Drug discovery and development process of anti diabetic plants, Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade, KLE University College of Pharmacy, Belgavi/Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
This prsentation explains the use of biomarker with reference to an article: Accelerating Drug Develeopment using Biomarkers-Sitagliptin.
It was presented my my 2 friends and me. Hope it helps you guys.
A Study of Prescription Patterns of DPP-4 inhibitors..Samya Sayantan
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of which inappropriate hyperglycemia is the hallmark. For this reason, several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs like Sulfonylurea, Biguanides, Meglitinides, Thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors are prescribed to treat Diabetes Mellitus. But at present Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP-4) Inhibitors have attracted attention as oral hypoglycemic agents that recently introduced to Bangladesh. This study aims to evaluate the current prescribing pattern of DPP-4 inhibitors at BIRDEM hospital, Bangldesh.during the survey, 150 prescriptions were collected and investigated where only 49% DPP-4 inhibitors – Sitagliptin, Linagliptin, Vildagliptin are prescribed even along with other conventional oral hypoglycemic drug. According to this survey, it is clear that Dipetidyl Peptidase (DPP-4) inhibitors is becoming more popular day by day in the management of hyperglycemia in Type-2 Diabetes without causing weight gain or hypoglycaemia in Bangladesh.
Drug discovery and development process of anti diabetic plants, Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade, KLE University College of Pharmacy, Belgavi/Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
This Presentation Give You A brief Information About DPP4 And New Recommendations .This Presentation Guide You How To Treat Patients With Safety.
For Further Contact:03354999496
This prsentation explains the use of biomarker with reference to an article: Accelerating Drug Develeopment using Biomarkers-Sitagliptin.
It was presented my my 2 friends and me. Hope it helps you guys.
A Study of Prescription Patterns of DPP-4 inhibitors..Samya Sayantan
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of which inappropriate hyperglycemia is the hallmark. For this reason, several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs like Sulfonylurea, Biguanides, Meglitinides, Thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors are prescribed to treat Diabetes Mellitus. But at present Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP-4) Inhibitors have attracted attention as oral hypoglycemic agents that recently introduced to Bangladesh. This study aims to evaluate the current prescribing pattern of DPP-4 inhibitors at BIRDEM hospital, Bangldesh.during the survey, 150 prescriptions were collected and investigated where only 49% DPP-4 inhibitors – Sitagliptin, Linagliptin, Vildagliptin are prescribed even along with other conventional oral hypoglycemic drug. According to this survey, it is clear that Dipetidyl Peptidase (DPP-4) inhibitors is becoming more popular day by day in the management of hyperglycemia in Type-2 Diabetes without causing weight gain or hypoglycaemia in Bangladesh.
Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on the DPP-IV inhibitor Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agent. Its general mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety is included.
On DPP-Inhibitor ,case study on Linagliptin,Safe and affective class of drug for Management of Type II Diabetes as Monotherapy and add on therapy with OHA and Insulin,It can be added to SGLT2 Inhibitor also.
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. For example, to manage post-prandial hyper-glycaemia at digestive level, glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are used. These inhibit degradation of carbohydrates there by reducing the glucose absorption by the cells. To enhance glucose uptake by peripheral cells biguanide such as metformin is used. Sulphonylureas, like glibenclamide, is insulinotropic and work as secretogogue for pancreatic cells. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc. Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy.
Medicinal plants are being looked upon once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many conventional drugs have been derived from prototypic molecules in medicinal plants. Metformin exemplifies an efficacious oral glucose-lowering agent. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. The present paper Reviews the Role of Insulike tablets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad in the role of herbal nutraceutical drug INSULIKE, A nutriphenotypic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Prospects of incretin mimetics in therapeuticsDr Sukanta sen
Comparative trials show that there are important differences between
and among the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors with
respect to glycemic lowering, weight effects, and effects on systolic
blood pressure and the lipid profile.
•Nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness are common with the
available GLP-1 receptor agonists.
•Upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and headaches
are common with the DPP-4 inhibitors.
•Ongoing safety evaluations should provide a clear picture regarding
long-term safety.
Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agentAmruta Vaidya
A concise presentation on the DPP-IV inhibitor Sitagliptin an oral anti-diabetic agent. Its general mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety is included.
On DPP-Inhibitor ,case study on Linagliptin,Safe and affective class of drug for Management of Type II Diabetes as Monotherapy and add on therapy with OHA and Insulin,It can be added to SGLT2 Inhibitor also.
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. For example, to manage post-prandial hyper-glycaemia at digestive level, glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are used. These inhibit degradation of carbohydrates there by reducing the glucose absorption by the cells. To enhance glucose uptake by peripheral cells biguanide such as metformin is used. Sulphonylureas, like glibenclamide, is insulinotropic and work as secretogogue for pancreatic cells. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc. Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy.
Medicinal plants are being looked upon once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many conventional drugs have been derived from prototypic molecules in medicinal plants. Metformin exemplifies an efficacious oral glucose-lowering agent. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. The present paper Reviews the Role of Insulike tablets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad in the role of herbal nutraceutical drug INSULIKE, A nutriphenotypic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Prospects of incretin mimetics in therapeuticsDr Sukanta sen
Comparative trials show that there are important differences between
and among the GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors with
respect to glycemic lowering, weight effects, and effects on systolic
blood pressure and the lipid profile.
•Nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and dizziness are common with the
available GLP-1 receptor agonists.
•Upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and headaches
are common with the DPP-4 inhibitors.
•Ongoing safety evaluations should provide a clear picture regarding
long-term safety.
Catharanthus roseus Combination Therapy with Orthodox Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs...Ram Sahu
Most of the chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus are difficult to treat successfully with orthodox drugs. Investigation in complementary and alternative medicines is now being intensified to proffer lasting solution. Natural products and their derivatives may be considered as a potential source of novel compounds which can combine with orthodox drugs to enhance their hypoglycemic effect. To investigate the complementary and synergistic effect of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) leaves extract with oral hypoglycemic synthetic drugs sulphonylurea (glibenclamide) and biguanide (metformin). Experimental induction of diabetes in rats using alloxan model was employed. Five rats each of six groups were used. Group I received distilled water only. Groups II, III and IV received 250 mg/kg of methanol extract, 100 mg/kg of biguanide (metformin) and 1 mg/kg of sulphonylurea (glibenclamide), respectively. Groups V and VI received extract-metformin and extract-glibenclamide combination at doses as above, respectively. Administration of the six groups was carried out once daily for seven days. At 2, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h, fasting blood glucose was determined using a glucometer. When compared with control alone, all medicaments significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose levels. The highest percentage reduction in blood glucose (64.9%) occurred with extract-biguanide (metformin) combination. The leaves extract of C. roseus – biguanide (metformin) combination offered a promising novel approach to diabetes mellitus treatment.
Newer Anti-Hyperglycemic agents in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus e Expanding the h...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetes mellitus is a common, chronic and progressive disease resulting in micro and macrovascular complications. Many classes of drugs are available for treatment but still the search for newer anti-hyperglycemic agents continues to combat significant adverse effect profile, loss of efficacy, progressive nature of disease and improve patient compliance. New emerging therapies in pipeline include drugs targeting various pathophysiologic mechanisms like incretin based therapies, sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, glucokinase inhibitors, 11b hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors, drugs modulating fatty acid metabolism, selective PPARg receptor modulators and anti inflammatory agents.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Newer anti-hyperglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus - Expanding the h...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetes mellitus is a common, chronic and progressive disease resulting in micro and macrovascular complications. Many classes of drugs are available for treatment but still the search for newer anti-hyperglycemic agents continues to combat significant adverse effect profile, loss of efficacy, progressive nature of disease and improve patient compliance. New emerging therapies in pipeline include drugs targeting various pathophysiologic mechanisms like incretin based therapies, sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, glucokinase inhibitors, 11β hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase inhibitors, drugs modulating fatty acid metabolism, selective PPARγ receptor modulators and anti inflammatory agents. Aim of this review is to describe the emerging therapies for diabetes mellitus.
Introduction.
Types of Diabetics Mellitus
Insulin and Insulin Preparations
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti-Diabetic agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis and SAR
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
פירוט הרכיבים הטבעיים שנמצאים ב Cane תוסף תזונה טבעי המסייע לחולי סוכרת להגיע לאיזון ברמות הסוכר שלהם. Cane הוא תוסף תזונה מבית קיורהלייף, חברה הדואגת לאיכות חייהם של החולים במחלות כרוניות.
http://www.cane-curalife.com/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Preface
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents a major medical problem
affecting millions of people all over the world. Diabetes is a
metabolic disorder in which the body does not produce or
properly use insulin, a hormone responsible for converting
sugar,starchandfatsintoenergyneededfordailylife.
The two distinct forms of DM are, Type I, juvenile or Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM – an auto immune
disease in which body does not produce any insulin) andType
II, adult onset or Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(NIDDM – a metabolic disorder resulting from the body's
inabilitytomakesufficientorproperlyuseinsulin).
However, since there are more adult onset cases
(NIDDM–90–95%) than juvenile ones (IDDM-5-10%);
TypeIIneedsmoreattention.
Despite a significant improvement over the past two decades
in our understanding and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
many aspects about the subject need to be elucidated, because
the management and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus still
remains one of the major challenges for the medical
profession.
Looking at the inconveniences and agony of persons suffering
from diabetes and trying out various medicaments, developing
diabetic neuropathy, increasing renal load and various other
complications like haematological disorders, cardiovascular
complications, weight loss, lactic acidosis and retinopathy etc.,
the Research and Development team of Naavudi started
workingonherbalremedyfordiabetes.
On a prolonged study it was found that 'Epicatechin' which is
found in abundance naturally in wood commonly known as
Vijaysar, (Pterocarpus marsupium) mimics insulin in its
action. Encouraged by the finding, the team continued to
work on developing a combination of herbs and natural
products which would be synergistically beneficial to a
diabetic patient as a whole. The objective was not only to take
care of blood glucose level but also to take care of other
peripheral problems associated with it, which cause major
distresstothepatient.
Bibliography and References
1. Ahmed et al, 1991, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
24,516-520.
2. AnsorgeS,etal,Acta.Biol.Med.Germ.36(1997),1723.
3. BansalRetal,ActaDiabetol,17(1980)255.
4. Rizvietal,(1995)IndianJournalofExperimentalBiology33.
5. Rizvietal,(1998)MedicalScienceResearch26,245-249.
3. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
StandardizationofHerbalFormulation
Formulation
Naavudi has been standardized in terms of "Epicatechin", an active
principleof thisformulation.
The first step adopted towards attaining quality and consistency is the
strict adherence to the rigorous standardized procedure that are
followed in the collection of Pterocarpus marsupium. Proper
identification and selection of the herb, proper time of the year for
harvest, proper maturity of the bark of the plant used are the three most
important specifications set, that are used for the collection and
standardizationof alltheherbsused.
After proper selection of the herbs, each and every herb is
subjected to the rigid standards like assessment of foreign organic
matter, water soluble extractive, ethanol soluble extractive,
moisture content, microbial contamination and chromatographic
finger printing. After proper quality assessment of each and every
ingredient, they have to undergo processing. Processing of the herb and
active ingredient involve proprietary know-how. In Naavudi the active
ingredient has been extracted, processed concentrated by a unique
technique so that the goodness of whole constituent is incorporated in
onecapsule.
After successfully developing the combination (formulation), Naavudi
was standardized in terms of moisture content, total extractable
component, foreign organic and inorganic impurities, total microbial
load, active principle 'Epicatechin'; distintegration time, weight
variation of the capsule etc.. To make the consistency of the
formulation (which is the major problem in herbal formulation) 'finger
printing' of the formulation has been developed in terms of specific
marker, which is the 'key' of the formulation. Apart from this, the
formulation has also been tested in terms of its 'efficacy' under different
stressedconditions.
Institute of Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow for acute toxicity
studiesand hasbeenfoundtotallyfreefromanysideeffects.
Naavudi capsule has been scientifically formulated to create a better,
balanced,complementaryand non toxicmedicine.
Composition
Proprietary Blend across Composition
Doctor's Observations
on NAAVUDI
in Diabetes Mellitus
"It does not increase weight rather it decreases B.M.I. It decreases significantly PPBS
in type II Diabetes Mellitus. It decreases the requirement of O.H.Ds / Insulin if
usedincombination."
— Dr. Chakrapani Pandey, M.D., F.C.C.P.
1, M.P. Building Golghar Gorakhpur
"The response of NAAVUDI on the patients is satisfactory. During treatment
therewasnohypoglycemiaoranyothercomplication."
— Dr. Chakrapani Pandey, M.D., F.C.C.P.
1, M.P. Building Golghar Gorakhpur
"My blood sugar fasting before NAAVUDI (treatment) was 265 mg %. After one
monthbloodsugarwas180mg%.Now bloodsugarisnormal."
— Dr. Z.A. Noor, B.M.S.
Dhampur Road, Nehtaur, Distt. Bijnore
"I tried NAAVUDI capsules on my mother. She was taking glybenclamide 5 mg.
OD and metformin 500 mg BID half an hour before meals. She is normal from 1st
day(of treatmentwithNAAVUDI)and physicallyfit."
— Dr. Fahimuddin Ansari, B.Sc.; B.A.M.S.
Raja Ka Tajpur, Distt. Bijnore 246735
4. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
Cis-2 [3-4 dihydroxy-phenyl] 3-4, dihydro-2H-1, benzopyran-3,5,7 triol
RoleofHerbalIngredients
Physiology & Pharmacology of
Active Principles
Pterocarpus marsupium : Regenerates cells, mimics
insulin, checks blood sugar level.
Momordica charantia Linn : Astringent, controls blood sugar
level.
Cinnamomum tamala : Diuretic, increases blood insulin,
stimulates pancreas.
Eugenia jambolana : Diuretic, antidiabetic. It
diminishes the quantity of sugar
in urine; allays the unquenchable
thirst.
Melia azadirachta : Checks basal metabolism and
body sugar level.
Picrorrhiza kurrooa : Checks basal metabolism, bitter
tonic, corrects the function of liver
and kidney.
Ocimum sanctum : Diaphoretic, stimulant, anti-
stress, adaptogenic.
Gymnema sylvestre : Hypoglycemic agent, diuretic,
have an oxidase action on
glucose solution and shows
glycolysis.
The whole formulation of Naavudi is based on an active principle
'Epicatechin' which is at the core of the total product. Other ingredients are
added to prevent and cure the different complications of diabetes. It controls the
metabolicderangementsratherthan merecontrolof blood sugarlevel.
Epicatechin the active principle of Naavudi is extracted from the bark
of P.marsupiuminahighlyscientificmanner.
Epicatechin isabenzopyran havingthefollowingorganicstructure.
Thisactiveprinciplecontrolsdiabetesinthefollowingmanner:
Epicatechin increases the cAMP content of the islet which is
associatedwithincreasedinsulinrelease.
Epicatechin plays a role in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin
byincreasingcathepsin activity.
Epicatechin plays an insulin-mimetic effect on osmotic fragility
of human erythrocytes.
Epicatechin inhibits Na/K ATPase activity on patient's
erythrocytes,an effectsimilartothatof insulin.
A
B
C
D
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
EvaluationofNAAVUDIasadjuvanttoOHD
(OralHypoglycaemicDrugs)
Observation
NAAVUDI was added in the drug-regimen in patients who were not
responding to OHD (Pioglitazone, Metformin, Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide taken alone or as combination of these drugs). The
hypoglycaemic effect of NAAVUDI is established since addition of
NAAVUDI with OHD brought down the blood sugar level to normal
withtaperingof OHD requirementtoalmosthalf within2months.
T A B L E - 9*
Dt.ofTesting Treatment TotalDaily BloodSugarLevel
Dose mg%
Fasting P.P
01.01.2002 Pioglitazone 30mg 30mg
Melformin 500mg TDS 1500mg 154 203
25.02.2002 Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps.
Piogitazone 15 mg OD 15 mg
Metformin 500mg OD 1000mg 122 178
05.03.2002 Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps
Pioglitazone 15mg OD 15mg
Metformin 500mg OD 500mg 95 150
Dr. Prakash Sharma, M.B.B.S
New Colony, Pratapgarh-230 001
T A B L E - 10*
Dt.ofTesting Treatment TotalDaily BloodSugarLevel
Dose mg%
Fasting P.P
15.11.2001 Glibenclamide 5 mg BD 10 mg 292
31.12.2001 Glibenclamide 5 mg OD 5 mg
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 201
01.02.2002 Glibenclamide 2.5 mg OD 2.5 mg
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 150
02.03.2002 Glibenclamide Nil
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 126
Dr. Zameer Ahmed, B.Sc.; M.B.B.S
Turkmanpur, Gorakhpur-273 005
NAAVUDI has hypoglycaemic effect in NIDDM cases. By adding
NAAVUDI to the therapy the dose of oral hypoglycaemic drugs is
reduced or the same can be discontinued depending upon individual
patient.
5. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
ClinicalTrialReport
Follow-upStudies
Observations & Result
A clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Naavudi in
the treatment of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
at Sir Sunder Lal Hospital by Dr. K.N. Devendra, Consultant – Diabetic
Clinic (I.M.), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi. Dr. K.N. Devendra is a member of Diabetic Association of
India (DAI), Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI)
and Indian Societyof WoundManagement(ISWM).
A number of diagnosed patients of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitas (NIDDM) were selected for present study from the Out Patient
Department (OPD) and In-door of he diabetic clinic, (Indian Medicine),
Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University,Varanasi.
All the patients were examined clinically for the signs and symptoms of
Diabetes Mellitus and subjected for routine Bio-chemical investigations
asperclinicalprotocol.Self controlmethodwasusedinthisclinicaltrial.
All the patients were assessed on clinical and bio-chemical
parameters periodically at the interval of one month, two months &
threemonths.
PARAMETERSOFASSESSMENT
Assessmentwasdoneon objectiveand subjectiveparameters.
Parametersof Objectiveassessmentwere:
ReductioninFastingand Post-PrandialBloodSugarLevel
Desirablechangeinthestatusof BodyMassIndex(BMI)
ChangesinHaemoglobin Level
ChangesinLevelsof SerumCholesterol
ChangesinLevelsof BloodUreaand SerumCreatinine
Parametersof Subjectiveassessmentwere:
Thegentlehypoglycemicactivitybynaturalingredients
DOSAGE
All the patients were given 1 Naavudi capsule twice daily 30 minutes
beforemeals.
EFFECTOFNAAVUDIONBLOODGLUCOSELEVEL
It was observed that among all the patients who completed 3 months
treatment,theBloodGlucoseLevelfellsignificantly.
Precautions
MulticentrictrialinNIDDMpatients
Multicentric trial of NAAVUDI in newly diagnosed
NIDDM,withmildtomoderatebloodsugarlevels
l Avoid Sweets, Creams, Butter, Cheese, Jams, Pastry &
Jellies.
l Avoid taking fatty and fried food stuff with excessive
spices.
l Regular morning walk and mild exercise like yoga helps in
effectivecontrolof diabetes.
l Bloodsugarlevelsshouldbemonitoredperiodically.
Encouraged by the results of clinical evaluation of the beneficial
role of NAAVUDI in the management of diabetes in NIDDM
patients at IMS, B.H.U, Varanasi, NAAVUDI was offered to
many doctors in different cities for first hand evaluation of the
novel concept of 'Insulin mimetic effect of naturally found
Epicatechin'. Doctors who were looking for a natural alternative
to modern OHD available because of long term side effects
being observed by them accepted NAAVUDI and tried on their
patients who were either new cases not responding to dietary
controls and exercises or who were on different OHD, singularly
or in mixeddoseregimen.The data receivedbythesedoctorswas
statistically analysed which presents a very satisfactory finding
that NAAVUDI is quite effective in those cases also where the
patients were on modern OHD and ultimately leading to total
elimination of the dependence on modern OHD to NAAVUDI
which being a naturally derived product is free from any long
term side effects and on the contrary patients reported
distinctiveimprovementin'qualityof theirlife'.
Sixty patients with a mean blood sugar level of 172 mg / dl
(fasting) and 264 mg / dl (post prandial) were put on NAAVUDI
one capsule b.i.d. half an hour before meals. Fall in blood sugar
level was seen from the first month of therapy and at the end of
third month blood sugar level came down to normal. None of
thepatientshad reportedanysideeffects.
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
1.
170.37 109.80 <0.001
Blood Glucose Level
Fasting Blood Sugar
(Mean Value in mg%)
2.
243.93 167.77 <0.001
Post-Prandial Blood Sugar
(Mean Value in mg%)
T A B L E - 1
6. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
TM
EffectofNaavudi onSubjectiveSymptoms
TM
EffectofNaavudi onBodyMassIndex
Safety
T A B L E - 6
S.No. Symptoms PercentageImproved
1. Polyuria 100
2. Polydipsia 100
3. Increasedappetite 100
4. Weakness 90
5. Fatigue 90
The Post-Prandial Sugar Level which was 243.93 mg% (Before
6. Feelingof coldinhand and feet 100
treatment) was reduced by Naavudi to 164.77 mg% at the end of three
7. Burning sensation 89 months therapy which falls within the normal range. The statistically
significantefficacyof thedrugisevidentbyitsPvalue(<0.001).8. Numbness 100
It was observed that, Naavudi has moderately good hypoglycaemic9. Paraesthesia 80
action exhibiting persistent glycaemic control with a slow onset of
10. Muscularpain 100
action thus keeping away the danger of drug induced-hypoglycaemia. It
Above table shows that there was marked improvement in subjective is notable that no case of drug induced-hypoglycaemia was
observedduringthetrial.symptoms. Besides this, a better sense of well being was observed in all
the patients. On the basis of the above results this can be concluded that Thus Naavudi is very much useful in controlling Blood Glucose Level
Naavudi can also be used in Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus without any side effects in cases of maturity onset Non-Insulin
(IDDM) as an adjuvant which in turn will be helpful in reducing the DependentDiabetesMellitusof mildtomoderateseverity.
dosageof Insulinand otherhypoglycaemicdrugs.
Marked improvement in symptoms along with a better sense of well
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated by looking at weight inbeing was experienced by all the patients. This may be due to better
relation to height and is the most common parameter to define obesityglycaemic control exerted by Naavudi or we may say that these are the
whichisamostprevalentriskof DiabetesMellitus.specific Ayurvedic natural constituents of Naavudi which in addition
toadequateglycaemiccontrol,inducesabettersenseof wellbeing.
PRESENTATION:Stripsof 10capsules.
l Naavudi is derived from vegetable and herbal sources and
manufactured in a highly scientific manner, hence it is very safe for
personsof anyage.
l Acute oral toxicity study of Naavudi has been conducted
at Institute of Toxicological Research Centre (I.T.R.C.),
Lucknow.
Dosage (mg/kg) Dead/Dosed Death Signs of Toxicity
5000 0/5 NIL NIL
As evident from the Table - 2 & Figure - 2, the mean Body Mass Index
(BMI) of the patients was 25.96 indicating that majority of the patients
were overweight. Naavudi reduced their BMI up to a mean of 24.88Naavudi at a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg has not produced any signs of
indicating a reduction in BMI value towards normal range. P valuepoisoning or death of animals. Autopsy of the surviving animal at the
(<0.01) depicts that Naavudi is statistically significant in reducingend of the observation period did not indicate any gross pathological
theBMI.changes.
As is evident from the Table - 1 & Figure - 1, that the Fasting Blood
Sugar Level was reduced by Naavudi from the pre-treatment value of
170.37 mg% to the level of 109.80 mg% at the end of three months
therapy. The P value (< 0.001) shows statistically promising significance
of thedruginreductionof FastingBloodSugarLevel.
T A B L E - 2
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
25.96 24.88 <0.001Body Mass Index (BMI)
F I G U R E - 2
26.50
26.00
25.50
25.00
24.50
24.00
Before Treatment After 3 Months Treatment
25.96
24.88
Effect of Naavudi on Blood Sugar
Effect of Naavudi on BMI
7. EffectofNaavudionSerumCholesterol
TM
Effect of Naavudi
TM
on Serum Creatinine & Blood Urea EffectofNaavudi onHaemoglobin
Table – 3 & Figure – 3 shows that Serum Cholesterol level was As it is evident from the Table – 4 and Figure 4 & 5; that the Blood urea
significantly reduced by Naavudi in three months from a mean level 38.23 mg% which was towards external limit of normal range was
value of 229.90 mg% to 194.03 mg% thus it also reduces the reduced significantly up to the level of 33.23 mg% at the end of three
chance of Ischaemic Heart Disease among diabetic patients. months. This is indicative of Naavudi’s efficiency to improve the
Reduction in Serum Cholesterol level show that in addition functions of kidney as well as its reno-protective action. In addition to
to hypoglycaemic action Naavudi also has Cardio-protective above, reduction of the Serum Creatinine value from 1.57 mg% to 1.32
benefits. mg% again depicts Naavudi’s role in reno-protection and in the
improvementof renalfunction
Increased Serum Creatinine & Blood Urea leads to Nephropathy which
isoneof themajorconsequencesof DiabetesMellitus.
Table – 5 and Figure – 6 illustrates that haemoglobin level was
significantly improved by Naavudi from a mean value of 11.58 gm% to
13.27 gm% during three months therapy which indicates restoration of
positivehealthof thepatient.
Naavudi
1.60
Effect of Naavudi on Serum Creatinine
After 3 Months Treatment
MeanValueinmg%
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
F I G U R E - 4 ( B )
Before Treatment
1.57
1.32
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
11.58 13.27 <0.001
Haemoglobin
(Mean Value in gm%)
T A B L E - 5
Effect of Naavudi on Haemoglobin
Before Treatment After 3 Months Treatment
MeanValueinmg%
14.00
13.50
13.00
12.50
12.00
11.50
11.00
F I G U R E - 5
10.50
13.27
11.58
First Natural
Insulin Mimetic
4 ( A )
Effect of Naavudi on Serum Cholesterol
Effect of Naavudi on Blood Urea
8. EffectofNaavudionSerumCholesterol
TM
Effect of Naavudi
TM
on Serum Creatinine & Blood Urea EffectofNaavudi onHaemoglobin
Table – 3 & Figure – 3 shows that Serum Cholesterol level was As it is evident from the Table – 4 and Figure 4 & 5; that the Blood urea
significantly reduced by Naavudi in three months from a mean level 38.23 mg% which was towards external limit of normal range was
value of 229.90 mg% to 194.03 mg% thus it also reduces the reduced significantly up to the level of 33.23 mg% at the end of three
chance of Ischaemic Heart Disease among diabetic patients. months. This is indicative of Naavudi’s efficiency to improve the
Reduction in Serum Cholesterol level show that in addition functions of kidney as well as its reno-protective action. In addition to
to hypoglycaemic action Naavudi also has Cardio-protective above, reduction of the Serum Creatinine value from 1.57 mg% to 1.32
benefits. mg% again depicts Naavudi’s role in reno-protection and in the
improvementof renalfunction
Increased Serum Creatinine & Blood Urea leads to Nephropathy which
isoneof themajorconsequencesof DiabetesMellitus.
Table – 5 and Figure – 6 illustrates that haemoglobin level was
significantly improved by Naavudi from a mean value of 11.58 gm% to
13.27 gm% during three months therapy which indicates restoration of
positivehealthof thepatient.
Naavudi
1.60
Effect of Naavudi on Serum Creatinine
After 3 Months Treatment
MeanValueinmg%
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
F I G U R E - 4 ( B )
Before Treatment
1.57
1.32
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
11.58 13.27 <0.001
Haemoglobin
(Mean Value in gm%)
T A B L E - 5
Effect of Naavudi on Haemoglobin
Before Treatment After 3 Months Treatment
MeanValueinmg%
14.00
13.50
13.00
12.50
12.00
11.50
11.00
F I G U R E - 5
10.50
13.27
11.58
First Natural
Insulin Mimetic
4 ( A )
Effect of Naavudi on Serum Cholesterol
Effect of Naavudi on Blood Urea
9. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
TM
EffectofNaavudi onSubjectiveSymptoms
TM
EffectofNaavudi onBodyMassIndex
Safety
T A B L E - 6
S.No. Symptoms PercentageImproved
1. Polyuria 100
2. Polydipsia 100
3. Increasedappetite 100
4. Weakness 90
5. Fatigue 90
The Post-Prandial Sugar Level which was 243.93 mg% (Before
6. Feelingof coldinhand and feet 100
treatment) was reduced by Naavudi to 164.77 mg% at the end of three
7. Burning sensation 89 months therapy which falls within the normal range. The statistically
significantefficacyof thedrugisevidentbyitsPvalue(<0.001).8. Numbness 100
It was observed that, Naavudi has moderately good hypoglycaemic9. Paraesthesia 80
action exhibiting persistent glycaemic control with a slow onset of
10. Muscularpain 100
action thus keeping away the danger of drug induced-hypoglycaemia. It
Above table shows that there was marked improvement in subjective is notable that no case of drug induced-hypoglycaemia was
observedduringthetrial.symptoms. Besides this, a better sense of well being was observed in all
the patients. On the basis of the above results this can be concluded that Thus Naavudi is very much useful in controlling Blood Glucose Level
Naavudi can also be used in Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus without any side effects in cases of maturity onset Non-Insulin
(IDDM) as an adjuvant which in turn will be helpful in reducing the DependentDiabetesMellitusof mildtomoderateseverity.
dosageof Insulinand otherhypoglycaemicdrugs.
Marked improvement in symptoms along with a better sense of well
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated by looking at weight inbeing was experienced by all the patients. This may be due to better
relation to height and is the most common parameter to define obesityglycaemic control exerted by Naavudi or we may say that these are the
whichisamostprevalentriskof DiabetesMellitus.specific Ayurvedic natural constituents of Naavudi which in addition
toadequateglycaemiccontrol,inducesabettersenseof wellbeing.
PRESENTATION:Stripsof 10capsules.
l Naavudi is derived from vegetable and herbal sources and
manufactured in a highly scientific manner, hence it is very safe for
personsof anyage.
l Acute oral toxicity study of Naavudi has been conducted
at Institute of Toxicological Research Centre (I.T.R.C.),
Lucknow.
Dosage (mg/kg) Dead/Dosed Death Signs of Toxicity
5000 0/5 NIL NIL
As evident from the Table - 2 & Figure - 2, the mean Body Mass Index
(BMI) of the patients was 25.96 indicating that majority of the patients
were overweight. Naavudi reduced their BMI up to a mean of 24.88Naavudi at a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg has not produced any signs of
indicating a reduction in BMI value towards normal range. P valuepoisoning or death of animals. Autopsy of the surviving animal at the
(<0.01) depicts that Naavudi is statistically significant in reducingend of the observation period did not indicate any gross pathological
theBMI.changes.
As is evident from the Table - 1 & Figure - 1, that the Fasting Blood
Sugar Level was reduced by Naavudi from the pre-treatment value of
170.37 mg% to the level of 109.80 mg% at the end of three months
therapy. The P value (< 0.001) shows statistically promising significance
of thedruginreductionof FastingBloodSugarLevel.
T A B L E - 2
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
25.96 24.88 <0.001Body Mass Index (BMI)
F I G U R E - 2
26.50
26.00
25.50
25.00
24.50
24.00
Before Treatment After 3 Months Treatment
25.96
24.88
Effect of Naavudi on Blood Sugar
Effect of Naavudi on BMI
10. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
ClinicalTrialReport
Follow-upStudies
Observations & Result
A clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Naavudi in
the treatment of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
at Sir Sunder Lal Hospital by Dr. K.N. Devendra, Consultant – Diabetic
Clinic (I.M.), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi. Dr. K.N. Devendra is a member of Diabetic Association of
India (DAI), Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI)
and Indian Societyof WoundManagement(ISWM).
A number of diagnosed patients of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitas (NIDDM) were selected for present study from the Out Patient
Department (OPD) and In-door of he diabetic clinic, (Indian Medicine),
Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University,Varanasi.
All the patients were examined clinically for the signs and symptoms of
Diabetes Mellitus and subjected for routine Bio-chemical investigations
asperclinicalprotocol.Self controlmethodwasusedinthisclinicaltrial.
All the patients were assessed on clinical and bio-chemical
parameters periodically at the interval of one month, two months &
threemonths.
PARAMETERSOFASSESSMENT
Assessmentwasdoneon objectiveand subjectiveparameters.
Parametersof Objectiveassessmentwere:
ReductioninFastingand Post-PrandialBloodSugarLevel
Desirablechangeinthestatusof BodyMassIndex(BMI)
ChangesinHaemoglobin Level
ChangesinLevelsof SerumCholesterol
ChangesinLevelsof BloodUreaand SerumCreatinine
Parametersof Subjectiveassessmentwere:
Thegentlehypoglycemicactivitybynaturalingredients
DOSAGE
All the patients were given 1 Naavudi capsule twice daily 30 minutes
beforemeals.
EFFECTOFNAAVUDIONBLOODGLUCOSELEVEL
It was observed that among all the patients who completed 3 months
treatment,theBloodGlucoseLevelfellsignificantly.
Precautions
MulticentrictrialinNIDDMpatients
Multicentric trial of NAAVUDI in newly diagnosed
NIDDM,withmildtomoderatebloodsugarlevels
l Avoid Sweets, Creams, Butter, Cheese, Jams, Pastry &
Jellies.
l Avoid taking fatty and fried food stuff with excessive
spices.
l Regular morning walk and mild exercise like yoga helps in
effectivecontrolof diabetes.
l Bloodsugarlevelsshouldbemonitoredperiodically.
Encouraged by the results of clinical evaluation of the beneficial
role of NAAVUDI in the management of diabetes in NIDDM
patients at IMS, B.H.U, Varanasi, NAAVUDI was offered to
many doctors in different cities for first hand evaluation of the
novel concept of 'Insulin mimetic effect of naturally found
Epicatechin'. Doctors who were looking for a natural alternative
to modern OHD available because of long term side effects
being observed by them accepted NAAVUDI and tried on their
patients who were either new cases not responding to dietary
controls and exercises or who were on different OHD, singularly
or in mixeddoseregimen.The data receivedbythesedoctorswas
statistically analysed which presents a very satisfactory finding
that NAAVUDI is quite effective in those cases also where the
patients were on modern OHD and ultimately leading to total
elimination of the dependence on modern OHD to NAAVUDI
which being a naturally derived product is free from any long
term side effects and on the contrary patients reported
distinctiveimprovementin'qualityof theirlife'.
Sixty patients with a mean blood sugar level of 172 mg / dl
(fasting) and 264 mg / dl (post prandial) were put on NAAVUDI
one capsule b.i.d. half an hour before meals. Fall in blood sugar
level was seen from the first month of therapy and at the end of
third month blood sugar level came down to normal. None of
thepatientshad reportedanysideeffects.
Before
Treatment
After 3 Months
Treatment
P. Value
1.
170.37 109.80 <0.001
Blood Glucose Level
Fasting Blood Sugar
(Mean Value in mg%)
2.
243.93 167.77 <0.001
Post-Prandial Blood Sugar
(Mean Value in mg%)
T A B L E - 1
11. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
Cis-2 [3-4 dihydroxy-phenyl] 3-4, dihydro-2H-1, benzopyran-3,5,7 triol
RoleofHerbalIngredients
Physiology & Pharmacology of
Active Principles
Pterocarpus marsupium : Regenerates cells, mimics
insulin, checks blood sugar level.
Momordica charantia Linn : Astringent, controls blood sugar
level.
Cinnamomum tamala : Diuretic, increases blood insulin,
stimulates pancreas.
Eugenia jambolana : Diuretic, antidiabetic. It
diminishes the quantity of sugar
in urine; allays the unquenchable
thirst.
Melia azadirachta : Checks basal metabolism and
body sugar level.
Picrorrhiza kurrooa : Checks basal metabolism, bitter
tonic, corrects the function of liver
and kidney.
Ocimum sanctum : Diaphoretic, stimulant, anti-
stress, adaptogenic.
Gymnema sylvestre : Hypoglycemic agent, diuretic,
have an oxidase action on
glucose solution and shows
glycolysis.
The whole formulation of Naavudi is based on an active principle
'Epicatechin' which is at the core of the total product. Other ingredients are
added to prevent and cure the different complications of diabetes. It controls the
metabolicderangementsratherthan merecontrolof blood sugarlevel.
Epicatechin the active principle of Naavudi is extracted from the bark
of P.marsupiuminahighlyscientificmanner.
Epicatechin isabenzopyran havingthefollowingorganicstructure.
Thisactiveprinciplecontrolsdiabetesinthefollowingmanner:
Epicatechin increases the cAMP content of the islet which is
associatedwithincreasedinsulinrelease.
Epicatechin plays a role in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin
byincreasingcathepsin activity.
Epicatechin plays an insulin-mimetic effect on osmotic fragility
of human erythrocytes.
Epicatechin inhibits Na/K ATPase activity on patient's
erythrocytes,an effectsimilartothatof insulin.
A
B
C
D
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
EvaluationofNAAVUDIasadjuvanttoOHD
(OralHypoglycaemicDrugs)
Observation
NAAVUDI was added in the drug-regimen in patients who were not
responding to OHD (Pioglitazone, Metformin, Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide taken alone or as combination of these drugs). The
hypoglycaemic effect of NAAVUDI is established since addition of
NAAVUDI with OHD brought down the blood sugar level to normal
withtaperingof OHD requirementtoalmosthalf within2months.
T A B L E - 9*
Dt.ofTesting Treatment TotalDaily BloodSugarLevel
Dose mg%
Fasting P.P
01.01.2002 Pioglitazone 30mg 30mg
Melformin 500mg TDS 1500mg 154 203
25.02.2002 Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps.
Piogitazone 15 mg OD 15 mg
Metformin 500mg OD 1000mg 122 178
05.03.2002 Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps
Pioglitazone 15mg OD 15mg
Metformin 500mg OD 500mg 95 150
Dr. Prakash Sharma, M.B.B.S
New Colony, Pratapgarh-230 001
T A B L E - 10*
Dt.ofTesting Treatment TotalDaily BloodSugarLevel
Dose mg%
Fasting P.P
15.11.2001 Glibenclamide 5 mg BD 10 mg 292
31.12.2001 Glibenclamide 5 mg OD 5 mg
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 201
01.02.2002 Glibenclamide 2.5 mg OD 2.5 mg
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 150
02.03.2002 Glibenclamide Nil
Naavudi 1 BD 2 Caps. 126
Dr. Zameer Ahmed, B.Sc.; M.B.B.S
Turkmanpur, Gorakhpur-273 005
NAAVUDI has hypoglycaemic effect in NIDDM cases. By adding
NAAVUDI to the therapy the dose of oral hypoglycaemic drugs is
reduced or the same can be discontinued depending upon individual
patient.
12. First Natural
Insulin Mimetic Naavudi
StandardizationofHerbalFormulation
Formulation
Naavudi has been standardized in terms of "Epicatechin", an active
principleof thisformulation.
The first step adopted towards attaining quality and consistency is the
strict adherence to the rigorous standardized procedure that are
followed in the collection of Pterocarpus marsupium. Proper
identification and selection of the herb, proper time of the year for
harvest, proper maturity of the bark of the plant used are the three most
important specifications set, that are used for the collection and
standardizationof alltheherbsused.
After proper selection of the herbs, each and every herb is
subjected to the rigid standards like assessment of foreign organic
matter, water soluble extractive, ethanol soluble extractive,
moisture content, microbial contamination and chromatographic
finger printing. After proper quality assessment of each and every
ingredient, they have to undergo processing. Processing of the herb and
active ingredient involve proprietary know-how. In Naavudi the active
ingredient has been extracted, processed concentrated by a unique
technique so that the goodness of whole constituent is incorporated in
onecapsule.
After successfully developing the combination (formulation), Naavudi
was standardized in terms of moisture content, total extractable
component, foreign organic and inorganic impurities, total microbial
load, active principle 'Epicatechin'; distintegration time, weight
variation of the capsule etc.. To make the consistency of the
formulation (which is the major problem in herbal formulation) 'finger
printing' of the formulation has been developed in terms of specific
marker, which is the 'key' of the formulation. Apart from this, the
formulation has also been tested in terms of its 'efficacy' under different
stressedconditions.
Institute of Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow for acute toxicity
studiesand hasbeenfoundtotallyfreefromanysideeffects.
Naavudi capsule has been scientifically formulated to create a better,
balanced,complementaryand non toxicmedicine.
Composition
Proprietary Blend across Composition
Doctor's Observations
on NAAVUDI
in Diabetes Mellitus
"It does not increase weight rather it decreases B.M.I. It decreases significantly PPBS
in type II Diabetes Mellitus. It decreases the requirement of O.H.Ds / Insulin if
usedincombination."
— Dr. Chakrapani Pandey, M.D., F.C.C.P.
1, M.P. Building Golghar Gorakhpur
"The response of NAAVUDI on the patients is satisfactory. During treatment
therewasnohypoglycemiaoranyothercomplication."
— Dr. Chakrapani Pandey, M.D., F.C.C.P.
1, M.P. Building Golghar Gorakhpur
"My blood sugar fasting before NAAVUDI (treatment) was 265 mg %. After one
monthbloodsugarwas180mg%.Now bloodsugarisnormal."
— Dr. Z.A. Noor, B.M.S.
Dhampur Road, Nehtaur, Distt. Bijnore
"I tried NAAVUDI capsules on my mother. She was taking glybenclamide 5 mg.
OD and metformin 500 mg BID half an hour before meals. She is normal from 1st
day(of treatmentwithNAAVUDI)and physicallyfit."
— Dr. Fahimuddin Ansari, B.Sc.; B.A.M.S.
Raja Ka Tajpur, Distt. Bijnore 246735
13. Preface
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents a major medical problem
affecting millions of people all over the world. Diabetes is a
metabolic disorder in which the body does not produce or
properly use insulin, a hormone responsible for converting
sugar,starchandfatsintoenergyneededfordailylife.
The two distinct forms of DM are, Type I, juvenile or Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM – an auto immune
disease in which body does not produce any insulin) andType
II, adult onset or Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(NIDDM – a metabolic disorder resulting from the body's
inabilitytomakesufficientorproperlyuseinsulin).
However, since there are more adult onset cases
(NIDDM–90–95%) than juvenile ones (IDDM-5-10%);
TypeIIneedsmoreattention.
Despite a significant improvement over the past two decades
in our understanding and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
many aspects about the subject need to be elucidated, because
the management and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus still
remains one of the major challenges for the medical
profession.
Looking at the inconveniences and agony of persons suffering
from diabetes and trying out various medicaments, developing
diabetic neuropathy, increasing renal load and various other
complications like haematological disorders, cardiovascular
complications, weight loss, lactic acidosis and retinopathy etc.,
the Research and Development team of Naavudi started
workingonherbalremedyfordiabetes.
On a prolonged study it was found that 'Epicatechin' which is
found in abundance naturally in wood commonly known as
Vijaysar, (Pterocarpus marsupium) mimics insulin in its
action. Encouraged by the finding, the team continued to
work on developing a combination of herbs and natural
products which would be synergistically beneficial to a
diabetic patient as a whole. The objective was not only to take
care of blood glucose level but also to take care of other
peripheral problems associated with it, which cause major
distresstothepatient.
Bibliography and References
1. Ahmed et al, 1991, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
24,516-520.
2. AnsorgeS,etal,Acta.Biol.Med.Germ.36(1997),1723.
3. BansalRetal,ActaDiabetol,17(1980)255.
4. Rizvietal,(1995)IndianJournalofExperimentalBiology33.
5. Rizvietal,(1998)MedicalScienceResearch26,245-249.