The document discusses using nano-fiber diameters as liquid concentration sensors. Specifically, it examines using nano-fibers to sense the concentration of D-glucose solutions and measure the refractive index. It describes how nano-fibers act as sensors by etching the cladding with HF solution. Experiments were conducted using nano-fibers and light transmission to measure the concentration of sugar solutions. Results showed the peak transmission decreased with increasing sugar concentration, indicating nano-fibers can successfully be used as liquid concentration sensors.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics.
Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.
Blood Sugar (Glucose) Measurement, Monitoring and Data Analysis: A Review on ...Md Kafiul Islam
The presentation reviews the recent development in non-invasive blood sugar measurement and monitoring techniques, their pros and cons, comparative analysis and the key challenges in implementing such technique in continuous and regular health monitoring for wearable biomedical device technology
Study of Absorption Loss Effects on Acoustic Wave Propagation in Shallow Wate...IJAAS Team
Efficient underwater acoustic communication and target locating systems require detailed study of acoustic wave propagation in the sea. Many investigators have studied the absorption of acoustic waves in ocean water and formulated empirical equations such as Thorp’s formula, Schulkin and Marsh model and Fisher and Simmons formula. The Fisher and Simmons formula found the effect associated with the relaxation of boric acid on absorption and provided a more detailed form of absorption coefficient which varies with frequency. However, no simulation model has made for the underwater acoustic propagation using these models. This paper reports the comparative study of acoustic wave absorption carried out by means of modeling in MATLAB. The results of simulation have been evaluated using measured data collected at Desaru beach on the eastern shore of Johor in Malaysia. The model has been used to determine sound absorption for given values of depth (D), salinity (S), temperature (T), pH, and acoustic wave transmitter frequency (f). From the results a suitable range, depth and frequency can be found to obtain best propagation link with low absorption loss.
Fluorescence technique involves the optical detection and spectral analysis of light emitted by a substance undergoing a transition from an excited electronic state to a lower electronic state. The aim of this study is to assess the -amino levulinic acid (-ALA) uptake. Based on image processing technique, Matlab was used to analyze the fluorescence images resulted from activation of (-ALA) and follow its uptake along one week. Analyzing the RGB colours pixel profile from obtained results showed different profiles for malignant tissues, normal tissues, treated just after PDT and finally at one week post PDT. The treated tissues fluorescence profile showed changes from closer to malignant tissue profile till been closed to normal one.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics.
Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.
Blood Sugar (Glucose) Measurement, Monitoring and Data Analysis: A Review on ...Md Kafiul Islam
The presentation reviews the recent development in non-invasive blood sugar measurement and monitoring techniques, their pros and cons, comparative analysis and the key challenges in implementing such technique in continuous and regular health monitoring for wearable biomedical device technology
Study of Absorption Loss Effects on Acoustic Wave Propagation in Shallow Wate...IJAAS Team
Efficient underwater acoustic communication and target locating systems require detailed study of acoustic wave propagation in the sea. Many investigators have studied the absorption of acoustic waves in ocean water and formulated empirical equations such as Thorp’s formula, Schulkin and Marsh model and Fisher and Simmons formula. The Fisher and Simmons formula found the effect associated with the relaxation of boric acid on absorption and provided a more detailed form of absorption coefficient which varies with frequency. However, no simulation model has made for the underwater acoustic propagation using these models. This paper reports the comparative study of acoustic wave absorption carried out by means of modeling in MATLAB. The results of simulation have been evaluated using measured data collected at Desaru beach on the eastern shore of Johor in Malaysia. The model has been used to determine sound absorption for given values of depth (D), salinity (S), temperature (T), pH, and acoustic wave transmitter frequency (f). From the results a suitable range, depth and frequency can be found to obtain best propagation link with low absorption loss.
Fluorescence technique involves the optical detection and spectral analysis of light emitted by a substance undergoing a transition from an excited electronic state to a lower electronic state. The aim of this study is to assess the -amino levulinic acid (-ALA) uptake. Based on image processing technique, Matlab was used to analyze the fluorescence images resulted from activation of (-ALA) and follow its uptake along one week. Analyzing the RGB colours pixel profile from obtained results showed different profiles for malignant tissues, normal tissues, treated just after PDT and finally at one week post PDT. The treated tissues fluorescence profile showed changes from closer to malignant tissue profile till been closed to normal one.
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Quality Measurements Using NIR/MIR Spectroscopy: A Rotten Apple Could Turn Yo...TechRentals
Light interacts with a product's organic molecules causing variations in light absorption. The transmitted or reflected light can be measured with a spectrometer and the resultant spectral signature used to qualify or quantify properties of the product. The discussion will include - how light interacts with molecules, characteristics of the different electromagnetic spectral bands, in-line hardware required to collect light, and fundamentals of chemometrics.
Presenter -- Gary Brown
Gary Brown is one of the principle engineers with Australian Innovative Engineering and has spent the last 12+ years developing in-line instrumentation using NIR spectroscopy to measure properties of fresh fruit. He is now concentrating his efforts in applying the technology for in-line product authentication for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR Spectroscopy)bungasirisha
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy or AFM-IR spectroscopy is type of hyphenated techniques in the field of analytical chemistry where it is useful for both chemical and structural analysis of the compound with resolution at Nano level. It combines the advantages of the microscope with spectral characteristics of IR spectroscopy. We can Correlate microscopy with spectroscopy and can interpret the data to FTIR also.
FT-NIR as a real-time QC tool for polymer manufacturingGalaxy Scientific
Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
Presented by Yonas Asmare, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13–15 December 2017
A polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic sample cell using flow injection is developed in this research for the determination of nitrite in an aqueous media. The research focuses on exhibiting direct absorbance spectrophotometry of nitrite using concentration of samples ranging from 0.1078 to 1.725 ppm. Nitrite determination is done colorimetrically using the Greiss reagent method. This method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulphanilamide acid and N-1-napthylamine (NED) utilizing diazo coupling, and a syringe is used to administer the nitrite solution. The sample cell being used possesses a diameter of 1
mm with an overall size of 7.35×22 mm2. To gauge the direct absorbance, a wavelength range from 400 to 650 nm has been selected for the testing, and the maximum absorbance is found to be at 545 nm. The validity of the proposed cell is explained in this letter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Quality Measurements Using NIR/MIR Spectroscopy: A Rotten Apple Could Turn Yo...TechRentals
Light interacts with a product's organic molecules causing variations in light absorption. The transmitted or reflected light can be measured with a spectrometer and the resultant spectral signature used to qualify or quantify properties of the product. The discussion will include - how light interacts with molecules, characteristics of the different electromagnetic spectral bands, in-line hardware required to collect light, and fundamentals of chemometrics.
Presenter -- Gary Brown
Gary Brown is one of the principle engineers with Australian Innovative Engineering and has spent the last 12+ years developing in-line instrumentation using NIR spectroscopy to measure properties of fresh fruit. He is now concentrating his efforts in applying the technology for in-line product authentication for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR Spectroscopy)bungasirisha
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy or AFM-IR spectroscopy is type of hyphenated techniques in the field of analytical chemistry where it is useful for both chemical and structural analysis of the compound with resolution at Nano level. It combines the advantages of the microscope with spectral characteristics of IR spectroscopy. We can Correlate microscopy with spectroscopy and can interpret the data to FTIR also.
FT-NIR as a real-time QC tool for polymer manufacturingGalaxy Scientific
Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
Presented by Yonas Asmare, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13–15 December 2017
Media Life is a course intended for undergraduate students across campus. Its goal is to make people aware of the role that media play in their everyday life. The key to understanding a "media life" is to see our lives not as lived WITH media (which would lead to a focus on media effects and media-centric theories of society), but rather IN media (where the distinction between what we do with and without media dissolves).
Interferometric Evanescent Wave Biosensor Principles and Parametersiosrjce
This review tries to present an overview of the most important parameters to be taken in
consideration in the evaluation of interferometer biosensors. Waveguide interferometers have particular
importance, because by utilizing the combination of two very sensitive methods, the waveguiding and the
interferometry techniques, they offer very good reliability and possibility for miniaturization and integration in
optical chips. By using the evanescent wave technology they measure the interaction between receptors and
biomolecules in real time without using labels. Receptors are immobilized onto a sensor surface and the
interaction with the biomolecules near it cause a refractive index change. A large number of applications in life
sciences, including binding kinetics of receptor-biomolecule pairs and virus-protein interactions, are using
evanescent wave-based biosensors for their studies. This article describes the technology behind their sensing
techniques, and a range of applications where they are used.
biosensor, modern, principles, technology, applications, working of sensor, types of sensor , nanomaterial, based biosensor(nanosensor) optical biosensor, flourescent biosensor, electrochemical and glucose biosensor, genetically encoded biosensor, microbial biosensor, cancer , references included, advantages and disadvantages also included.
Mems based optical sensorMEMS BASED OPTICAL SENSOR FOR SALINITY MEASUREMENTprj_publication
In this paper, we purpose a two dimensional photonic crystal based optical sensor for
salinity measurement. The salinity percentage of is sea water changes as we go down the sea
water surface. This gives change to the index of refraction of the sea water at the different
levels. Thus the salinity percentage of sea water can be detected by measuring this change in the
effective refractive index of sea water. In this paper, the effective refractive index method has
been used for the detection of the salinity concentration from (0-40%). The slab waveguide is
designed and the effective refractive changed is captured. Even as the refractive index change
for the change in salinity of the sea water, is very small, the effective index change is visible,
making the sensor very sensitive.
Plasmonic wave assessment via optomechatronics system for biosensor applicationIJECEIAES
Transduction biosensor (mass-based, optical and electrochemical) involves analysis, recognition and amplification in the acquired sample. In this work, the plasmonic-based biosensor was employed without using tags. It is crucial to determine angles of Brewster (Ɵb) and critical (Ɵc) for generating plasmonic resonance (Ɵr). The objective is to verify a cost-effective plasmonic biosensor through Fresnel simulation and experimentation of a developed optomechatronics system. The borosilicate glass, Au and Air layers were simulated with the Winspall 3.02 simulator. The optomechatronics system consists of: 1-optics (650 nm laser, slit, polarizer, photodiode), 2-mechanical (bipolar stepper motors, gears, stages) and 3-electronics (PIC18F4550, liquid crystal display (LCD) and drivers). Later, the software performs angular interrogation by reading the reflected beam from a rotating prism at 0.1125. Experimentation to simulation accuracy indicates that percentage differences for Ɵr and Ɵc are 1% and 0.2%, respectively. In conclusion, excellence verification was successfully achieved between experimentation and simulation. It proved that the lowcost optomechatronics system is capable and reliable to be deployed for the biosensor application.
The establishment of sensor systems has elated recompenses such as measurement in flammable and explosive atmospheres, resistance to electrical noises, trimness, geometrical suppleness, measurement of slight sample volumes, remote sensing in unreachable sites or harsh atmospheres and multi-sensing. Biosensors are logical devices composed of a recognition component of biological origin and a physico-chemical transducer. Immobilization plays a foremost character in developing the biosensor by incorporating both the above mentioned mechanisms. In this paper, the real world applications pertaining the analysis of fiber optic sensors and biosensors for environmental and clinical monitoring have been reviewed.
Core-cladding mode resonances of long period fiber grating in concentration s...IOSR Journals
Long period fiber grating (LPFG) is photoinduced fiber device that facilitates the coupling of core
mode to different cladding modes resulting into series of transmission dips in the transmission spectrum. Here
we present LPFG chemical sensor to determine the concentration of Manganese in water at ppm level. We
fabricated LPFG of period 600μm in single mode communication fiber using 12W carbon dioxide laser
applying point by point method. The fabricated LPFG is directly used as chemical sensor since cladding modes
coupled to core mode directly come in contact with surrounding chemicals. Concentration of manganese in our
collected sample is found to be 0.0329ppm. The result is verified with sophisticated Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (AAS).
A Simple, Rapid Analysis, Portable, Low-cost, and Arduino-based Spectrophotom...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a simple, rapid analysis, portable, and inexpensive spectrophotometer. Different from other spectrophotometers, the present instrument consisted of a single white light-emmiting-diode (LED) as a light source, a light sensor, and arduino electronic card as an acquisition system. To maintain a constant light intensity, a common white-color LED emitting a 450-620 nm continous spectrum was employed. Software was written in C++ to control photometer through a USB interface and for data acquistion to the computer. The instrument is designed to be simple and compacted with sizes of 200 x 130 x 150 mm for length, width, and height, respectively. The analysis of the total cost isabout less than 500 USD, while commercially available offers price of more than 10,000 USD. Thus, this makes the present instrument feasible for teaching support media in developing countries. The effectiveness of the present spectrophotometer for analyzing solution concentration (i.e. curcumin) was also demonstrated. Interestingly, the present spectrophotometer is able to measure the concentration of curcumin precisely with an accuracy of more than 90%. Different from commercially available standard UV-visible spectrophotometers that have limitations in the analysis of concentration of less than 50 ppm, the present system can measure the concentration with no limitation since the measurement is based on the LED light being penetrated.
GAMMA RADIATION-INDUCED TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN IR SPECTRUM OF EBHA NEMATI...IAEME Publication
Gamma ray irradiation technique is the powerful technique to modify the dielectric and electro-optical properties of liquid crystals. It p refers than any other modification technique because no catalysts or additives are required to initiate the reaction. The present paper reports a comparative study of IR spectrum for both irradiated and unirradiated EBHA NLC. The dielectric spectrum and ionic conductivity is also evaluated and well explained in this paper. In addition to this, we have al so suggested the concept of the peak data information graph for better understanding of IR spectrum.
Optimization of light source wavelength for ammonia detection in waterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Optimization of light source wavelength for ammonia detection in surface water is presented in this work. For the ammonia detection, the surface water sample is mixed with sodium chloride and nessler reagent, whereas the sensor head consists of unclad plastic optical fiber. The unclad region has a length of 1 cm and the cladding is removed by immersing it in acetone solution. Experimental results indicate that the output light intensity of the sensor has linear relationship with the ammonia concentration. At the wavelength of 510 nm, the output light increases linearly as the ammonia concentration varies from 0.07 mg/L to 8.97 mg/L. At the same wavelength, the proposed sensor achieves the sensitivity of 0.0139 (mg/L)-1, accuracy of 99.59% and resolution of 0.72 µg/L. The analysis of light source wavelength reveals that a wavelength range from 450 nm to 580 nm produces the optimized performances. Within this wavelength range, the proposed sensor achieves sensitivity of higher than 0.01 (mg/L)-1, accuracy of higher than 99% and resolution of less than 1 µg/L.
Nano-fiber Diameters as Liquid Concentration Sensors
1. Nano-fiber diameters as liquid concentration sensors
Radhi M. Chyad, Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri, and Kamarulazizi Ibrahim
Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 1528, 461 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4803645
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4803645
View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=1528&Issue=1
Published by the American Institute of Physics.
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3. core medium via the total internal reflection is called a bound ray. The intensity of the bound ray is contained
completely in the core and can propagate indefinitely without loss of power. However, the electromagnetic field is
not abruptly reduced to zero at the interface between the core and cladding. The electromagnetic field decays
exponentially at a distance starting from the interface extending into the cladding; this extended field is called the
evanescent field [7]. The evanescent field in the etched tapered segment can directly interact with the analytic
producing absorbents that can be coupled into the fiber core to produce intense modulation. Another category of
rays is leaky rays or tunneling rays, which are partially confined to the core region and attenuate continuously,
radiating their power output at the core as they propagate along the fiber [7]. These power radiations out of the
waveguide result from a quantum–mechanical phenomenon known as the tunnel effect.
Intensity Modulation Sensors
Intensity-modulated sensors are the simplest and easiest to recognize sensors. These sensors are widely studied
in the field of fiber optics. These sensors employ modulation of the amplitude of transmission in the sensing region
of the fiber. The light transmitted through an optical fiber varies in amplitude or intensity in the presence of an
external perturbation P. If the field propagating express as:
ൌ ୭ …‘•ଶ
Ʌ (1)
where Ʌ ൌ Ⱦ and Ⱦ ൌ
ଶ
. Here K is the propagation constant and L is the length of the fiber. The change in the
mechanical structure of the fiber, led the change in intensity due to the perturbation P is given by:
ୢ୍
ୢ
ൌ
ୢ୍
ୢ
ୢ
ୢ
ൌ
ଶ
ሺ•‹ ʹȾሻሺ
ୢஒ
ୢ
Ⱦ
ୢ
ୢ
ሻ (2)
Equation 2 shows that the change in the intensity of the perturbation is directly related to the change in the
mechanical structure of the fiber and the refractive index profile change in the fiber. An advantage of this technique
is that the intensity of the light emanating from the fiber is directly measured, which is the ultimate measurement in
any fiber optic sensor. The resolution of the emanating light is relatively good. The received optical power and
desired bandwidth are such that the intensity sensitivity of the detection is primarily limited by shot noise (owing to
the statistical nature of the rate of arrival of photons at the detector) and thermal noise. The minimum observable
increment in optical signal level is proportional to the esquire root of the arrival of photons in the time of interval.
Thus, if the modulation signal from the sensors is small, the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced. Intensity modulation-
based sensors are not absolute devices; hence, they require calibration.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar with a molecular number of C12H22O11. It can be prepared by mixing glucose
and fructose. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharide with similar molecular formulation, C6H12O6, but different
structures. Glucose and fructose have different classifications based on hydrocarbon results. Glucose is classified as
an aldehyde, whereas fructose is classified as a ketone [8]. The spectral response of the NIR wavelength toward
different concentrations of aqueous monosaccharide solutions comes from the mixture of sugar and water. The
spectral properties produced by the organic compounds can be improved by deducting the spectrum of pure water
from the original spectra [9]. The addition of sugar to water induces a chemical phenomenon known as ‘‘structure
manufacturer,’’ which can be observed through NIR spectra at sugar concentrations above 40%. This phenomenon
is due to the effect of the increasing stability of bound water particles formed by water molecules, owing to an
increase in space between water molecules. At sugar concentrations around 40%, the sugar–sugar connection is
armored and followed by water–sugar disconnection. The source of light utilized in the setup is a stabilized white
light that produces different wavelengths. The experiment is confined to the use of silicone fiber (125/60 μm) and
utilizes nano-fibers as element sensors. The nano-fibers inject optimum power into the utilized fiber. The
spectrometer (JAZ) is connected to the second end of the fiber through an appropriate connector.
The power coming out of the fiber serves as the transmission scale with different wavelengths.
An experiment was conducted to monitor changes in the spectra of sliced pear; the changes in the spectra were
observed during a process of dehydration. The experiment clearly revealed that the sharp absorption band at
1406 nm decreased in intensity during dehydration. An absorption band at 1430 nm was detected as a shoulder when
the flesh was dehydrated to below 45% water content. NIR of 1400 nm to 1440 nm and 1900 nm to 1950 nm have
462
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4. frequently been applied in the quantitative analysis of water content in food, owing to the strong NIR absorption
bands of water within these ranges [10, 11].
The overall experiment setup was conducted using spectroscopic instrumentations from Ocean Optics. The setup
is illustrated in Fig. 1. The chemical (sucrose in powder form) was diluted using distilled water (reverse osmosis)
and was calibrated using PAL-3 refractometer from Atago, Co. (Tokyo, Japan) with range of measurement
concentration from 0 to 93 Brix, resolution of 0.1 Brix, and accuracy of 0.2 Brix. Brix is used as the measurement
unit to standardize the unit of measurement for the entire research since it is scientifically used in representing sugar
concentration and is a conventional analytical technique for quality monitoring in the sugar industry [10].
The response obtained in the experiment was based only on the mixture of water with sucrose (Emory
Chemicals) and glucose (Unilab Chemicals). The purpose of the experiment is to determine the direct relationship
among the optical parameters with chemical composition.
.
FIGURE 1. The set up experiments for fabricated nano fiber and measurement the sugar solution
Spectra Collection and Data Analysis
The value of transmission was measured with a Channel Jaz Spectrometer (Channel 1: 650 nm to 1100 nm),
which utilizes a Sony ILX511B linear silicon CCD array detector with sensitivity of up to 75 photons (count at
400 nm) and 41 photons (count at 600 nm). The other traditional systems utilized prior to the tests had an integration
time of 5 ms, spectra average of 30, and boxcar smoothing of 1. The light source was a tungsten halogen lamp with
spectral emission between 360 nm and 2000 nm and a color temperature of 2960 K. The y-axis of the graph is
signified in the unit of counts for intensity in the original symbol of the spectrum graph. Counts are the raw output
data produced by the analog converter transmitted to the digital converter of the spectrometer. The Spectra Suite
software converted this measurement into transmission in the unit of OD (optical density). The reference spectrum
was obtained through an empty quartz cuvette and an element fiber optic material. Spectra Suite employs an
equation to determine the concentration of a species in the solution. The software uses this equation to evaluate each
pixel on the detector and produce the absorbance and transmission spectrums. We utilized two methods of
measurement to determine the transmission ratio for the liquids with different concentrations. The first method
involves the calibration of the sample liquid measured with a quartz cuvette, and the second method utilizes nano-
fiber optics as sensors. The reference spectrum was obtained through an optical fiber element sensor material in the
second method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experiment utilized both channels of the spectrometer, which measure wavelengths from 200 nm to
1100 nm. However, measurement through the first channel (channel 0) revealed an insignificant coefficient of
determination. The transmission peak was identified at 760 nm, but no linear relationship could be established at that
wavelength owing to the low transmission significant results at wavelengths between approximately 940 nm and
985 nm. Therefore, a detailed analysis was performed with a quartz cuvette within this range of wavelength for the
different concentrations of sugar. Figures 2 and 6 show the resultant linear regression generated between
transmission and sugar concentrations. Figure 6 shows that a high concentration of sucrose leads to minimal
transmission of a specific range of NIR wavelength. A high Brix means high concentration or percentage of sugar
content per amount of water (i.e., 40 Brix of sugar contains 40% sugar against 60% water). We believe that the low
463
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5. transmission of NIR in this case is caused by the high percentage of water in the sample resulting from the increase
in sugar concentration.
.
FIGURE 2. The transmission light as sugar solution concentration (C %) using cavity cell, show the peak transmission in
wavelength 980 nm as C%
Analysis of data on utilizing nano-fiber optic sensors is presented in Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6. Figure 3 presents the
spectrum transmission of the fiber optic under etching time. The levels of transmission decreased with etching time.
Figure 4 show that the peak transmission as etching time decreased the core fiber optic. Two regions are noted: a
weak evanescent field and strong evanescent field.
.
FIGURE 3. The transmission spectrum for fiber optic through etching time “fabricated the element sensors using HF 49% with
different time of etching and using NaOH 5N to remove the HF solution
FIGURE 4. The peak transmission in fiber optic as etching time for wavelength 760.6 nm
464
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6. The absolute sugar concentration was determined by measuring the change in absolute intensity arising from the
evanescent field of light in the sensing region. Figure 5 shows variation in peak transmission, which decreased the
concentration of the sugar solution. The variations in the two curves are linear with different variation values.
Finally, Figure 6 shows that peak transmission increased with the concentration of the sugar solution as guiding
liquid light. The refractive index of the liquid was proportional to the concentration of the liquid surrounding the
core. The variation in output power with the refractive index of the liquid and concentration of the solution acted as
cladding for the exposed portion (i.e., the sensing region); it is the main feature of the present work. Power loss is
the difference between the power launched and power collected at the second end of the fiber. Figure 5 shows the
transmission level with sugar solution as the guiding medium for a 2 cm core exposed to sugar solution that
surrounds the thin diameter core of the fiber optic. Density, viscosity, and refractive index served as important and
effective basic data in process simulation, equipment design, solution theory, and molecular dynamics.
FIGURE 5. The transmission spectrum for nano fiber surrounded by sugar solution concentration
FIGURE 6. The transmission sugar solution concentration C% in nano fiber optic and the peak transmission of light through the
cavity cell
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7. CONCLUSIONS
The measurement of Àuid concentration in real time has been of great interest to numerous engineering and
biomedical disciplines. A ¿ber optic sensor was devised in this study to sense the variation of the refractive index of
sugar at different concentrations in distilled water. The findings are signi¿cant to the development of instruments in
a number of ¿elds of activity. The quality of the sugar solution that utilized nano-fiber optics as sensors increased.
Nano-fiber optics is easy to fabricate and entail low cost. In a single wavelength application, peak transmission was
determined to be at a wavelength of 980 nm for all the sugar solutions. This result is attributed to the transmission
band of the water constant. Further experiments should consider other associated parameters so that in the future, the
use of nano-fiber optic sensors would support the development of particular optical instruments of liquid quality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Universiti Sains Malaysia at Grant
(1001/PFIZK/843106).
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