Pathologic assessment of the vulnerable Volumetric assessment of ulcerated MR molecular imaging of melanoma
human coronary plaque. Heart 90, ruptured coronary plaques with three- angiogenesis with αvβ3-Targeted
1385–1391 (2004). dimensional intravascular ultrasound in paramagnetic nanoparticles. Magn. Reson.
13. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP et al.: vivo. Am. J. Cardiol. 91, 992–996, A7 Med. 53, 621–627 (2005).
Atherosclerotic plaque progression and (2003). 34. Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Kassner A et al.:
vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a 23. Tenaglia AN, Peters KG, Sketch MH Jr, Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in
source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Annex BH: Neovascularization in nascent Vx-2 rabbit tumors using a novel
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, atherectomy specimens from patients with α(nu)β-targeted nanoparticle and 1.5 Tesla
2054–2061 (2005). unstable angina: implications for magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res.
14. Schaar JA, Muller JE, Falk E et al.: pathogenesis of unstable angina. Am. 63, 5838–5843 (2003).
Terminology for high-risk and vulnerable Heart J. 135, 10–14 (1998). 35. Sipkins DA, Cheresh DA, Kazemi MR,
coronary artery plaques. Report of a 24. Moreno PR, Purushothaman KR, Fuster V Nevin LM, Bednarski MD, Li KC:
meeting on the vulnerable plaque, June 17 et al.: Plaque neovascularization is increased Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by
and 18, 2003, Santorini, Greece. Eur. in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of αvβ3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging.
Heart J. 25, 1077–1082 (2004). human aorta: implications for plaque Nat. Med. 4, 623–626 (1998).
15. Ojio S, Takatsu H, Tanaka T et al.: vulnerability. Circulation 110, 2032–2038 36. Mulder WJ, Strijkers GJ, Habets JW et al.:
Considerable time from the onset of (2004). MR molecular imaging and fluorescence
plaque rupture and/or thrombi until the 25. Khurana R, Zhuang Z, Bhardwaj S et al.: microscopy for identification of activated
onset of acute myocardial infarction in Angiogenesis-dependent and independent tumor endothelium using a bimodal lipidic
humans: coronary angiographic findings phases of intimal hyperplasia. Circulation nanoparticle. FASEB J. 19, 2008–2010
within 1 week before the onset of 110, 2436–2443 (2004). (2005).
infarction. Circulation 102, 2063–2069 26. Moulton KS, Heller E, Konerding MA, 37. Strijkers GJ, Mulder WJ, van Heeswijk RB
(2000). Flynn E, Palinski W, Folkman J: et al.: Relaxivity of liposomal paramagnetic
16. Botnar RM, Buecker A, Wiethoff AJ et al.: Angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin or MRI contrast agents. MAGMA 18,
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of TNP-470 reduce intimal neovascularization 186–192 (2005).
coronary thrombosis using a fibrin-binding and plaque growth in apolipoprotein E- 38. Winter PM, Morawski AM, Caruthers SD
molecular magnetic resonance contrast deficient mice. Circulation 99, 1653–1655 et al.: Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in
agent. Circulation 110, 1463–1466 (2004). (1999). early-stage atherosclerosis with αvβ3-
17. Botnar RM, Perez AS, Witte S et al.: In 27. Klein CD, Folkers G: Understanding the integrin-targeted nanoparticles. Circulation
vivo molecular imaging of acute and selectivity of fumagillin for the methionine 108, 2270–2274 (2003).
subacute thrombosis using a fibrin-binding aminopeptidase type II. Oncol. Res. 13, 39. Lanza GM, Yu X, Winter PM et al.:
magnetic resonance imaging contrast 513–520 (2003). Targeted antiproliferative drug delivery to
agent. Circulation 109, 2023–2029 (2004). 28. Rodriguez-Nieto S, Medina MA, vascular smooth muscle cells with a
18. Morawski AM, Winter PM, Yu X et al.: Quesada AR: A re-evaluation of fumagillin magnetic resonance imaging nanoparticle
Quantitative “magnetic resonance selectivity towards endothelial cells. contrast agent: implications for rational
immunohistochemistry” with ligand- Anticancer Res. 21, 3457–3460 (2001). therapy of restenosis. Circulation 106,
targeted 19F nanoparticles. Magn. Reson. 29. Liu S, Widom J, Kemp CW, Crews CM, 2842–2847 (2002).
Med. 52, 1255–1262 (2004). Clardy J: Structure of human methionine 40. Winter P, Neubauer A, Caruthers S et al.:
19. Chu B, Yuan C, Takaya N, Shewchuk J, aminopeptidase-2 complexed with Endothelial αvβ3-integrin targeted
Clowes A, Hatsukami T: Images in fumagillin. Science 282, 1324–1327 (1998). fumagillin nanoparticles inhibit
cardiovascular medicine. Serial high- 30. Tran HT, Blumenschein Jr GR, Lu C et al.: angiogenesis in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler.
spatial-resolution, multisequence magnetic Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 2103–2109 (2006).
resonance imaging studies identify fibrous TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in 41. Jaegere Pd P, Domburg Rv R, Nathoe H
cap rupture and penetrating ulcer into combination with paclitaxel and et al.: Long-term clinical outcome after
carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation carboplatin in patients with solid tumors. stent implantation in coronary arteries. Int.
113, e660–661 (2006). Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 54, 308–314 J. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 2, 27–34 (1999).
20. Gossl M, Malyar NM, Rosol M, (2004). 42. Kimura T, Tamura T, Yokoi H,
Beighley PE, Ritman EL: Impact of 31. Herbst RS, Madden TL, Tran HT et al.: Nobuyoshi M: Long-term clinical and
coronary vasa vasorum functional structure Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of angiographic follow-up after placement of
on coronary vessel wall perfusion TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent: a single
distribution. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. combined with paclitaxel in patients with center experience. J. Interv. Cardiol. 7,
Physiol. 285, H2019–H2026 (2003). solid tumors: evidence for activity in non- 129–139 (1994).
21. Gossl M, Rosol M, Malyar NM et al.: small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 43. Keane D, Azar AJ, Jaegere PD et al.:
Functional anatomy and hemodynamic 4440–4447 (2002). Clinical and angiographic outcome of
characteristics of vasa vasorum in the walls 32. Anderson SA, Rader RK, Westlin WF et al.: elective stent implantation in small
of porcine coronary arteries. Anat. Rec. A Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement coronary vessels: an analysis of the
Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 272, 526–537 of neovasculature with αvβ3-targeted BENESTENT trial. Semin. Interv. Cardiol.
(2003). nanoparticles. Magn. Reson. Med. 44, 1, 255–262 (1996).
433–439 (2000).
328 Nanomedicine (2006) 1(3)
9. Cardiovascular disease and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles – PERSPECTIVE
44. Serruys PW, Lemos PA, van Hout BA: 47. Wenaweser P Hess O: Stent thrombosis is
, 50. Lanza G, Abendschein D, Hall C et al.:
Sirolimus eluting stent implantation for associated with an impaired response to Molecular imaging of stretch-induced tissue
patients with multivessel disease: rationale antiplatelet therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46, factor expression in carotid arteries with
for the Arterial Revascularisation Therapies CS5–CS6 (2005). intravascular ultrasound. Invest. Radiol. 35,
Study part II (ARTS II). Heart 90, 995–998 48. McFadden EP Stabile E, Regar E et al.: Late
, 227–234 (2000).
(2004). thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents 51. Cyrus T, Abendschein DR, Caruthers SD
45. Serruys PW, Regar E, Carter AJ: Rapamycin after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. et al.: MR three-dimensional molecular
eluting stent: the onset of a new era in Lancet 364, 1519–1521 (2004). imaging of intramural biomarkers with
interventional cardiology. Heart 87, 305–307 49. Rodriguez AE, Mieres J, Fernandez-Pereira C targeted nanoparticles. J. Cardiovasc. Magn.
(2002). et al.: Coronary stent thrombosis in the current Reson. 8, 535–541 (2006).
46. Ong AT, McFadden EP Regar E, Jaegere PDP
, , drug-eluting stent era: insights from the 52. Cyrus T, Caruthers S, Allen J et al.: Intramural
van Domburg RT, Serruys PW: Late ERACI III Trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, delivery of rapamycin with αvβ3-integrin-
angiographic stent thrombosis (LAST) events 205–207 (2006). targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles inhibits
with drug-eluting stents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. stenosis following angioplasty. Circulation
45, 2088–2092 (2005). 112(Suppl. S), U224–U225 (2005).
www.futuremedicine.com 329